Recent orders
Dilemma of Risk Management
Little attention has been paid to dilemma that present itself in risk management yet this is dilemma is does exist and need our full attention. This dilemma in risk management is presented when circumstances which are challenging undermine a number of the justifications for a choice that is self –interested and decentralized and thus when people depart from this norm both efficiency and legitimacy are undermined. In most of the cases the market processes that play a constructive and central role in the process of allocating risks is faced with impediments which include inaccurately perceived externalities and risks. These two impediments in themselves point to the dilemma that comes in risk management by corporations and individual persons and also necessitates the government intervention.
Thus the concerns of risk equity have proved to be very problematic. There may be direct excessive attention that is given to unimportant risks. This hinders the efforts to deploy resources to produce greatest gains in the economic and health status of the society. When the government intervenes it may have excessive expenditures on the reduction of risk which not only squanders resources but also creates or increases the risk to the general citizen. This is because by so doing the government is diverting the expenditures that that could be used in enhancing the living standards of its people and their health directly or indirectly. Thus expenditure on risk management can be perceived as risk taking in itself. This problem becomes worse on the perception that every citizen wants lower taxes but they don’t want to sacrifice the government programs that the taxes pay. Everyone wants less risks and demands giant improvement of all risks measures abut doesn’t want the money to achieve these goals.
Risk management becomes even a worse dilemma when people trade risk for resources. These risks are contracted voluntarily with some economic agent. For example people buy potentially risk product at cheaper prices. In another example people work in hazardous jobs out of their own free will so that in return they can get higher wages. Such trade off and the role they play in promoting efficiency are part of economic thought by Adam smith. However the government has called into question the rationality of trading risks for the resources.
An individual’s perception of risks will depend on the specific source and the tendency of the society is to take some more risks far much more serious than the other. Individuals tend to over asses the small risk and at the same time under assess a range of seriously consequential risks as those are posed by poor diet. Sometimes the society responds less rationally to some important risks. In risk management the decision on which risk to give more attention is difficult. The dilemma of risk management becomes even worse as increases in risk become more salient than the decreases. Ambiguous risks meaning those risks that whose probabilities are hard to estimate are most of the time the cause for alarm. But the problem is such that it is apparently very hard to estimate the probabilities of such ambiguous risk and most of the times they are disregarded during risk management.
Rational decision framework is still the most appropriate normative point of reference. The policies should thus not institutionalize the errors that people make but should promote the outcomes they would choose when the risk comes and can make sound decisions that reflect their values. Thus risk management institutions should stop focusing so much on what risk are more likely because individuals who are well equipped to make a choice between mangoes and bananas may have a difficult time when bananas are received only on probability and there is a minor probability that one of the mangoes is poisoned.
In conclusion actions taken may generate risks, but inaction leads to greater risk. One should as far as risk management is concern weigh the risk posed by the action in the process of risk also with the same skilled risk management tactics. If the action proves to be more risky then inaction is not the appropriate thing but the appropriate direction is to take an option of another less risk action.
References
Haimes, Y.(2009) Risk modeling, assessment, and management. United States. John Wiley and Sons.
Cultural Anthropology
1.Plasticity is a capability, if I understand correctly, of any culture. Plasticity is evident in Hmong-Americans, per the utilization of parking lot spaces for herbs.
2.This is a non-academic tone shift, and stands out as abrupt from the rest of the essay.
3.Consider elaborating – if I had no knowledge of the Hmong, I would have no idea why this was asserted.
4.”Prestige” may be a better word choice here.
5.Don’t forget to indent the second line of the citation!
Cultural Anthropology
Valerya Quintanilla
Lonestar College Cy-Fair
Cultural Anthropology
Cultural Change among the Hmong
The Hmong were initially a minority group in lowland Lao and are currently struggling with involuntary mass dispersal that has seen them scatter across the globe. For this reason, they have struggled to retain unconventionality and ethnic culture. Moreover, acculturation, diffusion, and diaspora among other factors have resulted in a significant change in their culture. This essay examines the various causes of cultural change among the Hmong in addition to an overview of various relevant general cultural terms including but not limited to worldview, symbolism, values, and norms.
-5614841535342-22380047624224623562357582Various key terms and concepts in anthropology provide direction on this etic perspective of the Hmong society. An etic perspective allows a researcher, like in this case, to study and obtain viewpoints of society as an outsider or from an observer’s perspective. This perspective includes social norms or simply norms that represent standards of behavior or rules that create conformity in how members of society conduct themselves. Values augment social norms and constitute things members of society perceive to be important in their daily operations and way of life. The Hmong’s worldview entails an interconnection of all the things in the world. “..the world is full of things that may not seem to be connected but actually are..” (Fadiman, 1998. P. 21). According to this culture, everything in the world may appear isolated but is actually connected to something. There is no event to a Hmong that happens in isolation.
-168910211455-10716420827124956359471Plasticity is the capability of a society to be easily molded or shaped. The Hmong society cannot be viewed in this light because they are extremely conservative and reserved. This attributes to limited interaction with other ethnicities, consequently limiting observation and imitation, which are the basis for cultural transmission. The functionalism theory in anthropology examines the different sects of society and their affiliation through organic analogy.
5061658321398246962583034702428513831833822821305157162527278181835258-952501229360306981466258It is very clear that societal pressure has inevitably assimilated the Hmong to a different more dominant culture. Their current mode of dressing is a good indication of acculturation. Majority of the Hmong especially those in the United States dress in western-style and reserve their traditional wear for special occasions and festivities such as weddings and New Year’s. The women are a bit reserved and still wear Lao Sarong skirts but this can be attributed to the community’s gender roles that tend to have women kept back (Vang & Bogenschutz, 2014). Before, the Hmong had attires specific to the various subgroups. Today, as the community increasingly comes into contact with subgroups from Thailand, China, Laos, and Western Civilization, purchasing clothing has become easier than making their traditional attire. As a result, clothing is no longer an identity but rather a mark of wealth and fancy.
The Hmong’s long history of contact with various ethnicities through migration resulted in the adoption of new religions. Most recently is the assumption of protestant Christianity and the desertion of Shamanism and ancestor worship. Christian practices have influenced their response to Western biomedicine another addition to their culture. Western biomedicine is a new practice alongside herbalists in response to illness. The arrival of Hmong refugees to the United States where communication, technology, and transport is very advanced meant an enrichment to their culture through cultural diffusion.
In addition, the plight of the Hmong over the years is a good definition of diaspora. The Hmong people have been involuntarily dispersed for over a thousand years and in the past century fled persecution from Chinese forces to settle in Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand (Pfeifer, Chiu, & Yang, 2013). Then came the United States conflict with South East Asia which resulted in 150,000 Hmong receiving refuge in the United States as Fadiman (1998.) indicates “Because the Lees are among the 150,000 Hmong who have fled Laos since their country fell to communist forces in 1975,..” (p. 13). As exiles, the Hmong created a fertile location wherever they relocated for the foundation of a hybrid culture incorporating the elements of western civilization and their home culture.
As much as the Hmong people have been exposed to different cultures in their response to persecution and calls to assimilate, they have conditioned themselves in a manner that avoids extreme exposure to alien world perspectives. However, the power of cultural innovation has seen them imitate the behaviors of the host culture. Lia’s parents in Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down seek western biomedicine for their daughter although they still maintain caution. The Hmong people are exposed to new ideas of disease causation and diagnosis that their traditional methods cannot explain or provide solutions.
-114935144145
References
-266387-547818Fadiman, Anne. (1998) The spirit catches you and you fall down :a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures New York : Noonday Press,
Pfeifer, M. E., Chiu, M., & Yang, K. (2013). Diversity in Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the twenty-first century. University of Hawai’i Press.
Vang, P. D., & Bogenschutz, M. (2014). Teenage marriage, and the socioeconomic status of Hmong women. International Migration, 52(3), 144-159.
10718801550035-68580-318135
Digitizing Libraries
Digitizing Libraries
Name:
Course:
Tutor:
Date:
The Wider Net Project has created digital offline libraries where high capacity of hard drive in terabytes is used to reproduce materials. The library contains proxy server and search engine to allow access of digital materials by using internet browsers. These libraries provide access to materials in places where connection to internet is very slow, too expensive, unreliable, non-existent or unsuitable (ZHANG, DENG, 2011).
Digital libraries are disadvantaged through copyright law since, different with conventional print publications, the laws of digital copyright are still being fashioned. The publication of materials on the web might need authorization from rights owners. There is adisagreement of interest and the owners who might desire to generate online editions of their obtained content for profit reasons. A number of digital libraries, such as Project Gutenberg, labor to digitize materials from copyright works and make them liberally accessible to the public. In this case of free copyright production, it is clear thar students and other researchers enjoy the benefits that outweigh the authors’ rights. There are four factors that comprise fair use provided under the Copyright Act of 1976. This act offer specific rules under which situations libraries are permitted to duplicate digital resources .The fair conditions include Purpose of the use, Nature of the work, and Amount of work or considerably used and Market impact.” However, some libraries obtain licenses to lend their resources though with some restrictions such as lending only a single copy at a time. The system of digital rights management is also applied for restriction purpose (ZHANG, DENG, 2011 and Weston, Anderson, Crews, Kaufman and Maher, 2013).
The desire of some publishing houses to limit the use of digital materials such as e-books bought by libraries can be a fine way of achieving middle ground between authors and users of materials. Even if this restriction emerges to be a complicated issue, it can assist to protect the original authors to some extent. This restriction thus offers good balance of library lending and protecting them from book sales decrease. Information that is used for non-commercial educational, personal or scholarly purposes can be shared without copying, reproduction, retransmission, distribution, publishing or other unlawful acts. Information that involve deep linking to library’s digital objects, framing or hosting apportion of public library, harvesting of library’s digital objects either manually or by automated means for use in other websites are all inappropriate for sharing (ZHANG, DENG, 2011).
References
ZHANG, N., & DENG, X. C. (2011). RESEARCH ON THE LEGAL PROBLEMS IN DIGITIZING UNIVERSITY LIBRARY COLLECTIONS. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Social Sciences Edition), 4, 015.
Weston, C., Anderson, I., Crews, K., Kaufman, R., & Maher, W. (2013). Session 4: What Should Be the Conditions on Libraries Digitizing, Maintaining and Making Available Copyrighted Works?. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, 36(4), 587-606.