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The paper examines the external and internal cell structure with relation to cell shape, cell size, and internal makeup of th

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The Cell

In order to understand the importance of the cell to humanity, one must first consider the cell theories. Accordingly, the three cell theories explain that the cell is the basic unit of function in organisms, all living things contain one or more cells and that cells are arise from the replication of other cells (Pollard 1). By understanding this, one can comprehend the importance of the cell for life. Relevantly, understanding the importance of the cell also requires a comprehension of the structure and functioning of cells in organisms that help give life for these organisms.

This paper presents a brief introduction to the cell. The paper examines the external and internal cell structure with relation to cell shape, cell size, and internal makeup of the cell.

Cell Shape

Depending on the function cells play in the body of an organism, different cells vary in their shapes (Pollard 3). Researchers explain that the shape of the cell is highly reliant on the role the cell plays in the body. For example, blood cells come in the form of rounded or oval disks, so as to increase the surface area for the flow of air in and out of the blood. In addition to this, these cells are also circular in shape so as to allow ease of transportation throughout the body.

Cell Size

In relation to the shape of the cell, cell size are not constant and they differ from one cell to another. Most cells in organisms are too small to be observed with the common eye, and for that reason need the use of the microscope for identification. As researchers explain, most cells, irrespective of whether they are animal or plant cells are small because of the ability of the nucleus to balance the volume of the cytoplasm, as well as, the surface area to volume ration of the cell (Pollard 6). However, very few cells are large enough to be seen by the human eye with the human egg identified as the largest cell in the human body.

External and Internal Makeup

The external and internal makeup of the cell is said to be made up of three main parts including the cell surface, cytoplasm, and nucleus, which is the center of the cell. These parts consist of various organelles, which are defined as the cell components that perform certain functions within the cell itself.

Nucleus

The nucleus is identified as the inner most part of the cell and it consists of the nucleolus, chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane. The nucleolus is a cell organelle that is made up of nucleic acids and proteins in the nucleus. The nucleolus is only visible during the division of cells and for that reason, cannot be identified in the cell during inactivity. This organelle is spherical in shape and is composed of RNA, which function as protein manufacturers in the cell (Pollard 11). The second organelles found in the nucleus are the chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and carry genetic information in the cell. Chromosomes are made up of chromatin and their function is to give the cell its genetic structure. The nuclear membrane is the third and final organelle found in the cell and it consists of two layers surrounding the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the second section of the cell and it consists of nine main organelles including vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, chloroplasts, centrioles, and the endoplasmic reticulum (Pollard 14). Vacuoles are water solutions that are used for storage digestion and excretion of waste in the cell. Ribosomes, on the other hand, refer to miniature cell organelles and structure that function as protein factories for the cell. Considered one of the largest organelles in the cell, the mitochondria are double layered organelles that function as energy production centers for the cell. Lysosomes are used for the transport of undigested materials to the cell membrane for removal and is therefore dubbed the digestive plant for the cell (Pollard 18). Also known as the protein packaging organelle in the cell, the Golgi apparatus, is a protein membrane found near the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is considered as the cell’s transport system as it stores, separates materials and substances in the cell. The cytoskeleton provides the shape and support for the cell, the chloroplasts are sights for photosynthesis whereas the centrioles are the organelles involved in cellular division.

Surface

The cell surface is the third section of the cell and it makes up the external part of the cell structure. This section surrounds the cell and provides protection against internal damage of the cell (Pollard 21). The cell surface is made up of two main organelles including the cell wall and the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the outermost organelle in the cell that controls the passage of materials and substances in and out the cell. The plasma membrane is made up of proteins that are surrounded by two phospholipid layers. The cell wall, on the other hand refers to the extracellular structure surrounding the plasma membrane. The cell wall is only found in plants and cannot be observed in animal cells.

Work Cited

Pollard, Thomas dean et al. Cell Biology. New York: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008. Print.

The over dependence on non renewable resources of energy has made consumers of energy look out for alternate sources of rene

Introduction:

The over dependence on non renewable resources of energy has made consumers of energy look out for alternate sources of renewable energy. Two different energy alternatives to fossil fuels are solar energy and wind energy. These are alternatives because they are freely available and are non exhaustible.

Solar energy: this is the energy that is derived from the sun and the energy is so much and plentifully available that if this channelized and used properly, the source of energy can be conserved much longer than fossil fuels. Since this cannot bee depleted, energy firms all over the world have already started looking at viable measures to tap the solar energy and use it from domestic purposes. Majority of the energy consumptions come from homes and if this energy can be utilized for homes then one half of energy that comes from fossil fuel can be saved. Many huge corporations have installed their own solar energy plants for their requirements. The carbon emissions from the solar power is also very low and so it has become a very viable source of alternate energy.( http://www.altenergy.org/)

Wind Energy: Another source of alternate energy is the wind power . Countries like Japan and the Scandinavia have used this power very effectively to power their entire needs. The wind driven power is also an alternate to fossil fuels and is found in plenty in nature. Major energy producers of alternate energy are looking at wind power as a very important part of energy fuelling. Countries which have coastlines’ and are exposed to wild winds from the seas can capitalize on this. Though the energy sector still is new for the wind power ,countries which are using this power have harnessed it very well. This is the next best source of energy and totally free from emissions of any type.( http://www.altenergy.org/)

References:

http://www.altenergy.org/

The organization should also focus on improving

The organization should also focus on improving the compensation and benefit structure which will help in improving the performance of the organization.With the increasing competition, different companies are focusing on providing added benefits to the employees along with a higher pay scale. To improve on the satisfaction level of the employees the company needs to focus on the pay structure and focus on providing fair pay to all the employees. The pay policy should be in line with the other sectors in the organization, along with the pay package the company should also focus on providing extra benefits to the employees such as 401K health benefits, and other health and entertainment benefits.

For designing the compensation, the organization needs to follow a particular direction.

The compensation strategy of the company is to be made in line with the corporate as well as business level strategy so as to gain the competitive advantage. Internal equity evaluation and administration:

While designing the compensation strategy it is very important for an organization to balance between internal equity and external competitiveness. As the compensation that an employee receives is perceived to be equitable in relation to its peer group as well as other organization particularly of the same industry. Even if the organization is not earning less the CEO can earn well with his performance and then can earn a real good sum as income.

The references are:

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George Dreher, Thomas W. Dougherty, (2001), Human Resource Strategy, 1e, the McGraw-Hill Companies

George Milkovich, Jerry Newman, (2004),Compensation, 8e, the McGraw-Hill Companies

John R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt, Richard N. Osborn, (2003), Organizational Behavior, 8e, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mary, (2008) one step compensation framework, available at < HYPERLINK “http://www.compensationframework.org/index.php/guide/compensation_and_internal_external_equity/” t “_blank” http://www.compensationframework.org/index.php/guide/compensation_and_internal_external_equity/>

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