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The impact of art on creative innovations
The impact of art on creative innovations
Introduction
Art work is closely associated to the society that surrounds it. Creative practice and art create new connections between the people and the places they live in order to strengthen their participation in the community life. The relation between art and the people o a place influence the facilitation of an experience or sets of relationship that would either impact on the positive or negative social change. The thesis of this case study will be that: the practice of art can impact upon social innovations through building new opinions and ways of viewing the world. Through Leonard Da Vinci, Joseph Mallord William Turner and Wassily Kandinsky, the case study will show how their art has influenced the society.
Leonard Da Vinci
Leonard Da Vinci was born in 1452 in Italy. He was a sculptor architect, mathematician, inventor, engineer, painter, geologist and a musician. He has been describes as the archetype of the Renaissance Man. He did not believe in idealizing or improving nature. He believed that a true artist was the mirror of nature. Leonard believed that all the classes of natural things should be observed; the bad, the good, the ugly, the beautiful. His belief was response to he saw as increase in nature conventionalization in the paintings of the Renaissance as the artist of the time developed formula of depicting nature. His science was related to his goal of returning reality to nature and he described painting as the nature granddaughter. He started his career at the age of 15 in Florence where he was an apprentice of an artist called Andrea De Verrocchio.
Most of the painting in the sixteenth century reached his hand in perfection though he might not have worked on the directly. His drawings that are used as studies depict similar characteristics to those of his paintings. He increasingly used pyramidal composition. This was a tendency of clustering figures together to show them in physically connected which was an important change from the paintings of early fifteenth century.
During the time of the Renaissance, the values within the society was expressed the changing art. Art became a way of expressing the views of people on politics, religion and the society because one could denote indirect symbols to convey thoughts and opinion of anyone. One of the most famous works of Leonard Da Vince was The Last Supper which was started in 1492 to1497 thereof. This is because the exact time of when he finished on the painting is unknown. The painting illustrates Jesus telling his disciples that one of them will betray him at the last meal celebrating the Passover feast. It is one of the most complex paintings of the Renaissance since it maintained complete humanism by using symbols that could be interpreted in so many ways. He used many symbol in The Last Supper to maintain humanism; used the facial expression to show who Christ was instead of raising him above the other disciples. The facial expression of the apostles represented confusion and wonder as they were unable to comprehend that one of them would betray him. These are just among the few symbols that he used in the painting to express his opinion of the Last Supper.
The Last Supper remains to be one of the most interesting pieces that were ever created since it represent many forms of the Renaissance society. It had an impact in the society since with humanism people started to acknowledge that God gave everyone equal chance. This made the social status to start deteriorates since the peasants were determined to succeed like the wealthy people.
Joseph Mallord William Turner
He was one of the most beloved English artists. He was known as the “painter of light” for his love of bright colours for his landscape and seascape. Water colours, oil and engravings are some of his works. He was born in London near a place called Covent Garden and entered the Royal Academy in 1789 (Gage, 1987). His earliest works are part of the eighteenth century topographical tradition. He was later inspired by artists of Dutch like Willem van der Velde and by the Italianate Claude landscapes and Richard Wilson. He exhibited the water colours in the Royal Academy from 1790 and the oil from 1796. He met the critic john Ruskin who became his greatest champion of his work.
He became interested in the contemporary technology like it can be seen from ‘The Fighting Temeraire’ and ‘Rain, Steam and Speed’. During the time, his free expressive treatment of these subject was sharply criticized nonetheless it is now widely appreciated. Turner bestowed much of his work to the nation and most of his paintings are now at Tate Britain. Many of his oils have deteriorated badly (Gage, 1987).
His art laid the foundation for impressionism. During his time, William was considered a controversial figure but today he is regarded as one of the artists who elevated the painting of landscape to an immense rivaling painting of history. His work was exhibited when he was still a teenage and he devoted his entire life to art thus being successful through out his career. His will was under litigation for very many years.
After his scores of tour through Europe he had accumulated on-site sketches to inform some of his most creative paintings (Gage, 1987). The watercolors that were inspired by these tours provided the rich ground for technical experimentation of Turner and use it as his base of print series. He produces series of small-scale watercolors of topography which induced forms by layering of color according to system of classification of light and dark colours that posed a challenge to most of the contemporary theory of colour. The light-filled of the watercolors and the expressionistic appearance reflected these innovative techniques he had. He adopted his watercolor methods to oil paintings in which he built the foundation of color to create creative suggestive shapes and forms of glowing (Gage, 1987).
Wassily Kandinsky
He is one of the most influential and original artists of the twentieth century. His inner urge to express his emotional perception led to the development of an abstract painting style on the basis of non-representational properties of form and colour (Coates, 2011). The compositions of Wassily were the culmination of his effort to do a pure painting that would provide the same power of emotions just like a musical composition. Kandinsky viewed his compositions as major statement of his ideas in art. They share a number of characteristics that define this monumentality; namely, the extraordinary large formats, the deliberate composition planning, the conscious and the representation transcendence by increasing the imagery of abstract (Coates, 2011).
He became successful teacher at the Bauhaus Institute of Germany. He is credited for being one of the key pioneers of the abstract movement. He produced an array of vibrant colourful pieces in his peak (Harden, 1995). His vacillation from the metaphorical landscape painter in his career to modernistic master has become an inspiration to many other artists in the world. His ability to device fauvism into his early works at the same time as maintaining a feel of realism was major to his initial success. Kandinsky transformed his art work as much as his associated movement and he was a member to several small art movements. He started the Der Blaue Reiter movement along with other fellow artists. It focused on the truth of spirituality through art. The name was derived from one of the figurative painting of Kandinsky. The movement split after the World War II (Harden, 1995).
Works Cited
Coates, R. (2011). To What extent Did Wassily Kandinsky Contribute to Modern Art.
Gage, J. (1987). J.M.W. turnewr: A Wonderful range of Mind. Yale University Press.
Harden, M. (1995). Kandinsky: Compositions. New York: museum of Modern Art.
The Impact of Appraisal on Employees at Workplace in Chinese Industries
The Impact of Appraisal on Employees at Workplace in Chinese Industries
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TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955206” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc387955206 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955207” Study aims PAGEREF _Toc387955207 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955208” Research Study Questions PAGEREF _Toc387955208 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955209” Literature review PAGEREF _Toc387955209 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955210” Purpose of Performance appraisals PAGEREF _Toc387955210 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955211” Employee Job Satisfaction and Job Performance PAGEREF _Toc387955211 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955212” The Reward System and Performance Appraisal PAGEREF _Toc387955212 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955213” METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc387955213 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955214” Research Design PAGEREF _Toc387955214 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955215” Primary data PAGEREF _Toc387955215 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955216” Data collection methods PAGEREF _Toc387955216 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955217” Interview PAGEREF _Toc387955217 h 9
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955218” Questionnaire PAGEREF _Toc387955218 h 10
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955219” Sampling Strategy PAGEREF _Toc387955219 h 11
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955220” Validity and Reliability PAGEREF _Toc387955220 h 11
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955221” Proposed Analyses PAGEREF _Toc387955221 h 13
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955222” Proposed Timeframe PAGEREF _Toc387955222 h 15
HYPERLINK l “_Toc387955223” Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc387955223 h 16
IntroductionPerformance appraisal is an extensively recognised process and many organisations in the public and private sector are increasingly using employee performance appraisal systems where the organisations evaluate employee performance based on the judgments and opinions given by colleagues, supervisors, the managers and subordinates. This process has been identified as one of the key contributors to successful human resource management since performance appraisal has a strong relationship with organisational performance (Ahmed et al 2010).
Employee job satisfaction still remains a very important topic in the facet of organizational behaviour. Realization that a satisfied employee is highly likely to perform better than unsatisfied counterparts has made social scientists to attempt establishing the factors that lead to higher employee job satisfaction and performance appraisal has become one of the areas that have found specific focus. In addition, it is important to establish the relationship that subsists between a particular variable and employee performance appraisal. Such variables include employee retention, organisational commitment, employee promotion or demotion, salary review and employee satisfaction among other factors.
Study aimsThis study aims to assess the impact of employee job evaluation systems in China with a focus on a cross-sectional approach on Chinese industries. The study develops an explorative analysis by focusing on organisations across the industries in China. By taking this approach the study will:
•Enhance knowledge and understanding about the impact of using performance appraisals at work place or in organisations in China
•Identify and discuss factors that are correlated with performance evaluation in Chinese industries
•Identify barriers to the efficiency of performance appraisal systems in Chinese Industries
•Define and describe current strategies used in choosing and implementing employee performance evaluation systems in Chinese industries
•Recommend interventions designed to improve implementation of performance appraisals in the Chinese industry
•Complement existing bodies of research on the impact of employee job performance appraisals in public and private organisations
Research Study QuestionsThe following questions are formulated to aid in achieving the objectives and aims of the study:
What is the impact of performance appraisal on employee job retention, satisfaction, salary review, employee promotion and demotion?
What factors play role in an organisation’s choice of employee job appraisal systems in industries in China?
What factors hinder the efficacy of performance appraisal systems in Chinese Industries?
Literature reviewPurpose of Performance appraisalsA number of studies have delved into highlighting the purpose of performance appraisals in private organisations as well as public sector bodies. For instance, Picket, (2003) points out that while performance management, in its widest context, is a managerial undertaking that creates a link between corporate objectives, performance yardsticks and assessment, to which performance appraisals are often applied, performance appraisals are brought into the organization for multiple purposes.
In another study, Bartlett and Kang (2004) underscored a number of objectives of performance appraisals and these include aspects like improving the use of resources and function as a basis for actions taken by personnel. The study by Cleveland et al (2003) provided four purposes of performance appraisals. The first purpose highlighted is to make distinctions amongst people. Secondly, the researchers observe that performance appraisals serve the purpose of setting a distinction between an individual employee’s strengths and their weaknesses (Cleveland et al 2003). It is also used to assess and implement human resources systems in the organisations. Lastly, the authors point out that performance appraisals are used in documenting document personnel decisions.
There has also been evidence that PA help organisations in making between-persons decisions such as using them as basis for promotions (Cleveland et al 2003) or in termination decisions (Bartlett & Kang 2004) or even in salary administration (Ahmed, Hussain, Ahmed and Akbar 2010). All these research studies provide evidence that performance appraisals are vital tool in organisations for achieving wide-ranging purposes. Moreover, despite the documented myriad of purposes of PA systems, Ahmed et al (2010) note that the success or efficacy of these systems depends on the degree of fairness incorporated into the system.
Employee Job Satisfaction and Job PerformanceLinking employee job satisfaction and employee job appraisal has been the focus of a number of studies. Judge et al (2001) for instance observed that job satisfaction can be defined as “the employee’s pleasurable or positive emotional state as a result of the appraisal of one’s job and job experiences” (Ahmed et al 2010, p 63). This definition links employee job satisfaction with the way they perceive performance appraisal of their jobs and therefore it highlights the importance of employees having or developing long term positive perception about the PA since if they see no added value in the appraisals then this is likely to have a negative impact on their satisfaction with their current jobs. Nevertheless, Levy and Williams (2004) argue that PA should be used as a vital tool by the management to boost their effectiveness and help in increasing the employees’ feeling as being part of a greater team. According to Yang and Bartlett (2004) performance appraisal has an impact on employee turnover intention since it helps in building employee organisational commitment.
While harnessing employee motivation and empowerment are essential elements of ensuring effective management and improved performance in employee productivity, achieving these aspects of workplace dynamics can be a great challenge to the manager in several ways. One of the challenges that relate to harnessing employee motivation is the fact that managers will require employing satisfiers to boost employee motivation hence performance; yet these motivators might produce either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. It might also generate both at the same time. This is illustrated in the Herzberg Two-Factor theory (Steel & König 2006). Another factor that complicates this challenge further is the diverse nature of psychological processes that might cause arousal needed for motivation to be achieved in each individual employee given the diversity of human behaviour. For instance, consider Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. According to this theory, individuals have five categories of wants that have to be satiated starting with the most basic at the base of the pyramid to the most luxurious at the tip.
Each employee will thus have their own needs that when satiated find motivation in whatever they are doing. Achieving this for each individual employee should be a very tough challenge for the manager (Steel & König 2006). Thus, the manager has a great responsibility and duty of clearly understanding the behaviour of the entire workforce yet this might not be a pragmatically achievable feat in practice. For these reasons, the manager is further challenged with the task of not only understanding what motivates the employees but also about the diverse theories that have been developed to help in deciphering employee motivation. Gottschalg and Zollo (2007) also point out that engaging the workforce also goes alongside motivation and empowerment and doing all these helps in aligning the interests of the employees with those of the organisation and helps in achievement of greater competitive advantage.
The Reward System and Performance AppraisalSaiyadain M. S (2003) contends that there is sufficient evidence, which suggests that an organizational reward system is a significant contributor and determinant of employee job satisfaction and further argues that an organization that frequently conducts employee performance appraisals helps in boosting the morale and motivation of the employees and these two aspects are directly related to employee job satisfaction. The reward system includes the pay and other monetary benefits that accrue to the employees. Studies (e.g. Barriball et al 2009) have showed that organizational reward system has a relationship to the employee job satisfaction.
The organization’s method of dealing with payment of benefits, how it distributes promotions, both determine the levels of satisfaction of the organization’s employees (Quinlan et al 2009). Research studies have pointed to the positive relationship between fair reward system and the employee satisfaction. The employees perceive the fairness of the organizational reward system in terms of the level of the compensation they receive, and the method the organization uses to distribute the pay.
Saiyadain (2003) argues that the top management in the organization is more responsive to the relationship between their satisfaction and the pay they receive. However, as indicated earlier from the findings of the Hawthorne studies, not all research studies have come up with evidence to support a strong positive correlation between job satisfaction and the pay or salary. Even the Hawthorne researchers concluded after conducting their studies that the employee salary or monetary benefits are not necessary for the employee job satisfaction. Some other studies have also indicated that the two variables (salary and employee job satisfaction) do not have any relationship (Saiyadain 2003). Therefore, more research needs to be carried out in this area as the already available literature does not offer sufficient evidence for drawing up a conclusion.
METHODOLOGYResearch DesignAccordingly, the proposed research will apply a mixed research design, to get better results since each design complement another. As noted by Creswell (2003), the mixed approach offers more insights in the aspect being researched. Creswell (2003) adds that qualitative method gives verbal data instead of numerical values. Therefore qualitative method does not use statistical analysis, but rather uses content analysis to describe and understand the research findings. Using this method, the research will use inductive reasoning and not deductive. Hewitt and Cramer (2007) explain that the key aspect projected through quantitative methods is the validity of the measurement and its reliability. Using these two aspects, the researcher can generalize the findings and have a clear predication of the cause and effect.
Primary data
The proposed study will deal with primary data which will be obtained through qualitative and quantitative methods. For example, qualitative methods include interviews while surveys constitute quantitative techniques.
Data collection methodsInterviewThe study will use interviews and survey questionnaires. As noted by Sekaran (2003) interviews are carried out to determine important information as well as clarification on aspects that the questionnaires failed to capture.
Telephone interview method will involve 20 carefully selected respondents (managers) across the industry in China. The researcher will mainly use semi-structured interview questions as guide during the interviewing process. This approach will be used to make sure that questions asked are same, and the information sought is similar hence make the qualitative part of the analysis easier. In addition, semi-structured interview will help both the interviewer and the respondents to be focused, while it will allow a level of freedom and flexibility in obtaining the required information. Sekaran (2003) informs us that the by selecting key people with information and knowledge of the issue being researched reduces response error and this principle will be used as the main philosophical basis for selecting managers.
To reduce the biases level and increase reliability of the interview, the researcher shall contact the 20 managers in advance to set convenient dates for the interview. In addition, interview questions will be sent to these managers to examine prior to the interview date. The objective of undertaking these steps will be to make sure that details and correct information is collected within the shortest time possible. The interview will be short and it is slotted to last between 10 and 15 minutes. Recording of the responses will be done for later analysis.
Questionnaire
According to Malhorta (2006) quantitative research mainly requires questionnaires as a data collection tool. The proposed research will therefore also use questionnaires to collect its data for the quantitative part of the study. In the proposed study, the researcher will formulate questionnaires for the survey (Comely 2007). The questionnaire will be accompanied by a cover letter to provide the guidelines of answering the questionnaire. The cover letter as well will explain the ethical aspects of the survey.
Sampling StrategyAccording to Gupta (2011) sample selection has to be in line with the research objectives, and should as well consider practicability of the study. Considering that the proposed study will achieve its objectives through a mixed method approach, two methods of sampling will be used. For the questionnaires, random sampling will be used while for the interview careful selection will be applied.
Normally, there are two methods of determining a sample size (Ayelet, et al., 2008). This can be done through setting a random size based on the limits of the budget, or by calculating the best sample size based on a desired degree of accuracy and cost, and putting into consideration the standard error method (Ayelet, et al., 2008). For the proposed study, the researcher will use the first method of selecting a random size. Accordingly, a size of 120 (20 for interview; 100 for questionnaire) respondents will be sampled out for participation.
Validity and Reliability A critical aspect of good research is making sure that the measurement scales used in the questions are reliable and valid (Gupta 2011). According to Hewitt and Cramer (2007) data collected using empirical design will add no value if it is not reliable and valid. Hewitt and Cramer (2007) go on to state that reliability of measurement is needed, though it is not adequate to establish validity. Similarly, Gupta (2011) asserts that valid results are worthless in case the data measures lacked reliability.
To ensure that these important scientific tenets are not violated, this research used questionnaires that had open-ended questions which were meant to analyze belief-founded measures of predictor variables (for example, attitudes and perceived behaviour). As suggested by Ayelet, et al (2008) that it is imperative to cover many predictor variables, the researcher will endeavour to cover more predictor variables through inclusion of many items that indirectly analyze those variables to ensure that validity of the final results is guaranteed.
As Hewitt and Cramer (2007) explain single-item measures normally result in unreliable responses and significant measurement error. However, multi-item measures seem to result in increased reliability and reduced measurement error. Thus, to achieve reliability and eliminate measurement error, this research will use multi-item measures.
Proposed AnalysesAs pointed out already, the research design for the study will be mixed method design. For this reason, data analysis will be done using both descriptive method and statistical approaches. The information obtained from the interviews will be analysed using descriptive approach, while data obtained from the survey questionnaires will be analysed quantitatively.
The integration of various data types that formerly comprised qualitative and quantitative data will be achieved through data merging where the analysis of quantitative data and the analysis of quantitative data are carried concurrently and a relationship drawn out within the analysis (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011). Data analysis will be performed in order to transform the collected data into information for decision-making. Tabulation and presentation of data is performed through the use of statistical packages such as Excel, with analysis through SPSS 16.0. Data is tabulated into graphs and tables in order to enable analysis to be performed, and the analysed data presented through numerical, graphical and explanatory models.
All categorical items with reference to customer perception toward country-of-origin effect were converted to an ordinal scale ranging from the smallest value (for instance, “Strongly Disagree”) to the maximum value (for instance, “Strongly Agree”). Items or questionnaires that did not receive response were coded as missing values. Scale values were therefore to be calculated as the average or mean of the single items. All items are assumed consistent with characteristics of a normal distribution. Nevertheless, all questionnaires were successfully filled.
The qualitative data is coded appropriately to allow for possibility of handling it using quantitative techniques. For this reason, appropriate segments are demarcated within the qualitative data and then coded. Highly structured data (for example, open-responses from respondents) were coded without subjecting it to any further segmentation. Open responses were witnessed in the recorded interviews. This makes such data analysable using both qualitative and quantitative techniques (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000).
Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis will be performed to evaluate whether there is significant relationship between performance and the various factors that are identified in the introductory section. The relationship between the various variables will be measured through the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (Grinnell & Unrau, 2007). The questionnaire to be used in the study will use simple correlation analysis in the interpretation of the interview transcript and the questionnaires. Graphs and charts will also be used in the analysis of the information gathered as they convey a clear picture during the interpretation of data (Gupta 2011). All p-values were two-tailed. P-values less than 0.05 will be considered significant given that the significance level will be 0.05 or 5%. The values will be given as mean and standard deviation and the data will be calculated using SPSS Version 16 and Microsoft Excel.
Further to this, the objectives of the study shall be achieved by amalgamating the data using triangulation design through the convergence model as explained by Creswell and Plano Clark (2011); who point out that triangulation mixed methodology is a design that can be explained as a single-phase research design where both qualitative and quantitative methods are implemented within the same time frame. While the triangulation design has various approaches, the convergence triangulation model is employed when it is desired that the quantitative and qualitative data should be merged concurrently (Morgan, 2007). This approach allows for thorough comparison of data hence brings out a better understanding of the phenomenon being investigated.Proposed TimeframeFor the timeframe of the proposed study, the Gantt chart below provides the activities and the time period in which they will be carried out.
ID Task Name April-Dec
2014January-December 2015January-December 2016Jan- April 2017April-AugSep-OctNov-DecJan-AprilMay-AugSept-DecJan-AprilMay-AugSept-DecJan-MarchApril1Literature review, PhD plan
2Refining research questions
3Determining methodology
4Training researchers
5Contacting government agencies
6Piloting of research tools
7Analysis of research tools
8Obtaining data from respondents
9Analysis of primary data obtained
10Supplementary literature review
11Final report writing
BibliographyAhmed, A., Hussain, I., Ahmed, S., & Akbar, M. F. (2010) Performance Appraisals Impact on Attitudinal Outcomes and Organisational Performance; International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 5, No. 10: 62- 68
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The Impact and Effect of Colonization on Aboriginal People in Aboriginal Education & Employment
Running head: ABRORIGINAL EDUCATION & EMPLOYMENT
The Impact and Effect of Colonization on Aboriginal People in Aboriginal Education & Employment
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Introduction
There exists an intertwining correlation between the colonization process as well as the diversity that is experienced by the Aboriginals in the contemporary society. Ethnocentric attitudes that were displayed by the Europeans during the colonization period devalued the Aboriginal individuals and their own culture, and subsequently leading to the damaging and devastating assimilation tactics (Howson, 2001). The harsh repercussions coupled by the practicing of the spiritual beliefs and the residential schooling system are some of the harsh realities that were actually experienced by the Aboriginals. The early tactics that were employed by the Europeans in civilizing the Aboriginals is reported to have created a generation of emotional trauma and suffering that has a direct connection to the increased struggle that was faced by the Aboriginal individuals as well as their communities (Antone, 2000).
The Impact and Effect of Colonization on Aboriginal People in Aboriginal Education & Employment
There has been an issue of the stolen generation when it comes to the Aboriginals during the colonization period. The Australian stolen generation was simply the stolen children who were removed from their various families through the agencies of the state and the federal government as well as the churches through the acts created through the legislature. The removal of the children from their families actually took place during the period of the year 1869 and 1969. The action of removing these children from their respective communities during colonization has been correlated to their problems within the education and employment sectors. This removal of the Australian children from their families is what is reported to have contributed to the problems faced by the Aboriginals in their employment and education (Levin, 2009).
The Australian stolen generation has been a matter of public debate, as matter of fact the issue has been a contested as differing opinions are given on the issue (Froese-Germain, 2009). The stolen generation was not accorded equal opportunity of accessing education and employment as the rest of the Australians. Moreover, the Aboriginals were actually treated like slaves in several accessions and were consequently not employed in any professional careers (Bates, 1938). Indeed, the Australian government has been accused of having discriminated the Aboriginals and consequently discriminating them and in the long run marginalizing them completely. Nevertheless, there have been increased efforts made in improving the education and employment opportunities of the Aboriginals.
The forced removal of the Aboriginals is reported to have heard several social impacts that have measured and found to have been very severe. Despite the fact that the aim of the program was the improvement of the incorporation of the Aboriginal individual into the contemporary society, a study carried out in Melbourne and increasingly cited in a report released on the stolen generation indicated that there was no progress on the social situation of the Aboriginals who were removed and those who were not removed specifically in the post-secondary education area as well as employment (Manne, 2010).
Furthermore, the report indicated that those Aboriginals who were removed were unlikely to have finished their high school education as compared to the ones who were not removed; they were 3 times more likely to acquire any of the police records as well as twice more likely to use illicit drugs (Manne, 2009). Indeed, the fact that the Aboriginals were not able to acquire better education as indicated in the report completely ensured that they were locked out of the job market especially those employment opportunities that required skilled manpower. Moreover, currently only a small percentage of the Aboriginals occupy skilled employment opportunities that are offered by the Australian. Nevertheless, there has been an improvement triggered by the civil societies and non-governmental organizations aimed at improving the education and employment opportunities accorded to the Aboriginals.
The increased structural inequalities that were experienced by the Aboriginal individuals as well as the communities have been strongly impacted if not caused directly by the colonization (Rollason, 2010). The Aboriginals are reported to have lived in impoverished and difficult conditions that could not be imagined by the average person. It has been reported that the Aboriginals who live removed from their communities and who now live in the city settings live in absolute poverty more as compared to the non-Aboriginal individuals. Tragically, 68 percent of the Aboriginal children are reported to be struggling to live and are consequently living below the poverty line (Rollason, 2010). The suffering and hardship correlated with the poverty are reported to have increasingly affected the Aboriginals insurmountably. One of the significant concerns is the correlation between the academic status and the socio-economic status that created the distressing outcome for several Aboriginal individuals and consequently leading to their high rate of unemployment ((Manne, 2009).
The socio-economic status of the Aboriginals has been reported to be the most significant factor in making determination for the academic standing (Levin, 2007; Froese-Germain, 2009). This simply indicates that the attainment of the youth is in most cases hindered by the low income status of the family. Winnipeg study indicated that, “89% of students passed the Grade 12 English Language Arts exam, however, the success rate diminished quite dramatically to 12% after assessing students whose family received social assistance in the previous two years” (Levin, 2007, p 12). The most unfortunate reality is the fact the youths who are poverty stricken are actually falling behind the more privileged youths within the school system. Nonetheless, consideration should actually be given to the Aboriginal youths who have increasingly experienced the compounding effects of the colonization period that are beyond the poverty stricken communities to be inclusive of the violence and crime, addiction, diminished ties within the family, as well as suicide. These factors combined have greatly affected the potential for the academic success (Levin, 2007).
Many obstacles that are associated with the reported poverty have created an increased strain on the academic success of the Aboriginals. Indeed, the removal of the Aboriginal children from their families ensured that the most energetic youths who could help in improving the food production so as to eliminate poverty were not present. Absence of breakfast as well as poor nutrition among the Aboriginals has been reported to have contributed to the inability of the Aboriginals in focusing in class performance and increased incidences of illnesses leading to missed class days (Levin, 2007). Consequently, the transportation barriers have also lead to issues for participating in anything beneficial after and before the school programs. Moreover, the family demands that includes care for the siblings has also put increased stress on the youth, obstructing concentration within the class, as well as limiting the time that Aboriginals have for finishing their homework (Levin, 2007).
Conclusion
The unfair assimilation tactics that were employed historically by the colonist are reported to have created very difficult outcome for the Aboriginals. Consequently, the Aboriginals are reported to have endured serious unwanted suffering within the society, education system, as well as the employment sector. The historical mistreatments and discrimination of the Aboriginals are to blame for the aboriginal education and employment problems
Topic Chosen
Apply at least one ethical theory to explain how Australia’s Indigenous people have been treated historically and that impinges on the incarceration rates.
Annotated Bibliography
Antone, E. M. (2000). Empowering Aboriginal voice in Aboriginal education. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 24(2): 92-101. Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://proquest.umi.com.proxy1.lib.umanitoba.ca/pqdlink?vinst=PROD&fmt=3&startpage=&vname=PQD&did=75166098&scaling=FULL&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1322535615&clientId=12305.
The article explores the early tactics that were employed by the Europeans in civilizing the Aboriginals is reported to have created a generation of emotional trauma and suffering that has a direct connection to the increased struggle that was faced by the Aboriginal individuals as well as their communities.
Bates, D. (1938). “The Passing of the Aborigines: A Lifetime spent among the Natives of Australia.” Project Gutenberg of Australia, p. 243.
The article indicates that the Australian government has been accused of having discriminated the Aboriginals and consequently discriminating them and in the long run marginalizing them completely. Nevertheless, there have been increased efforts made in improving the education and employment opportunities of the Aboriginals.
Froese-Germain, B. (2009). Make child poverty history? Yes we can. Examining the relationship between education and poverty. Our Schools, Our Selves, 18(3). Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy2.lib.umanitoba.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e99824fc-4e9b-47b8-ac56-395ce635ee6e%40sessionmgr104&vid=2&hid=111.
The article states that the Australian stolen generation has been a matter of public debate, as matter of fact the issue has been a contested as differing opinions are given on the issue. The stolen generation was not accorded equal opportunity of accessing education and employment as the rest of the Australians. Moreover, the Aboriginals were actually treated like slaves in several accessions and were consequently not employed in any professional careers
Howson, P. (2001). The Stolen Generations True Believers Take One Step Back. National Observer, 49.
In the article, the writer indicates that ethnocentric attitudes that were displayed by the Europeans during the colonization period devalued the Aboriginal individuals and their own culture, and subsequently leading to the damaging and devastating assimilation tactics. In this article, the writer tries to explain the various atrocities and unethical behaviors towards the Australian Aboriginal group.
Levin, B. (2009, May). Aboriginal education still needs work. In Canada, 90(9): 689-690. Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy2.lib.umanitoba.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e99824fc-4e9b-47b8-ac56-395ce635ee6e%40sessionmgr104&vid=6&hid=111..
The article talks about a report that was released in Canada indicating that the university success of rates were fairly very low as compared to the whole population, with an estimated 8 percent of the Aboriginals between the ages of 25 to 34 completing their university degree, while approximately 28 percent of the non Aboriginal individuals attaining the same.
Levin, B. (2007 Sept). Schools, poverty and the achievement gap. In Canada, 89(1): 75-76. Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy2.lib.umanitoba.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ce222bf4-4d0f-405a-90dc-5db122cd8c8a%40sessionmgr113&vid=2&hid=111.
The article discusses the socio-economic situation of the Aboriginals. The socio-economic status of the Aboriginals has been reported to be the most significant factor in making determination for the academic standing. This simply indicates that the attainment of the youth is in most cases hindered by the low income status of the family. Winnipeg study indicated that, “89% of students passed the Grade 12 English Language Arts exam, however, the success rate diminished quite dramatically to 12% after assessing students whose family received social assistance in the previous two years.
Manne, R. (2010 Feb). “Comment: Keith Windschuttle”. The Monthly, 53.
This article discusses a study that was carried out in Melbourne and increasingly cited in a report released on the stolen generation indicated that there was no progress on the social situation of the Aboriginals who were removed and those who were not removed specifically in the post-secondary education area as well as employment.
Manne, M. (2009 March) “Sorry Business: The Road to the Apology.” Monthly, pp. 22–31.
The article reported that those Aboriginals who were removed were unlikely to have finished their high school education as compared to the ones who were not removed; they were 3 times more likely to acquire any of the police records as well as twice more likely to use illicit drugs.
Rollason, K. (2010, November 26). Child poverty capital: 68% of aboriginal kids poor, report card states. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/child-poverty-capital-68-of-aboriginal-kids-poor-report-card-states-110781819.html
The article indicates that the Aboriginals lived in impoverished and difficult conditions that could not be imagined by the average person. It has been reported that the Aboriginals who live removed from their communities and who now live in the city settings live in absolute poverty more as compared to the non-Aboriginal individuals. Tragically, 68 percent of the Aboriginal children are reported to be struggling to live and are consequently living below the poverty line. The suffering and hardship correlated with the poverty are reported to have increasingly affected the Aboriginals insurmountably