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A Man Has Had A Difficult Time Finding A Job That Pays Enough To Support His Family
A Man Has Had A Difficult Time Finding A Job That Pays Enough To Support His Family. He Has Finally Landed The Job And Has Been Working Six Months. He Discovers That His Manager Is Engaging In Illegal Activities On The Job.
How each of the five components of wise judgments can be applied to the scenario
Factual awareness of life’s important matters is one of the most important concepts to be captured in a wise decision making. Understanding the human social nature and the influence that the environment that we live in makes in our lives while maintaining the social values are an imperative balance that needs to be created (Sternberg, 2000a). In the case above, it is important that the employer considers the relationships he makes with his environment such as with the employer and deliberate on the need to keep in touch with moral and social values. Social values and activities engaged in assist in shaping character, which implies that the nature of work dealt in contributes to personal achievement and development. Since the illegality offends set out values, this concept may become important in making the appropriate decision to resolve the problem.
Additionally, procedural knowledge in wise decision making incorporates an informed approach for employing different options in different circumstances as a strategic strength to dealing with problems (Sternberg, 2000b). In the case above, the employee must have some goals in his life regarding employment and explore alternatives in achieving them. In case the goals set out are highly prioritized such as in sustaining his family as the sole bread winner, it may have implications in the manner in which he approaches his job. By defining these goals, he will need to interrogate the impacts of making decisions regarding the problem realized with the nature of employment. It is only after making a wise decision that he will understand the importance of deciding adaptation implications at the work and the implications of changing the illegal employment.
Alternatively, lifespan contextualism in making decisions is a wise approach that enables an individual to realize the importance of the role that they play in their contributions within a certain context of life. As an illustration, the man family man seeking employment in the case may need to apply contextualism concept in decision making to realize that his role is defined be a specific scope. Under such an understanding, it will be easy for the man to realize the extent of sacrifice he should make in order to sustain his family, while making the right decisions concerning his employment. Some decisions of risking one’s life to support their beloved ones may be uncalled for if the contextaulism does not allow.
The other concept involves recognizing and handling uncertainty in life which is a unique attribute that decision making acknowledges since the world cannot be a perfect place. It implies that human beings must approach their decision making duties with an awareness that error and imperfection will always occur at certain times of their encounters with the world. In a world of imperfection, decision appropriate making will be characterized by resilience capable of approaching any problem without emotional episodes of judgment that result in wrong decisions (Sternberg, 2000b). Openness to learning in decision making complement this attribute as contributed by the awareness of the fact that human knowledge is limited. The fact that the employee in the case feels overwhelmed by the nature of the employer’s illegal operations may be cooled by searching for guidance form experts while maintaining calm. By understanding that there is difficulty in achieving an ideally perfect employment condition without illegality may assist the employee to take his time in making the right decision on whether to quit or continue and how to do it.
Relativism in solution choice will be used to assist in interpreting the surrounding divergence of values and ideals among individuals. Clarity in decision making that manifests wisdom involves making objective interpretation of issues at hand. In the case above, the family man looking for employment will be better placed in decision making if it occurred to him that he has his own values that ought not to overcrowd his reasoning in the circumstances of the employment illegality. Being independent when making the appropriate decision will assist him to overcome biases in the correct approach to handle the employment. It will enable him to factor in the areas of illegality that the business deals in, the gravity of the illegality, find out what he can do to contribute and change things around and if not possible, contemplate the implications of leaving things as they are. It involves a lot of understanding in order to interrogate personal perceptions and the actual state of affairs without creating a conflict that usually arises from imposing personal ideals in dealing with decision making. This approach will facilitate taking enough time to research and understanding the various implications of the employment and its termination vis-a-viz the causes of illegality.
The decision based on the five components
Facts
Case facts in the above scenario are that the man has been handling a difficult time looking for an appropriate job that can support his needs. Having found a job looks like a relief to the employee but six months into the job are met with the revelation that the manager is dealing in illegal dealings. Making decision under these circumstances will incorporate a number of wise moves in order for the employee to pass the test ahead of him. Decision making must be involved at an informed level that interrogates wise concepts of resolving such a standoff.
Proposed Interventions
The first important approach will involve consulting with an employment expert on the circumstances to determine the most professional approach to deal with. This step precedes the identification of the problem at hand and the employee seems keen to follow his dealings at the employment after a considerable short period of engagement. It is important to seek counsel on the possibility of remaining in a favorable position by getting insights on the state of employees’ role in remaining professional (Jordan and Sternberg, 2005). Seeking counsel on such an important issue will be based on the premise that human knowledge is limited in nature and guidance from other, preferably experts may save the day. It will be gathered whether the employee will be better positioned to report the manager to the authorities and the implications of being vocal in revealing illegal conduct in the business, which is presumably not the main intention of the business line. It will also be made known the employee of how independent investigation can be conducted to reveal the illegality by higher authorities while the identity of the whistleblower remains withheld.
By conducting such a professional role in exposing illegal dealings, the employee may attract rewards for such an important revelation within the company such as in form of a promotion or other special treatment. It is only ethical and wise to report irregular behaviors at the workplace in order to make the workplace a better place than found. However, the process to ensure that negative impact of fighting evil do not catch up with the one carrying them out, perhaps through getting assistance from consultations. If it may prove unwise to follow such a path due to the involved predicaments, it will be wise to change the environment and avoid the consequences.
However, before contemplating to make this significant decision, the employee will require to lay out foundational research regarding the illegal conduct of the manager to avoid landing into more trouble. While ensuring that the work remains discretely conducted, it will be important that just enough information is gathered regarding the nature of the illegality and the extent to which the vice has extended to among the workforce. This is because there may be many other illegal players in the network and identifying the manager alone may be only the tip of the iceberg. This information will be important in making the decision on whether to adapt to the challenge or quit from the work. Understanding the problem from different perspectives will enable the decision making process due to the need to have many options in dealing with challenging situation.
Explanation of the rationale behind the decision
The most important element of the decision captures the concept of lifespan contextualism which defines the high importance with which the employee attaches the employment with. I find it important that before quitting the job, the employee must consider alternatives to solve the problem, first due to the professional duty placed on his shoulders to ensure that illegal dealings are not condoned. However, due to the implications of the sensitivity of the issue, I find it wise to make consultations with an independent party to discern the correct approach of dealing with the vice, while aiming at retaining the most needed job. Seeking advice may enable the employee to avoid probable bias on the extent of the illegality, which would be revealed upon reporting to the proper authorities (Gogorenko, Kaufman and Sternberg, 2009). Maintaining a low profile in the reporting may enable the employee to clear out vices in the workplace while maintaining a good relationship with all the involved parties.
References
Gogorenko, E., Kaufman, J. & Sternberg, R. (2009) The essential Sternberg: essays on intelligence, psychology and education. Springer Publishing Company
Jordan, J. & Sternberg, R. J. (2005) A handbook of wisdom: psychological perspectives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
Sternberg, R. J. (2000) Handbook of intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
Sternberg, R. J. (2000) Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK, ITS HISTORICAL EVOLUTION, AND ITS RELATION TO THE NATION-STATE SYSTEM
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THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK, ITS HISTORICAL EVOLUTION, AND ITS RELATION TO THE NATION-STATE SYSTEM
Introduction
This research proposal posits to provide a platform for research on the role of the World Bank, its historical evolution, and relation to the nation-state system. The World Bank has gradually shifted from its original mandate, and has become the international patron. The foundational mandate of the World Bank is to assist countries in reducing poverty, principally by laying its focus on the structural, social, and institutional dimensions of development.
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
The World Bank was formed at a global conference set up in July 1944 in Bretton Woods, United States. The objective of this conference was to launch a structure for economic development and cooperation, which would establish a more prosperous and stable global economy. Whereas this goal remains fundamental to the World Bank, its work is continuously evolving in response to emerging economic challenges and developments. In order to join the membership of the World Bank, a country is required to initially join the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Currently, there are approximately 200 member countries that form the shareholders in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). This is the primary faction of the World Bank Group (World Bank 5).
Mandate. The Bank’s approach towards has evolved over the years in reaction to the shifting requirements of its membership. Its mandate is to promote long-term poverty reduction and economic development by providing financial and technical support to assist countries in reforming specific sectors or in implementing specific projects. These projects range from building health centers and schools, providing electricity and water, fighting disease, as well as safeguarding the environment. World Bank support is normally long term and is sponsored by contributions from member countries and through the issuance of bonds (Maria 105).
Relation to the Nation-State System. While the World Bank endeavors to fashion a world devoid of poverty, it however faces passionate opposition from diverse groups. These opposition groups are opposed to the World Bank’s international patron status (Hendrik 60). The contention lies in the fact that, the basic structure of the World Bank exacerbates the currently existing disparity between the world’s poor and rich. This is due to the fact that the system facilitates the biggest shareholders to dictate the vote. This results in the World Bank’s policies being determined by the rich, but executed by the poor. This develops a scenario whereby the policies may not serve the best interests of developing countries (Andreas 790). The consequential paradox is that, the developing countries political, economic and social policies will time and again be shaped around the World Bank resolutions.
The influence of the World Bank in several nations has contributed to the implementation of insufficiently designed and defined institutional reforms. These reforms have yielded gradual changes and contribute to the fortification of exclusionary and particularistic practices. It is evident that the Bank’s governance operations in such cases are poorly equipped to deal with what are fundamentally politically connected governance issues. These are issues that deal with informal and formal norms, as well as power struggles in national institutions (Catherine 512).
CONCLUSION
World Bank operations have a tendency to rely on the utilization of general models of policy that are executed in a multiplicity of nations with the anticipation that they will generate similar outcomes. These models are generally referred to as blueprints and they typify the overall bank operations. This paper proposes further research on the role of the World Bank, its historical evolution, and its relation to the nation-state system.
Works Cited
Andreas, Wimmer. “The Rise Of The Nation-State Across The World, 1816 to 2001: American Sociological Review, 75.5(2010).790. Print.
The author is a Professor at the University of California. This research aims at understanding the dynamics of the nation-state structures, and political conflicts.
Catherine, Weaver. The World’s Bank and the Bank’s World: Global Governance, 13.1 (2007), 512. Print.
The author is a professor of political science at the University of Kansas. The author has published numerous articles on the World Bank.
Hendrik, Spruyt. Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. Print.
The author is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin. He is an authority in political economy of post-communist states. He has published numerous articles on the subject matter.
Maria, Tuozzo. Development and change: World Bank Influence and Institutional Reform in Argentina. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 2009. Print.
The author is affiliated to the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences, Argentina. In addition to development and governance, she has worked closely with global aid agencies in institutional reforms.
World Bank. World Bank Annual Report. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2000. Print.
Since the research proposal focuses on the World Bank, the institution must be deemed as the primary source of information.
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON GLOBALIZATION FOCUS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON GLOBALIZATION: FOCUS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Introduction
Advancement in technology has been one of the main driving force of globalization. The different technological breakthroughs have positively contributed to a majority of business regardless of their capital and organizational structure to become global, which have ultimately increased the economies of scale and market sizes of these businesses (Lee et al., 2007). To put it into perspective, technological advancements have led to the reduction of costs in terms of transportation of raw materials and products. It has improved communication in different geographic regions whereby, people engaging in business deals can video call each other and talk for hours using applications such as Zoom or Google Meeting for free. In addition to that, the use of the patented technology has contributed positively towards globalization as the firms, which own patents for different products can sell their merchandise in different foreign markets with no competitors, or alternative products, which will ultimately increase their revenue. In this study, the researcher will focus on determining how information technology has contributed towards globalization. The argument that will be presented is that, information technology can be considered to be one of the major driving force in relation to globalization.
Process of Globalization
Globalization is considered to be a highly expansive concept that it is difficult to come up with one definition that can capture this concept effectively. According to Inda and Rosaldo (2002), they defined globalization as, “The intensification of global inter-connectedness, suggesting a world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange.” However, this definition fails to describe accurately the aspect of globalization. Although it is considered difficult to come up with a specific definition that can assist people to have a better understanding of globalization, describing the following processes that are related with globalization helps people to have a better perspective of this concept.
Globalization has contributed to the speeding up the flow of capital, people, goods, images and ideas to different parts of the world. This has been achieved by the improvement of technology in the transportation and communication sectors, which has increased the flow of information, products and services easily (Lee et al., 2007). Globalization has contributed to the intensification of links, the modes of interaction, and flows that have contributed positively to the increased inter-connectedness. People have access to more information at one time today, than was the case in the previous eras. There has been an increased integration of cultural, social, political and economic practices from different geographic regions. This has been facilitated by the increased migration of people, impacting local cultures and the way of life for a majority of people. In addition to that, there has been an increased interdependence in the local and global events. This can be illustrated by the impact of things such as exporting local produced products such as Tea from Kenya, or India to areas such as the United Kingdom provides the local farmers with an income generating activity. It is an indication that globalization has created more revenue generating activities.
Impact of Information Technology on Globalization
The concept of globalization began during the latter part of the 20th century. Information technology is considered as the driving force that contributed to the creation of the worldwide integration of different global markets, which facilitated the globalization process as we know it today. It is imperative to assess some of the most important innovations in the information industry, which contributed towards globalization.
The development of the personal computer was impactful. The development of Windows-based PC, contributed to the popularization of personal computing, which eliminated one of the barriers that was limiting the progress of globalization. In addition to that, it contributed positively to the amount of information that people could have access to (Lee et al., 2007). Most importantly, owning personal computers by a majority of people contributed to individuals authoring their own digital content, and sharing them with different people who were in various geographic locations globally.
The increase in ownership of the personal computers contributed to the invention of the dial-up modem. It facilitated the communication process in different geographic regions as people who had these devices were able to connect to the internet using their phone lines and send e-mails through their service providers. In addition to that, people combined the personal computers, fax machines and their dial-up modems to create and distribute information. This strategy was common in the 1990s, and led to the global information revolution (Lee et al., 2007). The reason for this is that, the advancement in technology contributed to the ease of people to send, and receive information from people from different parts of the world.
The invention of the World Wide Web is considered to be one of, if not the greatest influence in terms of the rapid progress of globalization. The World Wide Web led to the increased sharing of content and ideas as people could now create, and post their content online, and it could be accessed by individuals who had internet (Lee & Joshi, 2016). The World Wide Web was also considered to be important in information distribution as it created a link between personal computers and the internet. According to Yip (2000), within the first five years of the invention of the World Wide Web, the number of internet users globally increased from 600,000 to 40 million people. The internet is considered to have accelerated the globalization process as it allowed people to share knowledge, and information at an instantaneous rate globally.
Developing the World Wide Web led to the development of the need of a web, in which people could view the information that was being uploaded and shared on this platform. The development of the browser made the internet to be accessible to people in almost all parts of the world who had access to the internet. The reason for this this is that, it provided people with a common way to access and share information and other forms of digital content (Inda & Rosaldo, 2002). It provided the assurance that people in different parts of the world were accessing the same information using specific keywords. In addition to that, it added the ways in which people from different parts of the world could communicate, i.e. in a manner that had never been experienced before.
Another innovation that has transformed the way people communicate and interact is the development of fibre optics. An important point to note is that, fibre optics were first developed in 1977 to carry information in digitized packets. The fibre optics have increased the way people access information by increasing the speed of the internet available even in the developing countries (Lee et al., 2007). Fast internet is today not only a feature that is limited to the developed countries, but also to regions that were once considered to be remote. Access to fast internet has improved communication, and even businesses between people and companies in different geographic regions.
The availability of the fast internet contributed to the development of the work flow software. The software was facilitated to improve the way businesses operated and interacted with each other. To put it into perspective, the work flow software is a software package which is used to automate the business procedures, and pass along work flows such as documents, information and tasks from one employee to another. For instance, the utilization of the personal computers to send e-mails is a good example of the development of the work flow software (Lee et al., 2011). It is important to point out that, prior to the development of the e mails, information was passed manually in different businesses. This means that a messenger mainly had to manually transport documents from one business establishment to another one, and this was not only physically taxing, but it slowed down business operations. In some cases, businesses had to halt their processes until they got specific documents (Lee et al., 2007). However, with the introduction of the emails, employees could attach documents and send them to other business establishments that were in different countries, and it increased business operations because of the ease of flow of information.
Most of the available websites that can be accessed via the browser were created using the open sourcing method. This is a community-driven software movement in which both the individuals and companies make their source codes to be available online (Lee et al., 2011). The reason for this is that, it has a positive contribution as other people can use this work to build their own websites by adding their own code to what is already on the internet. An important point to note is that, anyone with access to the internet can download the software for free, and contribute to the source code, upload it and therefore re-distribute it for further use by individuals who have the need for it (Inda & Rosaldo, 2002). What has made, or contributed to the open sourcing to be a powerful innovation is that, in the event that a company comes out with a new software product, and they make it open source, then the company is providing itself with the opportunity to gain new knowledge and expertise from specialists that are located in different parts of the world for free. This unique innovation has had a profound impact on globalization. The reason for this is that anybody from any part of the world such as India, China, or even Africa could be effective in terms of either using, or making a viable contribution to a software package as is the case with the person, or individual who created it (Lee & Joshi, 2016). It has contributed to the provision of a sense of empowerment to people who are located in different parts of the world who have the necessary expertise to enhance software that is available for free online. In addition to that, it has provided a platform where experts and specialists can pass their knowledge and ideas, and in a way interact by improving software that is available online. It has had a positive impact on globalization.
Access of the personal computers and internet contributed to the development of supply chaining, which has revolutionized the global retail industry. This is a method of integrating horizontally suppliers, retailers, and customers with the main intention of increasing the value of a business, or company. One of the best examples of a retail business that has used supply chaining successfully is Wal-Mart. In this case, once a customer picks an item on a shelf and the cashier scans it, there is a signal that is sent to the supplier of the product, regardless of their location in any part of the world (Lee et al., 2007). The signal, which is received by the supplier , lets the company know the amount of products that they have to send to Walmart. It ensures that there are no deficits in the inventory of the company.
Supply chaining process has improved the movement of goods in relation to the usage level of the customers. This means that companies do not need to have large ware houses that store a high volume of products, which are waiting to be supplied to the company stores once their supply is low (Inda & Rosaldo, 2002). An important point to note is that, the supply chaining has enhanced the globalization by ensuring that the supply chain grows (Lee et al., 2011). It has also contributed to the supply chains in different parts of the world to operate at global standards levels, and avoid delays, which prior to the development of this platform led to delays in the supply of products. It has contributed to the creation of a global collaboration from which companies can share.
Globalization has assisted companies in terms of building their supply chains as the companies are able to find the best producers who are selling their products at the lowest rates. In this sense, the aspect of supply chain has helped in the progression of globalization as companies from different parts of the world have a sustainable market. Producers of quality products are able to find and sell their products in different parts of the world. In addition to that, it has increased the access of quality products at an affordable price for the consumers (Lee & Joshi, 2016). The reason for this is that, the availability of a variety of products in the market has contributed to increased competition between the producers as they have to ensure that their products are of a high quality for them to have a market share that they want in a specific region.
The advancement in information technology has contributed to the advancement of digital, mobile, personal and virtual platforms. The development of devices such as mobile PDAs, smart phones and personal laptops has contributed positively towards globalization. The popularity and access of these devices means that people and businesses are able to communicate with each other using these platforms and this has had a positive contribution towards globalization (Lee & Joshi, 2016). Access to this platform has had a positive impact on multi-national enterprises as they are able to easily communicate with their employees, or clients who are in different parts of the world. They are able to send, and receive the latest news in real-time. In addition to that, the use of the Voice-Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has made it possible for people to make phone, or video calls over the internet. In addition to that, the use of platforms such as Zoom has made it possible for business people to hold conference meetings via the internet. Not only has these platforms reduced the overhead costs of businesses when making international calls, it has facilitated, or enhanced their businesses by ensuring that they can have access to their clients, or employees in real time informing them of any developments, which contributes to the development of positive business relationships.
The advances that have been mentioned have a profound effect on the businesses and globalization. However, it is important to point out that a majority of the businesses have combined these advances to create an effective global market place, which was not possible before the development of the majority of the advancements that have been discussed in this paper (Lv et al., 2019). The globalization trend has been contributed mainly by the integration of both the mature, or developed and the emerging markets. The use of the information technology applications has facilitated the development of economic policies, which correlate with the information technology’s ability to be able to create the standardization of the global computing platforms. An important point to note is that, the new platform has contributed to the increased collaboration, and innovation that had not been witnessed in the past. The use of platforms that have been brought about by information technology has contributed to businesses to operate with little, or no regard to factors such as distance, time, and geographic location (Lv et al., 2019). The result of this is that businesses that have competitive advantages of things such as information and innovation ability are able to dominate global markets, seek and achieve new opportunities, which have led to the creation of their values to previously unimaginable outcomes.
An important point that needs to be taken into consideration is that, just because businesses are utilizing the devices and platforms that have been created through the advancement of information technology, it does not automatically contribute to them dominating the global landscape. For businesses to achieve an effective competitive advantage, and boost their productivity, they need to combine the new technologies with innovative ways of doing business (Lv et al., 2019). Business enterprises need to develop new ways to take advantage of these new platforms that are presently available, and the ones that will be developed in the near future. The relationship between the new business processes and information technology should be considered to be a cyclical one. The reason for this is that, the new business processes will facilitate in terms of making information technology to be highly valuable, new and improved technologies will make the new and more valuable business process to be highly possible.
Conclusion
Globalization contributed to the opening up of the world, as people from different cultures and geographic locations have been able to interact and engage in business. The advancement of information technology from the development of personal computers to the creation of VoIP platforms has created highly reliable and unique ways for businesses to interact. These technologies have contributed to the passing of information in real time, and has enhanced business processes and led to the creation of innovative ideas, improving the business processes. This has been clearly illustrated by companies such as Walmart that are able to outsource products from different parts of the world, integrate their supply systems to real time and ensure that the supply of the products in their retail stores is conducted in real time. In addition to that, customers get high quality products at an affordable cost.
It demonstrates that information technology has had a huge impact on the globalization process globally. It has facilitated the communication, and a majority of processes that business establishments rely on. Businesses today can be conducted in real-time without the need to take into consideration things such as geographic and time differences. This has led businesses to open up new branches in other countries, or regions, employ people from different parts of the world and take advantage of new business opportunities. In addition to that, things such as open sourcing has facilitated the innovation process, and the production of new products as experts from different parts of the world are able to work on an open code, improve it, which has facilitated the innovation process. Given the contribution of the information technology to the globalization process as has been demonstrated in this paper, it can be argued that it is one of the primary driving forces of globalization from its inception to the present period in the 21st century.
References
Inda, J. X., & Rosaldo, R. (2002). ‘A World in Motion’ in JX Inda & R Rosaldo (ed), Anthropology of Globalization, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, pp. 1-34.
Lee, K., Joshi, K., & McIvor, R. (2007). Understanding multicultural differences in online satisfaction. Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on 2007 computer personnel doctoral consortium and research conference The global information technology workforce – SIGMIS-CPR ’07. https://doi.org/10.1145/1235000.1235048Lee, K., & Joshi, K. (2016). Importance of globalization in the information technology convergence era. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 19(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198x.2016.1134168Lee, K., & Joshi, K. (2016). Importance of globalization in the information technology convergence era. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 19(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198x.2016.1134168Lee, K., Yan, A., & Joshi, K. (2011). Understanding the dynamics of users’ belief in software application adoption. International Journal of Information Management, 31(2), 160-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.07.009Lv, L., Liu, Z., & Xu, Y. (2019). Technological progress, globalization and low-inflation: Evidence from the United States. PLOS ONE, 14(4), e0215366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215366Yip, G. S. (2000). ‘Global Strategy in the Internet Era’, Business Strategy Review, Vol. 11, Iss. 4, pp. 2.