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Developing Country’s Education Influence on Economic, Social and Political
Developing Country’s Education Influence on Economic, Social and Political Development
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Developing Country’s Education Influence on Economic, Social and Political Development
Introduction
Even though comparative and development administration is a study of the 20th century, this field was in discussion within European countries even during the 19th century. Education is linked to comparative administration and international development in many different ways. It is one of the major factors that contribute to developing countries development into what they are today. Education is seen as the basic ingredient of economic, social, and political development and stability. Any country whose members are properly educated on the basic and important concepts of life, social integration, and political soundness is likely to advance and become better and productive. Not only these tenets, but education has so many other tenets. Therefore when education is provided to the people of a nation with all its different areas of specialization, the people get to understand different ways to make life better (Krishnaratne & White, 2013). As individual progress advances, especially in the democratic countries whereby capitalism is mainly stressed, that country’s economy becomes better. Therefore, this paper discusses the role of education in developing nations from three perspectives: social, political, and economic spheres.
Background
Education is defined as the imparting of desired values and knowledge to individuals. Therefore education is very important in making sure individuals have the relevant knowledge for their productivity at work to be better and therefore raising their general output. There have been questions of how education influences the economic, social, and political development, especially in the developing nations whereby these three are still on a very low level. Therefore with the desire to know what it means to have proper education for the country, which translates into a good economy, better social relations, and a strong and good political situation, this paper is coined (Buchmann & Hannum, 2001). It examines how education in third world countries or developing nations is crucial and essential towards these three spheres.
Education is one of the major contributors towards the economic growth of any country since education determines the level of skills of a person and therefore the speed at which a person can do a certain job and their general productivity at their work or in everything they do. In developing countries, there are efforts to make sure that education is available to all people. Therefore this is seen as a development towards the education provision, which is expected to bring out higher performance economically.
The social development of any country is very important. However, social development is not possible without education. Schools, therefore, are some of the most important social institutions in any society. Family, education, politics, economy, and religion are all factors that come from the social aspect of a country, and they are all intertwined together. They act together to fulfil human needs like security, reproduction, food, socialization, and shelter. Socialization is the process through which different people learn about certain norms and roles they are supposed to take in any society. These include beliefs, values, attitudes, language, and roles assigned according to a person’s social group (Glewwe, & Kremer, 2006). Education is discussed under three tenets: education for everyone, education as a basic need, and education as a human right.
Literature Review
There are many writings and discussions about education in political, economic, and social development. Therefore focusing on these writings, this paper discusses these concepts. Krishnaratne & White (2013) talk about education in developing countries and focuses on what works for the developing countries. Lockheed & Verspoor (1991) talk about primary education in developing countries, how wanting it is, and how it is improved. Youngman, F. (2000) talks of adult education and how it is important and, therefore, this is an important part of education in developing countries. These and other literatures used lead us to the discussion based on political, social, and economic development (Youngman, 2000). The discussion in this section is based on the literature collected. The literature has influenced developing countries in terms of the three concepts and education.
Economic development
In the developing countries, however, there is a challenge of providing education to learners and those being educated. For example, in places like Africa, where most of the people were uneducated formally by the time formal education was introduced, there have been efforts to introduce adult education, which has not always been successful. Therefore this can be said to have very little effect on the economic development of a country. On the other side, most developing countries’ education systems are not up to standard. They still cling to the colonial suggestions or, rather, some of them are still the same as those left by the colonizers. Therefore, they are just for the basic education provision. The education systems left by the colonizers were for basic knowledge. They also provided the colonized with the ability to speak and interact with their colonizers efficiently. Therefore they were not to make sure that the economic development of those countries was stirred up and became better (Bloom et al., 2006).
Therefore, education in developing countries is still very low quality, and even though there have been efforts to change those education systems, there can now be proper economic propulsion unless an appropriate education curriculum is put into place. Some of the developing countries that have adopted a new curriculum that is seen as a way of breaking into the new world whereby education provides the required skills and knowledge for economic development include Kenya, which despite the many contestations about the new curriculum, has put it into practice.
To prove the role of education in economic development, different economists have tried to prove this by carrying out different tests. Professor Solow carried out an experiment whereby he tested the contribution of human capital to economic development. Education forms the human capital, and therefore, his assessment was the contribution of the human capital formed by education towards economic development. He tested this in the United States between 1909 to 1949, and therefore, his conclusions inform us that it is true that human capital formed by education has a very significant contribution to economic growth. On accounts of labor and measurable capital inputs, he came up with the residual factor, which determined the total output of the labor force. He subtracted this figure from the total output and thus got the contribution of residual factor (Krishnaratne & White, 2013). The residual factor represents the effect of technology and education, plus other factors that are not measurable. Therefore this proves that the contribution of education towards economic development is important.
Social development
In developing countries, socialization was present even before the introduction of formal education. Therefore, the major roles of informal education, which was mainly through apprenticeship and instruction, came about to make sure that every person fit into society. The developing country’s education has a low level of social impact on the formation of pupils and students. However, it still has a role to play since in most schools, teachers teach the children and act as mothers and fathers to them, providing the right manner of behavior and making sure that the children follow what the societal norms are and what is required of them. However, in developing countries, education is not limited to schools but is extended to church and the family when it comes to socialization (Buchmann, & Hannum, 2001). Therefore, this means a person’s behavior is not just taught in school but also at home. Here, the parent is the first teacher. In schools, the teacher is the second instructor, while in church, children are taught their moral values and how they should relate to each other by the religious. The church here may mean any religious affiliation.
Political development
Political development is another important aspect of education. This is because education generally improves people’s ability to determine the best political ideas and views to follow. Therefore it means that an educated country is a better country because its citizens can select the correct type of leaders into the office. Therefore, through the right people’s election into office, there is a guarantee that development and other social amenities will be assured and made better. Those to be elected as well are also part of the population. Therefore if educated individuals are chosen to represent the country, then it means that the country becomes better because if intellectuals come together, they are likely to make proper decisions for a country and lead it in the right direction(Glewwe & Kremer, 2006).
Analysis
Therefore, education is a vital part of socialization. Even though it plays a minor role within the school classrooms, academics are given the first opportunity education happens within the whole community. Therefore socialization is imparted into the mind and behavior of different children as they grow to become what society expects of them. Apart from socialization for the formation of a child’s behavior according to what the society needs, education also plays a very important role in the making a person get the right kind of information and being mentally sound they can socialize well with the people they meet. Education opens up the mind of a person to stop being judgemental and become even more clear thinkers, and therefore through education, a person can fit better into society (Krishnaratne & White, 2013).
This means, therefore, a person who is educated and one is not educated if given a chance to socialize, the one who is educated will likely socialize in a better way than the one who is not educated. This especially applies mostly in this current society and world. Traveling and other technological advancements have made the world a very small place where a person can easily reach anything.
Therefore, developing countries can put into place better education systems if they see their effects on the economic development of the countries. Education for political development is also an important issue for developing countries and how their education system is organized.
Conclusion
In conclusion, education in developing countries is very important, therefore in political, economic, and social development, even though the efforts put into education are not valued and are seen as futile. Therefore having a non-judgemental attitude and being ready to learn is one of the major social contributions of education, and this applies to everyone, even in developing nations. The governments and other organizations should not stop supporting education because supporting the education sector makes the country better, especially economically.
References
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2006). Higher education and economic development in Africa (Vol. 102). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Buchmann, C., & Hannum, E. (2001). Education and stratification in developing countries: A review of theories and research. Annual review of sociology, 27(1), 77-102.
Glewwe, P., & Kremer, M. (2006). Schools, teachers, and education outcomes in developing countries. Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2, 945-1017.
Krishnaratne, S., & White, H. (2013). Quality education for all children? What works in education in developing countries (No. 0000-0). International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).
Lockheed, M. E., & Verspoor, A. M. (1991). Improving primary education in developing countries. Oxford University Press for World Bank.
Youngman, F. (2000). The Political Economy of Adult Education and Development. Global Perspectives on Adult Education and Training. St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 (ISBN: 1-85649-675-9 (hardback), $69.50; ISBN: 1-85649-676-7 (paper) $25).
Criminal woman Cesare Lombroso
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Topic: criminal woman
Cesare Lombroso is considered to be among the first people to try and scientifically prove that crime and a criminal can be studied and analysed scientifically. He wrote a book, co-authored by Guglielmo Ferrero, known as the criminal woman; it tried to explain the criminal mind and the born criminal. In the text below we will try and illustrate and explain some of Lombroso’s work by answering the question:
What are some of the main ideas of his school about sexual difference and women?
Lombroso is a criminal anthropologist who wrote a book that centred itself on studying the female gender. He greatly tried to explain what leads women to behave and react to things as they do. Women are a different species from men and are quite different from how man views her.
2) The book la Donna diliquente “the criminal woman” was written and published in the year 1893 in the country of Italy Europe. In the original book Lombroso tried to describe women, it showed all that a female criminal would do which included prostitution and lesbianism.
3) Charles Darwin, a famous archaeologist who wrote the book ”origin of man” also tries to explain the sexual differences between men and women and also tries to explain more about women sexuality. According to him and Hunter, women have a need to be courted and often try to flee from the male who have a stronger sexual desire than females. This is explained by the great difference in the structure of the female ovum and the sperm. Evolution diminishes sexual sensitivity in women.
Women according to Lombroso are less sexually sensitive as compared to the male species which in the human setting are men (Lombroso, 1893). Women have less sexual pains and physical torture in the absence of sex compared to men. A woman is more likely to have her sexual desire die out faster if not reignited and also they require more sexual stimulus so as to give in to sex. If seduction is not present a woman is usually emotionless and feels almost nothing during intercourse. This explains the difference in women compared to men toward sexuality.
Maternity in women raises two distinct instincts which include both compassion (love) and cruelty. Women and most mothers lose their sexual desire during pregnancy. But antonymous to the previous concept, women also get sexual y aroused during pregnancy. Compassion on the other hand comes from maternity. Women are the weaker sex when it comes to compassion and they display love for the weak ones as it provides sentimental reference to their infant; motherly instinct.
The question of will and power in women can be answered the fact that women are considered to be very emotional. They are very wilful but lack the necessary power to implement their will. Generally men posses more power as compared to women.
Women have greater impulsivity to emotions especially compassion, this makes them weak and unable to eliminate but be cruel to their offenders. They have lesser degree of control over anger and situations that make them upset. These factors make them emotionally unstable. As evolution progresses cruelty slowly changes to pity. Due to compassion women are found to be mediators between morality and justice. Women would sympathise with wrongdoers.
Christianity brought about the beginning of pity in women. Christianity did not bring about women’ compassion but helped in its manifestation. Education on the other hand brought or lead to civilization and it gave more reasoning to compassion. This influenced women emotional stability (Lombroso , 1893).
Moral sensitivity is weaker in women as compared to men. Women suffer more than women, they are able to endure it all; due to their organic nature. But their will power is cut short by the lack of enthusiasm. They are dull when it comes to pain according to Darwin.
Women intelligent power is low as compared to men especially when it comes to creativity. This is attributed to less exposure to the environment, lack of opportunity for intellectual labour and lack of creativity power. Women grow weaker as evolution continues men become stronger. Women grow more dependent for survival.
Some of the criminal tendencies of women include prostitution, lesbianism. Due to their nature this are some of the criminal components of women. Which he clearly described to be crimes and his influence led to constraints being set on prostitution
Lombroso was widely dismissed for the contents of his book and has been deemed to be ridiculous. For his work though he was invited to address on various issues including politics and socials talks. He took part in talks that included more than just talks on law and crime. He addressed other issues such as foreign policy. Most of his followers were politicians and ministers from the parliament. Some of the consequences of his work were the fact that it made prostitution seem like a bad thing and led to the imposing of tight laws towards it. Prostitutes had to register with the local police and undergo check-up. His influence was contrary to the development of organisations that supported women. Thus he was against feminism.
Lombroso, C., & Ferrero, G. (1893). The Female Offender. rome: Wm. S. Hein Publishing.
DEVELOPING COUNSELOR ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATION
DEVELOPING COUNSELOR ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATION
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Ethical and Legal Viewpoint
Volunteerism
As a counselor, there are numerous professional standards I need to uphold even when volunteering my services to help individuals dealing with mental health issues or disorders. Volunteerism is a very important role when practicing counseling because it provides counselors the opportunity to interact with individuals professionally, and assist with their psychological needs. According to the American Counseling Association, (2014) these standards should include honoring diversity among individuals, embracing a “multicultural approach” in support of dignity, and one’s potential and worth regardless of their social or cultural background (ACA, P3). When volunteering services among people, individuals should not expect any payment or exchange in return. The lack of people’s finances should not hinder us as counselors from ensuring they have the assistance they need despite their circumstances.
Above all, I must protect all clients’ privacy and uphold the dignity of the client. The Code of ethics of the American Counseling Association clearly expresses the personal development of the patient throughout the restorative process (American Counseling Association,2014). Furthermore, I will always maintain client confidentiality to preserve their privacy. During counseling sessions, individual information will never be disclosed to anyone else except to the client. Even when clients’ finances are low their privacy will remain confidential. Based on the code of ethics provided by the ACA, future counselors must maintain a sociable relationship among colleagues (American Counseling Association,2014). Building relationships with clients is an important part of counseling in case a referral is needed in the absence of the counselor.
Self-disclosure
The ACA Code of ethics has a very clear stipulation when it comes to the sharing of the information which a client has shared with a counselor. Therefore guided by this it would be the most respectable thing that I should not share any information clients share with me unless it is necessary to do so. An example of a situation where I can share the clients’ information is whereby the client is likely to hurt himself or herself or someone close to them. Therefore in this case the sharing of the information is justifiable. However, it is still advised to ask for permission from the client or to share with them that their information is being shared with someone else and what type of information since in some instances only a certain type or form of information can be shared with another person (American Counseling Association,2014).
Self-disclosure is indeed a very difficult part of the counseling process and is highly discouraged unless it is under unavoidable circumstances. Therefore the counseling process calls for a counselor well trained how to handle every case that comes to their desk and how to keep themselves sober and from the anxiety of telling the exciting parts of their clients’ stories to those they are close to. This also requires that a person has a way to deal with all the negative happenings and events they listen to without having to disclose to someone else but just dealing with them so that they as individuals who are prone to emotions and other effects do not find themselves negatively affected by what is shared with them by their clients.
Objectivity
Objectivity is another very important part of the nursing profession. It is not an easy part since to some point the counselor may be swayed by the stories and the experiences of the client to go out of the way and start behaving in an unprofessional manner. For example, if a counselor is a male and they have a teenage client of around 19 years who needs help with finding love because she says every time she tries to love it becomes difficult, the counselor might take advantage of that situation and thus going away from the objectives of counseling. However, if the counselor listens closely and tries to assess the situation to help the client then the counselor is said to be objective and that makes the counseling process fruitful. It, therefore, means that counselors need to stick to the objectives and not sway even if they experience issues that may lead them to sway.
Self-care
Self-care is one of the best ways to make sure that counseling does not affect the personal life of the counselor. This, therefore, means that the counselor has to take breaks, recreation, and personal time with family and friends. During this time I can try to forget about the clients and focus on my personal life thus making sure that I get a good life. Self-care makes a client get away from the counseling office and therefore the issues of the client do not affect their personal lives. It is a very important part of the counseling process since allowing the client’s issues to get into a person’s life makes life difficult for the counselor and his/her surroundings (American Counseling Association,2014).
Spirituality
In as much as it is not every person who is religious, it is often a very important aspect of realizing that there is a God who can take care of what we as human beings are unable to. And not only that but it enables the counselor to really and fully experience the life of the clients and therefore with the full perspective of their lives be able to provide the correct counseling for them to transform. The other thing is that being spiritual can act as one of the ways to let of counseling issues and making sure that they do not affect personal life. This is possible through sharing the issues with the invisible and as known all-knowing God. It, therefore, means releasing the most difficult concerns and issues about eth clients to God can help at times. It can also be a way of asking God to intervene and solve some of the issues counseling tries to solve. This is not to mean that counseling does not help but to mean that placing God to be part of the counseling can help a lot at times. This is especially used when the psycho-spiritual approach is used.
Counseling dispositions
Organizational identity
It is an important part of counseling because most of the time the group a counselor belongs to is what performs their initial understanding by the people around them, I will keep myself affiliated with the American counseling association. Through this, I expect to help more people and be professionally recognized since the American counseling association is a renowned body of counselors. Even though I will struggle with the changing ethical expectations I hope to be able to help as many people as possible and keep myself updated on everything (American Counseling Association,2014).
Professional organizational review
Membership benefits of joining American counseling association
It is one of the bodies which can provide me with the experience, connections, and the right or proper code of ethics. Therefore joining the American counseling association will most definitely help me understand what it means to be in this field as well as give me the much-needed experience. Above all, I will get the right connections to help me grow in this field. The proper code of ethics will enable me to be the best type of counselor which I have always wished for (American Counseling Association,2014).
In the fight for opioids, the counselors are fighting to be included as a body that is actively involved in the decision-making about Medicare. Apart from this, the association wants those with mental health issues to be treated at normal rates and counselors to receive reimbursement through Medicare.
References
Kaplan, D. M., Francis, P. C., Hermann, M. A., Baca, J. V., Goodnough, G. E., Hodges, S., … & Wade, M. E. (2017). New concepts in the 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(1), 110-120.
Ginicola, M. M., Smith, C., & Filmore, J. M. (2017). Developing competence in working with LGBTQI+ communities: Awareness, knowledge, skills, and action. Affirmative counseling with LGBTQI+ people, 1-20.