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Digital Innovation. Internet Entrepreneurship
Digital Innovation; Internet Entrepreneurship
This paper gives my personal experience and my walk through earning on the web. This is a step that I convinced myself to take when I found that I had so much free time in my hands.
Starting up was not an easy task, although I had some skills in using the internet it was hard to know which services to trust. There are all kinds of services being provided on the internet, the biggest challenge for a beginner is to know which of these services are genuine. It took some time, trying out sites, some of them were dormant and I did not get any reply for months while others were genuine but very competitive.
I had worked for a few people, and had some ideas on the services to provide. I could write SEO articles and I was confident that I could go solo. This is when I took a big step of faith and opened my website. This was the only way I would earn without having intermediaries. This was my biggest dream, to interact directly with my clients and provide quality services.
The first few months of going solo were quite a hustle. At this time I had not earned full trust of various clients, some would ask for the charges on the services but would not give me any job to do. However for the few jobs that I got at that time, I did them to my best and this is how my ratings went up. Clients began writing testimonials on the services and referring other clients to my website and this is what got me here.
To anyone who wishes to begin earning from the internet, you should know that starting is not easy but never give up.
CS101 – Theoretical Concepts in Chicanao Studies
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CS101 – Theoretical Concepts in Chicana/o Studies
How do you study THEORY in Chican@ Studies?
To study theory, one uses the Mexican@ / Chican@ peoples of Abya Yala’s northern continent as my main topic. Indigenous to Abya Yala, nicknamed the “Américas,” a self-definition and intellectual self-determination on the side of Indo-mestizo-mulatto-hispano peoples of Mexican ancestry (Macias).
It’s possible to think of “Chican@” as referring to at least three different things.
According to Chican@s, their sense of self-identification as a people is informed by both a political awareness of self-identification for self-determination and a self-avowed right to reclaim and revitalize such subjectivities in the face of opposing forces. There is no other academic field that can claim to be as distinctive as Chicano studies, with its emphasis on practical, critical, and activist research.
Fragmentation and separation from community / barrio social justice reform result from a greater emphasis on the person vs. the people hood. Over-generalizations of the individual’s experience due to a lack of connectedness to the social or communal components.
The “privileges & oppression olympics” matrix tends to disregard different subjectivities and diverse identities in favor of single, essentialist, inter-sectional identities. Arbiters and judges of other people’s identities tend to form. A “linguistic determinism” that obviates variances in experiences, pre-determining empirical status, actions, and even experiences, is a result of the impact of western-centric post-colonial literary theories and post-modern theories. The underlying “Euro-Western-centric epistemologies” of identity studies and its reflected single identity politics lead to false equivalencies that are easier to accept and promote because they are exclusive (rather than inclusive), categorical, and opposed to alternative inter-sectional identities. In an effort to delegitimize these subjects, detractors frequently use it as a simplistic definition of Ethnic Studies.
What is the difference between Chican@ Studies with la perspectiva chicana, and disciplinary Chicanology, and Chican@ Identity Studies?
In Chicana and Chicano Studies, people of Mexican ancestry in the United States and Latin America are studied, analyzed, and understood in terms of their diverse lived experiences, cultural productions, and social places. As a result, it situates this research within the broader framework of globalization as well as the boundaries and transnationalities that define the United States of America. Methods, methodologies, frameworks, and reference materials are drawn from a variety of fields and disciplines. These frameworks are intrinsically comparable to those of other groups in a similar position, and their breadth is extensive. It has origins in the humanities, the social sciences, the performing arts, and the professions, among others.
Disciplinary Chicanology has been deeply rooted in a variety of disciplinary origins, and as a result, it offers a diverse range of challenges and techniques that need not just interdisciplinarity but also an understanding of the field’s evolution, as well as its own set of ideas and ways to scholarship creation.
How were the Chican@ (Student) Movement demands for institutional changes and epistemological corrections in the public schools, reflected in the development of a new intellectual “paradigm” called Chican@ Studies, especially as envisioned by El Plan de Santa Bárbara?
Students and faculty at numerous schools around the United States began to build new courses, programs, and research centers in Chicana/o Studies as early a 1960s. In the year following the first Chican@ high school walkouts, the Chican@ Movement focused on consolidating these activities and promoting them to other institutions through the Chican@ Movement, by describing these changes taking place at the tertiary level of schooling and sharing syllabi of some new courses and proposals for the new departments and organized research units established in California in each of the three segments of higher education. The publishing of the proceedings greatly aided and spurred the construction and spread of similar courses and programs across the state and the rest of the nation.
A multilingual student, learner-centered methodology was used in Chican@ Studies teaching, which tried to be distinct in content and instruction. It has been difficult for us to grasp, explain, or reach this aim because of the way we educate and the way we like to learn. For him, it was imperative that the program’s creators and administrators be Chicano students, instructors, administrators, workers, and members of the local community. Because their goals dictated the design and growth of such initiatives, they did so. Universities and colleges can only react to today’s pressing social issues in an equitable and efficient manner if they adopt this strategy. A strategy like this would allow educational institutions to live up to their mission statement, which calls for a broadening of the diversity of their student bodies and a strengthening of their sense of belonging in society.
What were the dominant (hegemonic) epistemologies (ideologies, paradigms) that guided the images, and theories, about Mexicans inside and outside the academy before Chican@ Studies?
Social activism in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Chican@ Movement, peaked between around 1965 and 1975, according to some. Many others claim that the Movement hasn’t stopped and that the level of action has simply increased in intensity. New areas of study for Chican@ Studies were born out of the Chican@ student movement and educational effort to correct intellectual and academic omissions, mistakes, and intellectual aggression against Chican@s. Inequalities of Chican@s were mostly explained by Anglo-American and White researchers during the course of the 20th century as a result of biological, cultural, and environmental-structural determinism.
La Perspectiva Chicana/The Chican@ Perspective
Chican@ Studies, like many other fields, evolved into a viewpoint epistemology as it matured. Epistemology, in its simplest form, is the study of how we come to know what we know, how we acquire that information, and how we organize that knowledge. Keep in mind why Chican@ Studies was created and why we need to build Chican@ ideas in knowledge, production of knowledge and organization so that we may better understand ourselves and utilize this knowledge to shape our futures. From a Chicano point of view, epistemology from the viewpoint of Chicano Studies/la perspectiva chicana is not a single point of view, but rather a multiple and comparative one. The link between Chican@ Studies and other Indigenous epistemologies and knowledge systems is of essential comparative importance, particularly in opposition to the dominant Western or Eurocentric epistemology.
Chican@ Studies has always sought to learn more about human behavior, languages, social systems, and life on Earth via research, teaching, scholarship, and service. Encouragant an active role in discovering Alternative Routes to better understand and reshape reality. In order to recognize the different expressions of the human experience and the many faces of the human family, and to contribute to a more fair and equitable future for everyone, we must equip our people with the talents, information and concepts necessary to navigate an increasingly complicated world. We can all make a difference in a more fair and equal society by collectively opposing ignorance and promoting knowledge. People whose voices are frequently drowned out by the cacophony of everyday life must be given a platform. It is important to continue these dialogues on multilingualism in the South.
How did Peñalosa (1970), Forbes (1973), Barrera (1974), Gómez-Quiñones (1971), & Del Castillo (1974)emergent paradigm called
Chican@ Studies and la perspectiva chicana/the chican@ perspective?, contribute to changes in research questions, model problems and solutions, and theoretical frames of reference for a shift, from disciplinary Chicanology to an emergent paradigm called Chican@ Studies and la perspectiva chicana/the chican@ perspective?
After the civil rights movement of the 1960s, there emerged a new academic body of work that challenged established academic ideas, not only because they were derogatory and insensitive to the needs of Chicanos, but because they perpetuated a dominating worldview. There are certain criticisms that may be leveled at these early works, despite their promise, for not going far enough or providing other theoretical frameworks and formulations. In retrospect, the protest literature looks more reactive than proactive. There is an agreement that Chicano alternative viewpoints, models, and/or paradigms are needed to counter current prejudices and misunderstandings about the community. A Chicano sociology need not exist, but alternatives should be wide-ranging and cross-disciplinary. As a result, the viewpoint should promote an optimistic image of Chicanos as historical contributors and active participants in modern society. We are never fully free from our subjectivity, according to all authors, who argued that Chicano sociology (or Chicano studies) undermines objectivity in the social sciences. Everyone was in agreement that the assimilation and acculturation models, among others, do not accurately reflect Chicanos and that Chicano viewpoints should be critical of mainstream theories that do.
Works Cited
Cadena, Gilbert, et al. CHICANO SOCIOLOGY: A CRITICAL EVALUATION and SYNTHESIS of CHICANO PARADIGMS*.
Macias, Reynaldo. How Do You Study THEORY in Chican@ Studies?
Macías, Reynaldo. Dialogues on Decolonizing Linguistic Studies and Southern Multilingualisms.
—. El Grito En Aztlán: Voice and Presence in Chicana/O Studies.
Digital Innovation The Case Of Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Digital Innovation: The Case Of Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc367565612 h 31.0 Background of Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) PAGEREF _Toc367565613 h 42.0 Elements of Strategic Planning Process PAGEREF _Toc367565614 h 53.0 Analysis of Issues and Problems and their Potential Influence on ABC PAGEREF _Toc367565615 h 54.0 Barriers for Digital Innovation for ABC PAGEREF _Toc367565616 h 75.0 Alignment of Strategic Goals with Digital Innovation and Processes PAGEREF _Toc367565617 h 86.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc367565618 h 9References PAGEREF _Toc367565619 h 11
Executive SummaryAustralian broadcasting corporation is a provider of radio, mobile and online broadcast services that is undergoing transformation to become a media innovator. The broadcaster has made use of digital technology platforms to reach its audience globally. The greatest challenge for ABC in achieving this transformation is management of innovation though well-established strategies. The paper will analyse the innovation issues facing ABC using the phases of innovation; discovery phase, incubation phase, acceleration phase and scale phase. Various issues potentially influence ABC’s challenge in innovation management: management, consumer insight and use of wrong measure of impact of innovation. The barriers of innovation for ABC are risk avoidance, time and organizational settings factors. To solve innovation management challenges facing ABC can be solved by aligning its strategic goals of value-based, innovation, audience-focused, efficient and high quality with its innovation strategy.
Background of Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)Australian broadcasting corporation is a government owned Broadcasting Corporation and is Australia’s national public broadcaster. It was founded in 1929 and provides radio, online and mobile broadcast services. With the media sector changing rapidly, ABC is transforming from a national broadcaster into a media innovator. Digital technology has helped ABC with new platforms and tools to reach their audiences from across the world.
ABC is responsible for integrating online activities with traditional broadcasting. This is reflected in the increasing consumption patterns of digital media (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The broadcaster also instituted an innovation division to develop its content, platform distribution and audience connections. The structural changes made by ABC made it the most innovative and flexible media organization in Australia. It was one of the first organizations to adopt social media into its structures. ABC’s digital innovations include:
“ABC Earth”- it was first launched in 2008. This innovation was conceived as a a trial test to measure the audiences’ interest in the presentation of ABC content, using Google Earth as a platform. An ABC “layer” could be downloaded into personal computers which contained a built in Google Earth, in which content from the broadcasting corporation would be updated automatically within a premeditated period of time. The users could use this to zoom into parts of the country that were of interest to them and get news via text and video updates (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009).
ABC iView – is the ideal version of internet television, which was developed as a catch-up television service for its audience.
However, the management of the innovation through established policies has been a major problem to ABC. This culminated in the selling of Google maps idea to Google.
Elements of Strategic Planning ProcessDiscovery Phase – This phase is mainly about the ideas and the problems that are identified, selected and screened. This information is sourced from employees, suppliers, experts, consumers and partners of ABC.
Incubation Phase – This is the phase where good ideas are developed, tested and refined to check if they make business sense and are feasible. The main purpose of this phase is to develop a business case for the organisation.
Acceleration Phase – This is the phase where formal structures and practices are instituted as innovation moves towards being understood by the organisation as a whole. In this phase they carry out pilot programmes to test the commercial feasibility of the product in the market.
Scale Phase – This is the phase where the actual innovation is integrated fully into the organisation’s processes and operations. This phase also includes mass marketing and commercialisation of the innovation.
Analysis of Issues and Problems and their Potential Influence on ABCThe major problem or issue with ABC and its management of its innovation lies with its management. The management of ABC consists of 5-7 directors and a managing director and the appointments are done according to the provisions given in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983, (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The government takes advantage of this provision and used it as a tool to pay for favours. This has led to the appointment of individuals that are not competent and do not have the proper qualifications to take up managerial jobs. The appointment of individuals without merit has caused the organisation to endure turbulent times in the ever changing media sector. This has led to the implementation of poor management policies culminating into a culture of poor governance. In the long run, the corporation has experienced a massive migration of several high profile icons to rival companies. This situation has cast a dark shadow over the corporation even on its media content – it is often seen to be biased towards the coverage current affairs, economic issues and members of parliament. The political influence in the organisation is also amplified due to the fact that many of its leaders have shifted gears from their leadership roles into politics. This can be seen in the circumstances surrounding the sale of one of the corporation’s original innovations (Google maps) to Google.
ABC normally uses market share, profits and revenue as measures for innovation because they are easy to measure. This is the usually the wrong basis to measure the impact of innovation on the strategic planning process. The true value is usually based on intangibles such as knowledge, reputation, leadership and attractiveness to talent (Palmer & Kaplan, 2007). Most innovations are hard to explain in terms of returns on an investment opportunity. Innovations that have the potential of creating or disrupting the status quo in markets may suffer when put against pedestrian projects as they do not pass through a standard budgeting process. Another significant issue to digital innovations is weak brand or positioning strategies by the organisation (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011). If the strategy reflects market differentiation and is inspired by the consumer, chances of success increase drastically.
Consumer insight is another issue to innovation for ABC. It is crucial in that it is invaluable in the role it plays in helping the innovators address unmet needs with an aim of providing a basis for a focused and tighter brand strategy. Most ideas are devised without looking into the psychology of the consumer to reflect on new insights to foster competition. Usually getting start-up money for innovation means that money is taken away from an existing programme (Palmer & Kaplan, 2007). Annual funding cycles are also problematic because it does not match-up with real time opportunities. Innovations usually need seed money and broader thinking to survive or they will be starved out of existence.
Barriers for Digital Innovation for ABCEffecting digital innovations within the organizations structures is not an easy obtainable objective. The checks and balances within the innovative process help make sure that sub-standard ideas do not precede. However, there are fewer rigors in the need to incorporate a level of creativity and inspiration to products or services that are already in the market (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011). At each level of ABC management there are operations dynamics which could potentially resist proposed change. In most cases, the idea generation part does not proceed past a few people in a room. Although this can work in processes such as making marginal adjustments on existing products or services, it does not have enough fodder to foster real leaps of imagination and creativity.
One of the major barriers of digital innovation is risk avoidance. Most organisations will allocate resources to find out the negative effects of the digital innovation. Organisational culture contributes to a large extent to this kind of mentality because it does not recognise that, progress is only made through calculated risk. Most of the times organisations will try to save “face” to sustain and protect themselves (Palmer & Kaplan, 2007). This is one of the major reasons why boundaries and assignment of responsibilities is set-up. Innovations tend to expound on existing boundaries, create new ones, and thus creating a tense atmosphere with competing interests.
Within an organizational setting, time is a precious commodity. Much of the time within the organization is usually accounted for, thus time for innovations is usually and with the creation of the digital innovation division at ABC, this barrier is significantly minimized (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2011). This is because they have time to think outside the box and come up with alternatives to existing problems or issues.
Alignment of Strategic Goals with Digital Innovation and ProcessesABC has identified a couple of key strategies which will help foster the achievement its goals and objectives (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). Through its innovative process, ABC has aligned its strategic goals and vision, in an attempt to capitalize on the market. The organization’s strategic goals and vision include:
Innovation – the company aims to foster a culture of creativity and experimentation within its structures. The company will take advantage of emerging devices and platforms to deliver relevant content to the audience. The company intends to build agile business capabilities that are flexible enough to, anticipate and respond to change (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The company also intends to expand its reputation as one of the innovation leaders in Australian media.
High Quality – ABC will deliver distinctive content that is trustworthy, balanced and independent (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The company intends to frequently review and to assess performance standards against set benchmarks.
Value-Based – The Corporation intends to embrace diversity in content strategies and recruitment (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The company will also focus on the importance of how results are achieved and implement the ABC reconciliation plan.
Efficient – The corporation will operate within the best practice processes by continuously evaluating activities for effectiveness. It will also ensure that the company’s capabilities are aligned with audience strategies (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). The company will ensure that there is equitable distribution of resources in order to contribute to the long term sustainability of the organization.
Audience focused – Implement a content strategy that will reach (across all platforms) at least 70% of Australians. The company will also implement a content strategy that is focused on developing international audiences in selected target markets (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2009). Provide relevant and useful content to the audience and build audience engagement with ABC using the various platforms and devices.
6. 0 ConclusionABC has set a trend in its effort to transform a government controlled media house to an innovation leader. In its efforts to power innovation, the institution has suffered major drawbacks due to lack of proper management of its innovation. The institution should change its management structure, strategies and policies in a way that promotes creativity and innovation. The company should also root for risk management strategy instead of risk avoidance that prevents the company from advancing innovation. The government should also align its innovation strategies with organizational goals. For instance, innovation tools should be customer-focussed.
ReferencesAustralian Broadcasting Corporation. (2009). ABC Funding Boost 2009–2012. ABC Funding Boost 2009–2012, 19-18.
Commonwealth of Australia. (2009). Australia’s Digital Economy: Future Directions final. Commonwealth of Australia 2009.
Derrick Palmer & Soren Kaplan. (2007). A framework for strategic innovation: blending strategy and creative exploration to discover future business opportunities. Innovation Point LLC.
Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2011).Demystifying innovation Take down the barriers to new growth. Price Waterhouse Coopers.