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Differences between the Novel the Great Gatsby and its Movie 2
Differences between the Novel the Great Gatsby and its Movie
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Differences between the Novel the Great Gatsby and its Movie
The novel The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in the year 1926. Renowned literature analysts have described this novel as a literary classic. Since it was published, recreation of the novel into a movie has been done severally. A contrast will however be done in relation to the version of the movie that was released by A&E Television Networks in 2000 starring Mira Sorvino and directed by Robert Markowitz. That the basic ideas of the novel were expressed in this version of the movie is undeniably true, however, there are some differences noticeable in the plot of the movie that affect the viewers’ interpretation of the novel. These differences come in various forms including miscasting done by the casting manager during the casting of the characters, misrepresentation of the original plot of the story by the director of the movie in this case being Robert Markowitz and misrepresentation of the character traits of the roles played in the movie. The flaws and the differences together with the recommendations that could deem useful in redeeming this movie are as expounded in the following paragraphs.
To begin with, the idea of Daisy’s voice has been distorted in the movie. The role of Daisy was played by Mira Sorvino. According to the novel, Daisy had a voice that portrayed an exhilarating ripple that could be compared to that of a wild tonic that existed in the rain. Mira Sorvino does not have the right voice. Her voice is both high-pitched and soft whereas the novel describes Daisy’s voice as loud, rich and had the ability to get anyone’s attention. The author also describes Daisy’s voice as sounding like money. The contrast in Daisy’s voice with that of Mira Sorvino creates a fault that is hard to ignore. This is because Daisy’s voice is in the novel described to holding more importance than what she was actually saying. I recommend that the director should have picked a more relevant character. The character’s voice should have matched the one described by the author in the novel so as to avoid distorting the idea of Daisy. The actor chosen to play this role in the movie had a voice that did not portray the characteristics as described by the author in the novel, which is very unacceptable. When casting actors to take up different roles, the director should have ensured that the actor who took up this lead role was flawlessly uptight and was able to deliver the representation of Daisy exactly the way the author had brought out the character in the novel. Acting out novels is majorly aimed at bringing life to the storyline and the characters involved so if this job is not properly done then initial the objective won’t be met.
In addition, the movie poorly represents the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy. This relationship is important as the original story focuses on it to build the major thematic concerns and the poetic aspects of the author. The book clearly states that it had been five years since Gatsby had last seen Daisy whereas the movies states that the duration was eight years. The author describes the passion between these two love birds when he showed how Gatsby longed to kiss Daisy again. The kind of the attraction Daisy had is seen to be absolute as he compares the effects of the kiss to his mind to that of the romping mind of God. Indicating that Gatsby had to wait for eight years for this kiss instead of five as indicated in the novel makes him seem crazier than he really is. Another misrepresentation is noted as the movie brings out the relationship as either a fling or as a crazy obsession that Daisy has towards Gatsby which is not the case. The author brings out the relationship as a passionate and a powerful one. This means that the viewer won’t be able to grasp the complexity of this relationship and the director should therefore have strived to bring out the technicalities of the relationship between the two to avoid poor representation of the relationship.
Last but most, the movie fails to bring out the character of Daisy Buchanan as shallow, hurtful and selfish. This character needs to be built so as to enhance the poignancy of the story as it is essential to the plot. The movie focuses its plot on the beauty and charm of Daisy instead of greatly exploring the fact that she is hurtful, shallow and selfish. It is these traits that express the meaning of the novel and if the movie overlooks them then the storyline is both misrepresented and distorted. I recommend that the director should have highlighted these traits in the movie so as to accurately bring out the meaning of the story. Changing the original character traits of the lead role greatly affects the plot development and to some extent changes the story completely. The director should have ensured that Daisy was brought out as hurtful, selfish and shallow so as to pass the message that the author had intended to pass to its audience.
In summary, there are major contrasts depicted in the movie as explained in the above paragraphs. The differences include the variance of Daisy Buchanan’s voice from the author’s description in the novel to that the voice of the character used by the director, the poor representation of the relationship between Daisy and Gatsby by the movie and the movie fails to bring out the character of Daisy Buchanan as shallow, hurtful and selfish and instead focuses on the beauty and charm of this character. As far as bringing life to this novel goes, the movie has managed to confuse that section of the viewers of this movie who have read the novel too. These differences as outlined in the above paragraphs cause a state of confusion as the audience finds it hard to follow through on what exactly goes on in the plot development of the story. From these examples, it is obvious that the movie doesn’t accurately portray the book and just like most of the other novel-turn movies; I would prefer the novel as it is much better.
Critique Of Helping Students With Learning Disabilities Succeed Is An Article By Marcee Steele
Critique Of Helping Students With Learning Disabilities Succeed Is An Article By Marcee Steele
Helping students with learning disabilities succeed is an article by Marcee Steele. The article acknowledge that learning disability students that take science because of mild incidences of disabilities. Despite their intentions, they have difficulty to passing high-stake assessments. These students have intelligence levels ranging from average to high but due to one processing disorder they have difficulties with learning. Steele presents an inquiry into better ways of teaching students that have at least a single low basic academic skill. According to the article, there are three existing processing disorders. They include visual, auditory and memory processing challenges. For the purpose of overcoming these challenges, the article argues critical approaches in the classroom to improve the overall performance of such students and possibly all students. This article is a valuable insight to the issue of students with learning disabilities and provides adequate solutions to the problem.
Steele provides an imminent way of approaching lectures and class time as well as reading of textbooks. It is indispensable for teachers to understand ways to approach students during lectures. Aspects such as collaborating with special education teachers and clarifying vocabularies are critical. Use of visuals will assist students suffering from other forms of processing apart from visual. On the other hand, strategies in taking notes and revising will be essential to students that have memory problems. In reading textbooks, teachers should emphasize on ways of memorizing vital information. Students should provide notes on various chapters to help students during their study while at the same time emphasizing on key concepts. Teaching the organization of text, that is, areas in the book that are vital will assist students that have reading problems. In accordance to this, article is a god resource on understanding ways to improve lectures and reading behaviors among students.
This article is also resourceful on issues relating to homework assignments and assessments. Students having writing problems face challenges completing long-term assignments. It is, therefore, essential for teachers of these students to divide assignments and ensure that there is positive progress. Special education teachers can help students with their homework either individually or in small groups. Clarifying directions and assisting students start their assessments is a potent intervention measure for students having reading problems. On the other hand, students with memory processing problems will benefit from leaning self management. On issues of assessment, the article articulates the importance of mange their study time and model their study process. In addition, students should mark difficult questions and respond to them towards the end. Such strategies will not improve the performance of students having learning disabilities but also all students.
This article is a valuable resource for the improvement of performance of students in classes especially science classes. Through a number of proposals, the author succeeds to indicate a number of approaches for the applications by teachers to assist students with learning disabilities improve their performance on high-stakes tests. These approaches are straightforward, yet they have large impacts on student performance according to the article. It is an exemplary piece of information for both teachers handling all students and those that are teaching students with learning disabilities. Students with learning disabilities will find this article vital while it will prompt and remind all students on ways to improve performance. In accordance to this, it is not only useful to teachers but can provide critical ideas to students.
The purpose of this study will be to analyze Chlamydia and determine the effects of DNA fragmentation on male fertility. (2)
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study will be to analyze Chlamydia and determine the effects of DNA fragmentation on male fertility. Chlamydia is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). Chlamydia trachomatis infection is sexually transmitted and most common in sexually active partners. 50% of men who are infected by the bacterium show no signs of the bacterium. The infection has a shelf-life of up to four years, and when couples are infected, they have a much impact on sperm quality. The threat the CT poses on male infertility remains controversial since it is not yet proven. Men act as carriers of Chlamydia infection and its transmission to female cause urinary tract inflammation. This infection can cause damage to sperm DNA and acute epididymitis. Sperm analysis in today’s laboratory procedures is not proved enough about the reproductive outcome and, thus, the necessity for upgraded tests. DNA fragmentation tests are available, but most of the laboratories do not support its use. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) has been used in evaluating male fertility though its clinical indication is not clear. SDF test provides recommendations and acts as a reference for fertility specialists to enhance its improvement. This test is often in patients with abnormal to required sperm grams and is necessary for choosing the most appropriate assisted reproductive technique for those unable to bear children. High SDF is related to repeated loss of pregnancy. Samples of 200 patients who have a history of subfertility, both with normal and abnormal sperm grams, will be examined to test whether CT is present. An ELISA test will also be conducted on the patients’ seminal plasma to check for antibodies against CT. To determine the effect CT infections, have on DNA fragmentation, 50-CT infected patient cases and 25-CT negative tests will be analysed by the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA) using flow cytometry analysis. SCSA test will provide statistical data of exceptional quality.
Keywords: Sperm DNA fragmentation, Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), male infertility, reproductive assisted technique
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is one of the most frequently sexually transmitted infection (STI) in human beings and occurs more in partners who are sexually active. Annually, roughly about 100 million upcoming cases of CT are treated in the world. The spread of CT is highly favored because it is asymptomatic, with an infection rate of about 50% men and 90% women. The research of CT is currently focused on females abandoning males despite the statistics that its frequency of infection is similar to both (Jennifer et al. 2017).
Clinicians and researchers in the discipline of reproductive medicine have raised a concern about the spread of STIs. Research shows that almost about 15% of infertility in men is associated with infection of the genital tract. The part played by CT infections towards infertility in males is disputable. Some researches relate CT to inferior semen quality. In contrast, others indicate that CT is characterized by a reduction in sperm motility and concentration, a drop in the number of sperms ejaculated, and interference with the semen pH (Hanen et al. 2014). Infection with CT causes epididymitis, urethritis, and prostatitis in men. Infertility may be caused by the swelling of the epididymis due to the obstruction of the sperm tract (Band et al. 2018).
Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is caused by aging, diseases, lifestyle-related actions, and body infections. It poses a danger towards reproduction in humans and the health of the infants. SDF is induced by three main factors; apoptosis, oxidative stress, and defects in the maturation of sperm chromatin. Apoptosis and sperm chromatin impairment affects testis and causes breaks in the DNA, resulting in dead spermatozoa. Oxidative stress induces SDF after the ejaculation of sperms (Monica et al. 2019).
SDF has become essential in clinics in the essence of its outcome in assisted reproductive technology (Luca et al. 2019). In most semen analysis, DNA quality in sperm cells is not assessed because of sophisticated and complex technologies for DNA evaluation. The standard technology used is sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), used in evaluating the damage in sperm DNA (Fernandez et al. 2015). Research has shown that people presenting high levels of SDF are linked to the unsuccessful production of children than individuals expressing low rates of SDF (Fernandez et al. 2015).
Figure 1: Factors impacting the level of SDF present in a semen sample
2152650126365Fertilization Strategy
Fertilization Strategy
4676775230314529718002284095114300022936204743450150304510477501522095292290542672021621753808095Oocyte DNA Repair Capacity
0Oocyte DNA Repair Capacity
right2722245Iatrogenic Sperm Damage
00Iatrogenic Sperm Damage
4381502722245Patient Characteristics
0Patient Characteristics
right1893570SDF and Reproductive Outcome
SDF and Reproductive Outcome
342900798195Techniques for Sperm Selection
0Techniques for Sperm Selection
3752850798195Values for SDF Obtained on Neat or Selected Samples
0Values for SDF Obtained on Neat or Selected Samples
Source: Fernandez et al. 2015
Methods and Materials
Patients consented to their participation in the study particularly the use of their semen. Samples of male ejaculate were obtained from 200 males aged between 20 and 45. The participants had abnormal to normal sperm counts. The samples were tested for CT using a urethral smear test -u A commercial kit that uses direct immunofluorescence manufactured by Trinity Biotech was used. 64 samples returned positive whereas 136 returned negative. A random sampling method was used to select 50 positive samples and 25 negative samples that would be the control group for the study. Some of the participants who tested positive volunteered information on how long they had been infected with the disease and this was noted down. The participants were required to abstain from sexual activity 48 hours before the commencement of the study. On the day of semen collection, the men masturbated into vials that were appropriately numbered numerically (black ink for positive cases and blue ink for negative cases). Semen analysis was carried out using the standard procedure prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Equal parts from each vial were analyzed for DNA fragmentation and the result was recorded appropriately on the sticker. Seminal plasma was also examined for antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.
The first step in the SCSA test was diluting an aliquot of semen from each sample to about 10 million. The diluting agent used was a pH 1.2 buffer of phosphate and salt (PBS). This treatment was allowed to hold for about 35 seconds (It is expected that fragments of DNA with 2 strands break (denature) while those with whole double strands remain unchanged.) The sperm cells were then stained with an acridine orange dye which produces contrasting stains in fragmented and intact DNA (red and green respectively). Flow cytometry analysis was then carried out for the stained samples in which blue light excitation of each sample was carried out and the sample observed for color changes (green to red). The flow cytometry allowed the measurement of the extent of sperm chromatin damage by quantifying the extent of metachromatic shifts from green to red in the cytogram intensity patterns. Denatured DNA was observed as the DNA fluorescent Intensity (DFI) or the ratio of denatured DNA to the total DNA present in a sample. The SCSA Diagnostics software was used to analyze the flow cytometry data and a DFI histogram modeled to present the percentage of denatured DNA strands per sample. The differences between samples from participants who tested positive for CT and those who tested negative for CT were averaged and statistically tested for reliability and validity. Also, the extent of DNA damage as revealed by the SCSA was compared across positive samples to observe whether long-term sufferers had a higher prevalence of fragmented DNA. SCSA has been used successfully to identify sperm with fragmented DNA from those sperm with whole DNA. The test reveals fragmented DNA as a plot with dots. The more the dots the higher the prevalence of SDF.
Results
The target specific test conducted on the samples from the participants indicate the presence of IgG antibody in the 50 samples initially marked for infection. The test was conducted before the study could commence to countercheck the accuracy of infectuion. On the same note, both IgG and IgA antibodies were tested for better interpretation of the results. After conducting the SCSA test for each sample the results for the control group ranged from 3-24 percent which suggest good fertility. Most of the samples from the control group (92%) or 23 showed a DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) of less than 15 percent which indicated excellent fertility. Only two recorded a score of more than 15 percent but less than 25 which shows a fair potential to achieve a term pregnancy naturally. The DFI scores of the study population was categorized on the basis of how long a patient has know of the infection.
Although the time of infection might have varied only two patients were above the 50 percent DFI score. The DNA fragmentation in the study group was about 5 times higher than in the control group. In relative terms, DNA integrity is compromised in the sperm cell of individuals infected with CT. In comparative terms, the patients showed a negative correlation between sperm composition and sperm DNA fragmentation as compared to the control group.
References
Bryan, E. R., Kollipara, A., Trim, L. K., Armitage, C. W., Carey, A. J., Mihalas, B., … & Beagley, K. W. (2019). Hematogenous dissemination of Chlamydia muridarum from the urethra in macrophages causes testicular infection and sperm DNA damage. Biology of Reproduction, 101(4), 748-759.
Dehghan Marvast, L., Talebi, A. R., Ghasemzadeh, J., Hosseini, A., & Pacey, A. A. (2018). Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity. Andrologia, 50(3), e12918.Gallegos, G., Ramos, B., Santiso, R., Goyanes, V., Gosálvez, J., & Fernández, J. L. (2008). Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma. Fertility and sterility, 90(2), 328-334.Moazenchi, M., Totonchi, M., Salman Yazdi, R., Hratian, K., Mohseni Meybodi, M. A., Ahmadi Panah, M., … & Mohseni Meybodi, A. (2018). The impact of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm parameters and male fertility: A comprehensive study. International journal of STD & AIDS, 29(5), 466-473.Samplaski, M. K., Domes, T., & Jarvi, K. A. (2014). Chlamydial infection and its role in male infertility. Advances in Andrology, 2014.Sellami, H., Gdoura, R., Mabrouk, I., Frikha‐Gargouri, O., Keskes, L., Mallek, Z., … & Hammami, A. (2011). A proposed mouse model to study male infertility provoked by genital serovar E, Chlamydia trachomatis. Journal of andrology, 32(1), 86-94.Suarez, J. P., Sanchez, L. R., Salazar, F. C., Saka, H. A., Molina, R., Tissera, A., … & Motrich, R. D. (2017). Chlamydia trachomatis neither exerts deleterious effects on spermatozoa nor impairs male fertility. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-14.