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a person increases the chances of mingling with great people in society through their social interactions. People who attain a high level of education are held in high regard as compared with people with low levels of education
researchers in social science have linked the benefits of education in the entire life of the individual. They have researched on issues such as crime
The Relationship between Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and energy conservation
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The Relationship between Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and energy conservation
Hypothesis
The existence and good management of an IAQ is an effective incentive to prospective tenants, and property buyers. When quality IAQ systems are installed in a building can be used as a selling point for the properties since people needs clean air where they are living or working. Therefore, indoor quality air improves energy conservation.
Abstract
There exists a strong relationship between IAQ and energy efficiency, and therefore appropriate maintenance of the internal air quality within buildings is increasing becoming very important. With the ravages of the environment such as global warming, green house gas emissions, and other type of environmental pollution, it has become a requirement to have clean air. With the effects of globalization, many people are increasing becoming aware on te need for environmental conservation, and everybody is increasingly getting concerned with green production, green chemistry, and almost every facet of man today has a “green” suffix. The concept of having clean air to breath is gaining much prominence, where the occupants of various buildings need comfort, performance, and quality health. There are many factors that affect the indoor air quality, and controlling these factors for improved air quality is an important marketing instrument. These factors would include pollution, heat, humidity, ventilation, and other methods of controlling air flow and the quality of air.
Introduction
The objectives of this study are to establish a connection between likeability of buildings and the nature of controlling the quality of air. Another reason for the study is to discern how he comfortability of the occupants of buildings is highly relative to the methods used in controlling air quality in buildings. The dilemma of regarding the indoor quality of air must have been an issue of facility managers and real estate owners. The demand for facilities that ensure indoor quality air is on the exponential rise, with a greater percentage of the human population being aware of the effects of having bad air (Sridevi, &, Monto, 676-686).
Today’s consumer is very perceptive about his or her environment, and it will always be the first thing a buyer or consumer will countercheck before committing to purchase a service or good. How the service or good is packaged is of great essence. In this case , the concern is on houses where people live, offices and factories where people work. This also includes recreational areas. If the property marketers can vigorously include the fact that their properties ensures that IAQ conserves the environment, then it is a good starting point to sell the properties. When the environment is conserved implies that all the components including heat is conserved.
Discussion
Good preventive maintenance and housekeeping measure are very central to establishing quality air within buildings. Air quality has many components including the level of heat, the presence of pollutants such as odors, foul air, level of humidity, and the general flow of air within the buildings. The outdoor air flow rates affect the conditions of indoor air quality, along with temperature and humidity requirements. The cost of energy regulation is an important part of ensuring the indoor quality air. The cost is related to installing ventilation systems and other control methods. Energy efficiency reduces the cost of operation. The system that uses fossil fuels contributes to emission of green gases, and it is a matter of public policy to promote efficient utilization of control systems and energy utilization. The thermal comfortably sheds light on the design and operation of HVAC especially in commercial buildings which accommodates many people at a particular time (Wang, et al, 638-647)
The energy conservation strategies must be in line with the standards set by ANSI/ASHRAE standard 55-1992 for thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy . The temperature and humidity requirements needs that the outside air flow rates is 20 cfm per occupant of office spaces, 15 cfm per occupant for educational premises, and auditoriums should go by the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992. These flow rates are set due to occupancy design conditions to regulate temperature and humidity. The space temperatures should be maintained at between 70 and 79 degrees F, and relative humidity levels not exceeding 60%. The space temperature and space relative humidity are to be taken care of to ensure the occupants of buildings have access to quality indoor air. These criteria are associated with cost reduction, heat reduction, and increased comfort. The different control systems such as ventilation controls and air cleaning technologies impacts on the outdoor air so that the air flow do not have outdoor pollution elements affecting the indoor quality air (Wang, et al, 638-647)
The issue of outdoor air flow is important for both old and new buildings, which should incorporate features of energy conscious designs and retrofit strategies. If the existing buildings had been designed with poor outdoor air flow performance, will be urged to raise these rates to improve the quality of indoor air. These factors should be able to address the issues of the environment adequately in buildings, and property owners should address and identify situations where serious problems could occur. Assessing the balance between energy, indoor air, and thermal objectives is key to the design and operation of HVAC systems in commercial buildings. Professional and practitioners should generate the necessary data to guide the design and operation of ventilation systems to check cost reduction and energy saving strategies, while maintaining the thermal comfort and outdoor air flow performance. Areas where studies that are more concerted should be performed to ensure quality air for occupants of buildings are. Development of an environmental assessment database, assessment of energy and outdoor air flow rates for office buildings, assessment of the impacts of increasing outdoor airflow, and energy costs for protecting indoor environmental quality (Wang, et al, 638-647)
Justification for the adaption of ASHRAE
The level of energy usage in homes and commercial building is worrying. Most of the energy usage in homes is for running the HVACS. This may be the worst scenario in Polar Regions. However, the energy usage in most building can be significantly reduced through the adoption of the ASHRAE standards
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality
The main purpose of the standard is to set a minimum and maximum ventilation and indoor air quality standard that is acceptable to the human occupancy and avoid negative impact on health. The minimum ventilation rates are geared at balancing indoor air quality and energy usage. The standard was specifically based on the mechanical ventilation and heat energy recovery system while considering the variable occupancy and building types (Wang, et al, 638-647)
Air infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC)
All buildings should have an AIVC to help in analyzing and understanding the complex behaviors of air in the building. This will not only advance the application of related energy saving measures but also help inn deigning new buildings and improve the building
According to Macfarlane, & Ester, (599-611), the buildings should be appropriately air tight depending on the function of the building. This is geared at achieving an optimal thermal comfort during summer and winter. Additionally, the building should also be enveloped to reduce energy consumption. The thermal building design should emphasize on the installation of aq central heating system and ensure that the building offers thermal comfort without excessive energy use. This is important because there is a need to use the passive solar technologies. While the indoor air quality is dependent on the HVAC systems, the energy usage may be unrealistic therefore; there is need for the consideration of the technological consequences associated with over reliance on then HVAC systems and energy. It is also important to consider using the self regulated inlets and outlet. These should be geared at ensuring that the wind, and temperature flow is constant in all rooms (Siddique, &, Noumowe, 612-622).
Requirements for products and materials
The basic requirement form the building products geared at reducing the level of pollution and by controlling the causes of pollution and to achieve an ideal indoor air quality and energy usage are to control the general emission by building. This can be achieved by banning the usage of asbestos in the occupied areas, limiting the use of formaldehyde emissions by chipboards up to 10mg/100 g and using stronger guidelines for protecting radon in building. Additionally the separation of smoking and non smoking zones is also important. All these factors tend to consider the fact that most of the indoor air quality systems are only used due to the presences of pollutants, therefore if the polluting sources are eliminated, and then the indoor air quality is superlatively excellent (Chuck, 595-598).
Design of HVAC-Systems ventilation Rates
The recommendation for redesigning the, commissioning and maintaining the HVAC-systems must be considered as a supreme measure to reducing the energy usage (energy conservation) through increasing their efficiency and effectiveness
Conclusion
The relationship between the indoor air quality and the energy usage is very strong; this means that the HVAC-systems are responsible for a larger part of the energy bills. For example, the amount of energy used to run a fan or air freshener is high. Most of the HVAC systems are not energy efficient. The relationship between the indoor climate and the general energy use is also dependent on the building characteristics, the HVAC systems for heating and lighting and people using then indoor air and energy. For example, the ventilation needs, the efficiency of the equipment, control measures on the usage of the ventilation equipment are very important factors to consider. However, the most important thing to consider is the fact the most control of the ventilation source overarches most of the solutions presented in early finding and researchers. One of the main ways of maintaining a good balance between the indoor air quality and the energy usage is the usage of passive techniques. However, passive techniques may not be adequate for energy conservation, necessitating the usage of other techniques such as reducing the total energy load or the load placed on the indoor climate.
The pollutant sources control specifically looks at the human factors in polluting the indoor air and compromising the indoor air quality, this may not be realistic but the level of population can be checked to reduce the load on the indoor air. Human occupancy can also been looked at as the contributing source of pollution, but the energy managers should also give due consideration to the design of the building and the general construction processes and maintenance
Work cited
Chuck W. F. Yu. Flooding and EcoBuild – Strategies for the Future: Dykes, Dams, SUDS and Floating Homes, Indoor and Built Environment.19: 595-598. (2010)
Anson K, Macfarlane, & Ester C. Reliability and Validity of a New Building Environmental Quality Questionnaire. Indoor and Built Environment. 19: 599-611,. (2010).
Rafat Siddique and Albert N. Noumowe. An Overview of the Properties of High-strength Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures Indoor and Built Environment 19: 612-622. (2010)
J.H. Wang, L. Niu, P. Liu, &, F. Yu. Assessment of Pollutant Dispersion in the Re-entrance Space of a High-rise Residential Building, Using Wind Tunnel Simulations Indoor and Built Environment 19: 638-647. (2010)
Sridevi K, &, Monto M. Current State of Domestic Concealed Wiring Practices in Bangalore, India .Indoor and Built Environment. 19: 676-686, (2010)
The reasons why some people favor capital punishment
Capital Punishment
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Abstract
This paper seeks to give an analysis on the reasons why some people favor capital punishment. Most times, in order to ensure that criminals do not commit crimes, they have to be punished severely. This means that murderers are stooped, if they will also lose their lives. In turn, more murders are prevented from occurring in the future. Murderers will think rationally before they commit any crime as the punishment that awaits them is extremely harsh (Whitehead & Blankenship, 2000).
Reasons for favoring capital punishment
There is a lot of concern regarding capital punishment, as it plays a vital part in society. According to research, there are many ways why people might oppose or support capital punishment. In the year 1608 in Virginia Jamestown, Kendall James a captain was found guilty of an offense. He was accused of being Spain‘s spy and in the history of the united states, was the first person ever to be executed (Whitehead & Blankenship, 2000). Many people have been executed since then. Capital punishment is supported all over the world. Many states have come up with laws regarding capital punishment as there is a belief that it is beneficial.
Some people believe that in order to stop crimes, capital punishment should take place. This is because it is believed to be deterrence to crime. The belief is that punishments, which are severe, ensure that people do not engage in acts of crime. General and specific are examples of deterrence, which exist. Those who commit crimes alone are known to commit deterrence, which is specific. The purpose of the punishment is to ensure that in the future, people do not commit crimes. Deterrence, which is general, is aimed at the public sector. It is believed that it deters people from committing crimes, which are similar as the other person, has learnt a lesson. Life imprisonment it not a severe enough punishment as compared to the death penalty. The most common reason why people support the death penalty is because it is deterrence. Politicians are in favor of the death penalty as it prevents people from committing murders (Woolf, 2004).
Those who commit crimes of a violent nature should be reattributed through the death penalty. For a period of twenty years, the public is becoming extremely hardened on matters related to capital punishment. ‘Just Deserts’ is the word used to describe the definition of retribution. This is because it is extremely difficult to comprehend. The belief is that acts of a criminal nature should be punished by the same type of punishment. In this case, it means that people who commit murder must be killed, just as they did to the other people. Lex talionins is the principle by, which the ideology is known. This means that a crime is punished the same way (Woolf, 2004).
According to Christian beliefs, those who kill others should also incur the same punishment. This is found in their Bible in a book known as Leviticus. This means that the ideology being put across is that punitive action is meant to reattribute those who commit crimes such as murder. Those who commit murders should be willing to sacrifice their own lives as they have taken that of others. This means the death penalty should be for the crime of murder. Retribution is an ideology, which is emotional, as it evokes lot of emotions from various parties. The death penalty is brought about because people are emotionally affected by the crime of murder. Most times it is assumed that the family of the victim should take revenge as a result of the murder, which is committed. Also, society seeks to ensure that murders are punished accordingly. When a murderer is punished, people are relived of the anger, which they experienced when the victim died. The violent act, which was committed, is thus reattributed when the murderer is killed. According to research, it was found out that death penalty is meant to occur when people commit murders. There is a need to ensure that people pay for their crimes through the death penalty (Woolf, 2004).
Other people believe that through the death penalty, incapacitation occurs and thus it is justified. The state is meant to ensure that people who commit crimes do not continue with such activities in the future. There are many by which curtailment occurs, such as through death, imprisonment and probation. They believe that once the murderer is dead they do not have the ability of committing other crimes, since they are incapacitated. Society become safe as the murderer is not able to commit further crimes (Woolf, 2004).
The ideology based upon the instrumental perspective is upheld by people, who are in favor of capital punishment. Those who favor the death penalty also fear crimes, due to its detrimental consequences. The rate of crime seems to increase on a daily basis and there is a need to stop it. This is possible through coming up with a law, which ensures that order is maintained. A mentality, which based on being tough, is used. In most societies, death penalty is considered to be an extreme and harsh punishment .It is believed that in the United States, dealing with crime is a difficulty issue, thus the use of the death penalty. In order for there to be social control, people favor the death penalty. It is viewed as a resort to punishment using violence (Woolf, 2004).
Psychologists believe that those who regard crime as being a problem of a social nature also fear it. Thus, there should be punishments which are extreme as well as severe. Protection and the need to ensure crimes are reduced, is the reason why people encourage the death penalty to exist. People’s attitude makes sure that they can influence the end, through the powers, which are contained in the death penalty. Potential criminals become fearful when they know that they will pay dearly when they commit crimes. This in turn ensures that maintenance of law and order occurs. There are claims among the black community that nothing much is being done to ensure that capital punishment is enforced by courts (Woolf, 2004).
Lastly, it is believed that people who commit crimes should not be sentenced to imprisonment as this is expensive. Instead, the person should be executed as it is convenient as well as cheap. This claim is popular among the supporters of capital punishment despite it being erroneous. In a way, incapacitation is related to the issue on cost (Woolf, 2004).
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are many opinions regarding capital punishment. The main reason behind the favor of capital punishment is morality, order, law as well as emotional factors. Those who commit crimes ought to be aware of the consequences of their actions .Thus; capital punishment should be enforced in all the American states.
Question two
The topic being discussed concerns matters related to capital punishment .The views which people have concerning capital punishment should be known .Various claims exist concerning capital punishment. There are those who support it, while others are opposed to capital punishment. My claim is that people should support capital punishment due to its many benefits to society (Mandery, 2005). There is evidence to show that capital punishment should be allowed as well be enforced. According to studies conducted by Isaac Ehrlich, a famous criminologist, capital punishment ensures that murders do not occur in the future. The results were that as much as seven people had their lives spared, when an inmate was executed. This is because capital punishment is a deterrent to making sure that people do not commit crimes. Other criminologists have found the same results from their studies.
From the results, which I found after the survey, most people fear death and through being executed, they will keep away from committing any crimes. The claim, which has been proposed matches up to the steps involved in ‘proving a theory’ as well as the ‘scientific method’. During the examination, it was found out that the evidence as well as the claim measure up. Also, it fails to do so was because not everyone believes in the impact of capital punishment. In order to make the two more acceptable, more should be done to ensure that the effects of capital punishment are made known (Mandery, 2005). The people, who should be aware of this claim, is everybody in society. This is because they are affected by capital punishment in many ways. The murderers as well as the victims are affected when a crime is committed. This means that in order to ensure that there is maintenance of law and order; crime should be stopped, using extreme measures. In this case, is through the implementation of capital punishment.
The claim on capital punishment is meant to ensure that people are aware of the benefits of capital punishment. In turn, they will know that people, who commit crimes, should be punished accordingly. Murderers should be the ones, who are executed, as they take the life of other humans. The audience should not sympathize with people who commit crime as the impact is felt greatly by victims of crimes. The audience should be completely satisfied with the claim as well as the evidence given. Certain cues, which are empathetic as well as motivational, have been used to ensure that the audience favors the claim. They include words such as retribution, emotional, deterrence, victim’s family, anger, among others. These words need to be known as they make sure the audience is aware of the importance of capital punishment (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2001).
In order to ensure that my position is acknowledged by the audience, certain elements concerning capital punishment should be known. The victims of the murdered peoples view point should be known, as it will make the audience sympathize with them .In turn, they will concur with the claim. The audience should be aware of all the matters related to capital punishment; so that they choose what they believe is right. The audience might be persuaded to favor the position whereby, capital punishment is not good. To avoid this, it should be known that murderers are inhumane, thus should not be accorded the right to be alive. Also, the audience should be aware that money is saved when criminals are executed. In the future, people will not easily commit crimes, due to the punishment involved (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2001).
Question three
In coming up with the argument concerning the reasons why capital punishment is favored, there were conclusions as well as premises. The first premise is that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to criminals. This is true because those who are executed serve as warnings to other criminals (Valid). The other premise is that capital punishment serves as a reattribution as this punishment is punitive. In turn, people who murder others, pay with their own lives. Incapacitation is another premise whereby, criminals who have been executed will never commit other crimes (Valid). Since they are not alive they cannot murder others. According to the perspective, which is instrumental, societal problems are gotten rid of when criminals are executed. In turn, the society benefits thorough reduced crime rates (Valid) . Lastly, capital punishment ensures that costs are not incurred. More is spent on criminals when they are in prison as compared to when they are dead (Not Valid). The entire premises are true except for the one on cost, which is an informal fallacy. It might not be valid since no one has proven the costs between maintaining a prisoner and killing them. It is a fallacy of presumption since there is no evidence to support the claim
The other arguments are valid because through various tests, which were conducted by criminologists, they were found to be true. The evidence given by the premises in the argument ensure that the conclusion is not a fallacy, but is instead true. In order to ensure that the arguments are free from fallacies sufficient evidence should be given as support (The Death Penalty Information Center, 2001).
References
Mandery, Evan. (2005). Capital punishment: a balanced examination. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
The Death Penalty Information Center. (2001). History of the death penalty and public opinion about the death penalty. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org.
Whitehead, J. & Blankenship, M. (2000). The gender gap in capital punishment attitudes: An analysis of support and opposition. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 25, 1-13.
Woolf, Alex (2004). World issues – Capital Punishment. New York: Chrysalis Education.