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A study of the importance of work centrality and extrinsic and intrinsic work goals in eight countries.
Work meaning among mid-level professional employees: A study of the importance of work centrality and extrinsic and intrinsic work goals in eight countries.
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc317166127” Section One PAGEREF _Toc317166127 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc317166128” Section Two PAGEREF _Toc317166128 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc317166129” Section Three PAGEREF _Toc317166129 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc317166130” Reference PAGEREF _Toc317166130 h 7
Section OneThe article seeks to find out what work means, according to the chosen respondents. It was found out that some of the major factors that are supported universally are family and work issues. Furthermore, other vital aspects included community involvement, religion, and leisure. Also, work centrality is associated with human orientation, assertiveness and performance indices. On the other hand, there are varying work goals that are either intrinsic or extrinsic, and this depends on the various country clusters. The article has given vital information regarding resistance to change and organization change issues. This is when it is compared to other literature that exists concerning the mentioned topics (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
The article has addressed the fact that work is constantly changing, and it occurs in various countries. Other sectors that are affected by the change include individuals, families as well as organizations. It should be known that strategic management and human resource management are vital when dealing with matters that relate to work provisions. When employees are in work environments, which are new, they attempt to find ways of navigating, negotiating and adapting to the new environments. The countries that were used in the study are the United States, Russia, Poland, Kyrgyzstan, South Korea, Hungary, Germany and Brazil (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
According to the article, there were more males as compared to females, who were in their mid-career stage. Also, there were more males who had a master’s degree and other higher qualifications. Community involvement and religion played a vital role in determining how people behaved at the work place. For example, in South Korea and Germany, employees did not have high levels of work centrality. Moreover, people preferred to work and money was not a key consideration. It seems that the respondents valued work, and this had an effect on their performance (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
The family is another factor, which influenced the respondents work centrality. It should be known that according to the article, when the employees were given rewards and monetary compensation, their performance increased. On the other hand, those who were paid poorly had a low, work centrality. Stress at the work place affects organization, which has a low centrality. This means that employees are often not motivated to work, and often end up being stressed, thus affecting their work performance. In terms of resistance, those with high, work centrality do not offer as much resistance, as those with low, work centrality. The article has not provided much information regarding the relationship between work place stress and resistance to change. The only information obtained is that only 56% of the entire population was comfortable working in changing work place environments. Also, 12% of the population claimed that they would not continue working if the work environments were changed. The latter is based on the assumption that the individuals won the lottery (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
Section TwoA table was used to provide information regarding the study about the eight countries. The latter had varied human development and economic levels, and thus the need to use a suitable method. The authors used a research method that is based in surveying. This means that it considered characteristics such as demographics, positions, organizations and industries. Data was collected by the authors from their respective home countries, in order to make the sampling strategy successful. Other procedures used were translation and instrument selection. In the United States, Poland, Germany and Brazil, respondents were chosen from certain universities. They were students undertaking human resources and business administration courses. Moreover, the surveys were to be done outside class and online. On the other hand, in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, South Korea and Hungary, respondents were recruited through personal communication and the email. Also, questionnaires were to be filled and then submitted to a website on the internet. A disadvantage of the on-line survey is that it could not be possible to measure if there was any bias. There were pilot groups, which consisted of about fifteen respondents, and they provided answers to the various questions. Unfortunately, the mentioned method could not be measured, as it did not have construct, metric and translation equivalence (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
In terms of findings, a table was provided by the authors to show how the various demographic characteristics were represented. There were various hypotheses that were used to describe the findings. Also, Scheffe post hoc tests were conducted, and it focused on the various subgroups. The latter included education levels, age, as well as gender. They were used as the controls, to find out more about work centrality in the different countries. The authors in turn used zero order correlations and descriptive statistics and the variables. A table was provided to show the country comparisons and the standard deviations. For example, in Kyrgyzstan, there were high work centrality levels. Also, the authors found out that work and family matters were extremely crucial regardless of, which country the respondents came from. In the United States, people were more likely not to continue working, and it was based upon education, and gender (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
Lastly, the study focused upon making sure that the countries were clustered. The authors used an analysis that is referred to as function analysis, in order to differentiate them. It was found that when compared to work, people preferred leisure, despite it not having any financial rewards. Spiritual involvement and religion were viewed as being interesting and challenging. Kyrgyzstan and Russia were found to favor financial rewards and leisure. When the hypotheses were different, the work dimensions were found to have various meanings. In turn, the most heterogeneous regions the authors found are Eastern Europe. This is with the exception of Kyrgyzstan and Russia (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
Section ThreeThe article is quite intriguing, as well as informative, on matters that concern employees in various work places. It is also of extreme value to the profession of human resources in many ways. Human resource managers should find ways through, which they can motivate, their employees, in order to boost their productivity. This can be done through increasing their pay, job rotation, giving them bonuses, among others. This means that the employees will have a work centrality that is high as they are being treated well. In organizations, where people come from different cultures, the human resource personal should find ways to establish rules concerning work. It is possible for an employee with a work centrality that is low to influence others negatively. The human resource personnel should come up with strategic plans that focus on making sure that employees achieve the set goals. Furthermore, employees should be given a learning opportunity in order to improve their career status. In turn, the performance levels of the entire organization will improve drastically (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
The study is helpful as organizations should always strive to have environments that promote work centrality that is high. In turn, the employees will learn how to achieve through reward and value. Moreover, the employees should on a regular basis be subjected to work appraisal systems in order to monitor their progress. It will be easy to know the areas where the employee is weak and needs to be improved. The organization should thus train and educate the employees. The later should provide feedback to their managers, who will in turn, decide on what needs to be done. This means including subordinate employees in decision making by including their views. It is not evident that the article has had an impact on the profession of human resources. It is only after other researchers conduct further studies that the impact of this article will be known. The authors are only speculating, and are not sure about what will take place in the future. Therefore, they welcome other researchers to conduct more studies until conclusive results are obtained (Kunchike & Arcdichvili & Borchert, 2011).
Reference
Kunchike, Peter. & Arcdichvili, Alexandre. & Borchert, Magaret. Et al. (2011). Work meaning among mid-level professional employees: A study of the importance of work centrality and extrinsic and intrinsic work goals in eight countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 49, 3, 264-284.
A study of a planned strategic change for small enterprises and the
A study of a planned strategic change for small enterprises and the challenges such enterprises are facing due to their strategies.
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430223” 1. Aims of the Dissertation: the aims of this dissertation are includes the following: PAGEREF _Toc385430223 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430224” 2. Methodology: PAGEREF _Toc385430224 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430225” 2.1 Primary research PAGEREF _Toc385430225 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430226” 2.2 Questionnaires PAGEREF _Toc385430226 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430227” 2.2 Ethical consideration PAGEREF _Toc385430227 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430228” 2.4 Data analysis and presentation PAGEREF _Toc385430228 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430229” 2.5 Research validity and reliability PAGEREF _Toc385430229 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430230” 3. Feasibility: PAGEREF _Toc385430230 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430231” 4. How the Work Fits Existing Published Work: PAGEREF _Toc385430231 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385430232” 5. Why You Are Doing This Topic: PAGEREF _Toc385430232 h 5
1. Aims of the Dissertation: the aims of this dissertation are includes the following:To investigate the challenges that are encountered during planned strategic change for small enterprises as a result of the strategies that they use.
To identify the best strategies for adoption at the time of planning for strategic changes in small enterprises.
To come up with recommendations about the need for planned strategic change in small enterprises that will facilitate effective operations in a competitive environment.
To advice managers in small enterprises about the need for effectively planning for the strategic changes in order to achieve success.
2. Methodology:
In order to investigate the aims and hypothesis of this dissertation, it is imperative to carry out a research which is intended to give first hand information in as far as the challenges that are encountered during planned strategic change for small enterprises are concerned.
This section therefore spells out the procedures and the methods that will be employed in achieving the stated aims. It defines location of the study, research procedures and analysis plan that would be put in consideration when carrying out this particular research. The research is supposed to start with the clear understanding of the research objectives as well as the hypothesis. Success of the project will depend on the provision of satisfying information in line with the objectives and hypothesis.
The objective of the research just as a recap is to investigate the challenges that are encountered during planned strategic change for small enterprises as a result of the strategies that they use. It is important to note here that this research is mainly based on the a pilot study before using a questionnaire with the main sample
2.1 Primary researchPrimary research is an important aspect of this research and involves the collection of data that does not exist. This can be through numerous forms: including pilot study, questionnaires, telephone conversations, surveys, etc. As pertained to this project, the primary sources would likely be the small enterprises considering the planned strategic change and the challenges that they face as a result of the strategies that they adopt. The major merit with conducting primary research is that it is accurate. However, the disadvantage of primary research is that it may be time consuming as a result of the diversity in the sample considered.
Secondary research on the other hand is the collection of existing data, that is, in contrast to primary research. For example: research on experiments or specific subjects. The merit of secondary research is that it’s not time consuming however a disadvantage is that the information retrieved may not be relevant (Brinker, 1993).
Pilot study is a research strategy that was considered for the sake of this study which involved investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon in the real life situation using multiple sources of evidence. More elaborate explanation on the nature of the pilot study as a research strategy was given by Thompson, (2007) in whose view pilot study represents ‘a specific way of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data’. Grounded theory represents a strategy which posits that the data is collected through observations and compared to various theoretical frameworks in order to discover which of the data is the most appropriate. This leads the researcher into making predictions about the studied phenomena prior to putting the findings into test (Thompson, 2007).
2.2 QuestionnairesThis research will mainly carried out using questionnaires. A questionnaire enables the information to be gathered from many respondents who were directly involved planned strategic change for small enterprises. Use of a questionnaire as a quantitative method for collecting data from the sources was found to be the most appropriate method of collecting mass responses and as such, providing a good method of comparative analysis. The questionnaires that will be used cover a number of data sources to find out opinions and views regarding the challenges that are encountered during planned strategic change for small enterprises.
Designing good questionnaires requires significant skills and experience. The researcher shall embark on the study by setting up survey questionnaires that address issues relevant to the interviews conducted. It is important to pilot or test the questionnaire as fully as possible before distributing them to the interviewees to fill them. This questionnaire enables elaborate information to be obtained from small enterprises (Carr, Hard & Trahant, 2002).
2.2 Ethical considerationThe participants were supplied with different questionnaires based on specific areas of interests. All the participants were given their respectively informed consent for the purpose of participation in the research. They were informed prior to the research, the purposes, the potential benefits as well as the risks that might be associated with their participation. Ethical standards shall be considered in the process of the procedures of the research.
It is an ethical requirement that all the people taking part in this study shall be informed about the rationale of the research and the intentions of the researcher by means of an introductory letter that shall be sent to them. All the findings taken care of higher levels of confidentiality and as a matter of ethics, none of the sources, be it personal or at organization level, shall correlated with any particular observation, nor shall any comment be associated without explicit permission from the source. All the information gathered during the interviews shall be treated as confidential and every individual participant shall be given full rights of anonymity. All interviewees shall be treated with high degree of respect and esteem.
2.4 Data analysis and presentation
The collected data will be analyzed using the Statistical Programme for Social Scientists (SPSS)
2.5 Research validity and reliability
A debate about the findings of the preceding literatures on the challenges that are encountered during planned strategic change for small enterprises inevitably includes a discussion of ‘research’, normally referring to the way in which the data were collected”. This research being a phenomenological, all questions are related to theoretical characteristics discussed in literature preview. The process would therefore be accurate in collecting, analyzing and sampling data; hence the validity of result would be quite high. Considering that there are many different aspects of validity, which influence the validity of the research in general.
3. Feasibility:The research process proved to be time consuming, as it involves dealing with diversified walks of life from different/various regions. It was found that, the human sources could become resourceful out of their own willingness, and this may take them quit sometimes before making up their minds to tell you what they know or give you their side stories about your questions
4. How the Work Fits Existing Published Work:Planned strategic change for small enterprises are practices of strategic management aimed at addressing the emergent initiatives facing the general managers of small enterprises on behalf of the owners. The target is an efficient utilization of the available resources for the purpose of enhancing the performance of small enterprises in the context of external environment. The preliminary steps towards the realization of the intended goals relates to the specification of the mission, the vision as well as the objectives of small enterprises, followed by the development of plans together with policies in the form of projects as well as programs whose design is tailored towards the achievements of the intended objectives (Chisnall, P., 1995).
The other step is a wise allocation of resources that are at the disposal of small enterprises geared towards the implementation of the laid down programs, projects as a well as plans. The performance of small enterprises in the process of implementation of the policies is usually subjected to a balanced scorecard for the sake of evaluation of the business progress towards reaching at the anticipated objectives. According to the recent findings of research, there is a strong indication that small enterprises need the relevant theories of application of stakeholder expectations accompanied by the modified scorecard where all the stakeholders are included (Chisnall, 1995).
The most notable strategic issues for change that small enterprises are facing relates to the commitments of the organization towards the involvement of the customers in shaping the aspects of the services of the customer. The small enterprises clearly understand that in case a change is required, the most recommended basis of advice to the small enterprises are the customers. The enterprises therefore are very keen in listening to the suggestions that the customers offer in an attempt of involving them in the process of policy deliberation and implementation. The engagement of the customers has been identified as the best approach towards the delivery of the most appropriate services as a result of a positive response to the needs of the customers (Guha, S. Kettinger, W. & Teng, T., 2001
With respect to planned strategic change for small enterprises, there are some key principles that are responsible for its best practice (Rummler, G & Brache, Alan P., 2006). There is a need for the process of the small enterprises to support the needs of the business. All the processes should result to the increase in the value of small enterprises through offering the support to the visions of the business as well as supporting its strategies. Actions that contradict these are responsible for lowering of utility of the effort of change, therefore placing it at the risk due to the reasons of a lack of the crucial support of small enterprises responsible for its success (Rummler & Brache, Alan. 2006).
Small enterprises should be staged with those people who are in a position of supporting and executing the operations of the business in the most successful manner. Offering support to the personnel of the management at the small enterprises multiple levels is a very important issue with regard to the success of the effort of change. The best reason attributed to this argument is based on their position which is influential in offering motivation to others in as far as change is concerned. This is based on the application of some mechanisms aided by directing the entire staff towards the acceptance of change (Jick & Peiperl, 2002). Further more, the cadre of the personnel who have been affected by the changes in a direct manner are documented to show the proof of diverse traits as well as skill that sanction them to adopt the changes in an effective manner. The traits in question may be intelligence, integrity, among others. Change efforts should be planned for the purpose of maximizing on returns as far as investments are concerned and at the same time minimizing on potential risks. Changes that prove to be most successful are based on good planning results. The processes that are involved in planning at small enterprises are charged with the responsibility of identification effects of change, change benefits and the option of initiating the changes (Jick & Peiperl, 2002).
The measurement of the quality of the process should be determined. This is vital in application for determination of the success associated with the change efforts. The same information is fundamental to small enterprises in the comparison of the really extent of change in relation to allocation of the resources on the basis of the gaps that are in existence in the expected progress (Taylor, 2001).
It has become imperative that small enterprises realize the reason behind the failure of meeting the set goals of the business. The secret lies behind setting positive goals accompanied with the adoption of the most powerful practices of strategic management. The achievement of this leads to the ignition of enthusiasm in addition to the provision of a clear direction. The poor setting of the goals leads to serious downside that consequently undermines the success of small enterprises. The approach in which the affairs of businesses are run in modern society needs to take into perceptions consideration, thoughts and aspirations. Small enterprises have a risk management framework in place that highlights key risks and how they are to be managed. Risk panels have been established throughout the planned strategic change for small enterprises to review all new projects. The revised structure should help small enterprises gain an even greater understanding of risk, chiefly those concerning growth issues (Davenport, T. 2003). For Planned strategic change for small enterprises to be considered as active, active gathering of available information is a preliquisite. The available information is consequently applied in identification of the most appropriate solution to the earmarked problems. The development of a system of accessing information has facilitated the senior management in small enterprises to have an access of a comprehensive view to strategic management as compared to the past. One of the most applicable comprehensive systems involves the use of the approach of balanced scorecard (Ponzi & Koenig, 2002). To develop its competences and enhance competitive advantage small enterprises should understand the environment it’s operating in so as to also to understand their strategic options. Market penetration is one of the most important aspects that should be considered by small enterprises in the planning as well as implementation of an effective planned strategic change. A systems thinking advance across small enterprises which puts customers at the centre of all its service provision and shapes services to meet the needs of the customers as well as increase in market share of the services that exist in the enterprises at present. There are also some practices that are responsible for supporting the establishment of change in small enterprises that is anticipated to be successful.
5. Why You Are Doing This Topic:Planned strategic change for small enterprises is an important accomplishment and trying to device means of overcoming the challenges associated with the process is the duty of the management of small enterprises. The suitability of planned strategic change is a factor of the entire rationale behind the strategy. The most significant issue is the consideration of the strategy that is effective in addressing vital strategic issues that are underlined by the strategic position of small enterprises. The most important questions to be answered are as follows:
Is it associated with an economic sense:
Shall the small enterprises get “ HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale” o “Economies of scale” economies of scale” or “ HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scope” o “Economies of scope” economies of scope”?
Is there any suitability considering the environment as well as capabilities?
The suitability of the topic is assessed with the use of some tools which include
Ranking the strategic options
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree” o “Decision tree” Decision trees
6. Timing Mileposts
Activity Weeks
Week commencing 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 Explore literature Writing literature review Reading on methodology Writing methodology Questionnaire design Collection of qualitative data Collection of quantitative data Analysis of qualitative data Analysis of quantitative data Writing conclusion Submission of first draft Revision and submission of final draft Milestone Description Due date Remarks1 Stage 1: Area of interest identified2 Stage 2: Specific topic selected3 Stage 3: Topic refined to develop dissertation proposal4 Stage 4: Proposal written and submitted5 Stage 5: Collection of data and information6 Stage 6: Analysis and interpretation of collected data/information7 Stage 7: Writing up8 Stage 8: Final draft prepared – submission of dissertation9 Final Deadline – nine months from classroom date.
Bibliography
Brinker, B. J. 1993, Book reviews: Strategic cost management and Peter Drucker’s latest. Journal of Cost Management, 70-71.
Carr, D., Hard, K. J. & Trahant, W. 2002, Managing the Change Process, NY, McGraw-Hill.
Chisnall, P., 1995, Strategic Business Marketing, NY, Praeger.
Davenport, T. 2003, Process Innovation. Boston, Harvard Business School Press.
Guha, S. Kettinger, W. & Teng, T., 2001, “Business Process Reengineering”: Information Systems Management Vol. 6 34-67.
Jick, T., & Peiperl, M.A., 2002, Managing change: Cases and concepts (2nd ed.). New York, McGraw
Ponzi, L. & Koenig, M., 2002, “Knowledge management: another management fad” Information Research, 8(1).
Rummler, G & Brache, Alan P., 2006, Improving Performance. New York, Prentience Hall
Taylor, 2001, The principles of scientific management. New York, Harper & Row.
Thompson, J., 2007, Organizations in Action, New York, MacGraw-Hill.
The student’s strategy of drawing interest in the introduction
Name:
Professor:
Course:
Date:
The student’s strategy of drawing interest in the introduction
Is it effective? Why or why not?
The student uses a story to draw interest in this piece. The use of narrative to draw attention relies on human nature to eagerly respond to it. A story that is told well is the most captivating form of entertainment. The student draws the reader in from the beginning, which summarizes the effect of this strategy. “It’s 9:00 am, the bell has rung, and a sea of children head into the school.” This technic enables the student to introduce characters which, in this case, are learners who are the center of the schooling debate. This strategy is very effective as it grabs the attention of the reader instantly, and because it is done well and a good transition employed after the story, its effect as an irresistible hook for the rest of the paper remains.
Where/how does the student use limited refutation strategy?
The student uses limiting refutation strategy when they immediately negate the arguments against homeschooling. The student mainly uses refutation through evidence; for instance, “Homeschooling took a downturn in popularity for a while; however, over the last 20 years, homeschooling has increased by the double-digit percentage.” At this point, the student does not, however, provide a clear basis and justifications, which renders it invalid. This is, however, canceled out by the numerous evidence the student, later on, provides with bases and justifications.
Has the student used a strong advanced thesis?
What is the overall argument, and what are the subtopics?
The student has a thesis at the end of the introduction, which draws its strength from indicating the paper’s point without using obvious structures such, “The point of this paper….” The thesis used is also very clear and specific and does not include vague statements or words. The thesis is not general and focuses on what the student seeks and manages to accomplish in the few pages.
The student argues that homeschooling is a successful alternative to traditional schooling. Three crucial subtopics are used in this paper, which includes homeschooling allows children to socialize through positive experiences, allows for a child’s education to be customized, and results in the child reaching a higher level of education.
Are the body paragraphs correctly structured?
Does each body paragraph have a clear topic sentence? Why or why not?
The student appears to use outlining to arrange ideas in the form of the main subtopics. However, the content within these subtopics indicates that the student may have started freely or by freewriting, which is an excellent technique to clear the congestion of thoughts. The ideas within the outline might be a bit scattered, which provokes this thought. The student then uses outlining to manage the subtopics or the ideas and arrange them in a manner that is organized.
Does each topic sentence have a direct connection to the thesis? Explain
The student has done so well with topic sentences as they clearly introduce what the paragraph will be about. For all three paragraphs each with a different subtopic, the author creates a topic sentence that creates a basis for the rest of the section.
Each topic sentence has a controlling idea that directly connects to the thesis. The student in the thesis mentions the why? By mentioning three topics that support the argument of why homeschooling is a successful alternative to traditional schooling. “Homeschooling provides parents and children a successful alternative to traditional schooling as it allows for customization in each child’s education, socialization through positive experiences and continuation to higher education.” To continue this illustration, the topic sentence for the second idea goes like ” unlike traditional schooling, which is very structured, homeschooling allows for a tailored education program.”
Are there transitions where needed? Are they effective? Why or why not?
The author does not require transitions per se between the paragraphs as the topics discussed are completely independent. However, the student uses a transition in one instance between the second and the third paragraph. Although the reader is reminded of what the student was discussing before, there is no actual need for the transition. The topic and paragraphs would do just fine as independents. The contents of these paragraphs do not logically lead to the next, and the relationship between the two paragraphs is forced. The transition does summarize the content of the paragraph but does not include anything about the one that follows.
Is research introduced early? Explain
The student definitely introduces the evidence very early. After the introductory sentence in the paragraph, the student counts the works of authors on the same topic. However, since the flow of the paper continues well, these researchers are effective and establish the stand of the student with justification.
Do the body paragraphs display a logical connection between research? Explain
The student does cite a lot of work from different authors. They use particularly the work of one Ray B. whose work appears to be a review based on the fact that he has cited numerous authors in his work. The student then uses Ray B. to generate the opinions of other authors. The student has already created a sound academic argument that allows them to achieve a logical connection, which entails connecting each researched point to argue an idea.
Do the body paragraphs have properly devised concluding statements? Explain
The student has concluding statements that “wraps up” each paragraph. These conclusions serve their purpose by demonstrating that the student did what they intended to do with the paragraph in question. The reader is afforded closure after each subtopic and proves the argument in that paragraph. For example, in the second paragraph, the student writes, “Each child has the whole world as their classroom and parents can utilize its many resources to customize their child’s education.” This is in reference to the idea that homeschooling enables customized education. Looking at the concluding statements for each paragraph, one can clearly notice that the introductory sentence guided it.
Is the essay cited properly according to APA
Are in-text citations used correctly? Provide examples
Is the reference page formatted correctly? Provide examples.
The student does well to cite something that has already been cited with intexts that include the names of the authors of the original and secondary sources. An example is (Harris, 1988, as cited in Ray, 2002). On the references page, the author provides the details of the secondary source, which among others, is the details for the journal by Ray 2002. Also, the references provided follow the APA referencing perfectly with the inclusion of Author surnames followed by first initials, the year the article was published, the title of the article, the name of the journal typed in italics, issue number enclosed in brackets and the page range. There is no DOI in any of these references, although this is an optional annotation. Example: Ray, B (2001). The Modern Homeschooling Movement. Catholic Education: A journal of inquiry and practice, (4)3, 405-421.
What is the student’s strategy in the conclusion
The conclusion provides a brief summary of the thesis and continues to suggest what the student has accomplished with this paper. The student understands what a conclusion is all about as new ideas are not introduced. Rather they manage to maintain interest by avoiding redundancy by merely restating the thesis. Instead, the argument is restated in a fresh manner and with a more in-depth understanding. The student includes making every moment a learning moment for a child as the only major key point. The other points the reader has already been familiarized with in the course of the paper. Finally, the student concludes by writing, “Just as traditional schooling is successful for some, homeschooling is equally successful for others.” The student would not have had a better conclusion as this one effectively sums up the essay.