Recent orders
Criminal Justice system was established to ensure that people obeyed the law and therefore minimize the incidences of crimina
Criminal Justice
Students Name
Institution of Affiliation
Course Title
Date
The criminal justice system was established to ensure that people obeyed the law and therefore minimize the incidences of criminality as well as punishing the law offenders (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2018). The law offender can be an adult or a juvenile and therefore there arises the need for a separate criminal justice system for both of the parties. The presence of the juvenile offenders necessitated the need for the development of the juvenile court system as the minors could not be subjected to the same punishment and treatment like the adults. Regarding the punishment for the children, there are controversies regarding their judicial system and the issue of whether or not that the system should focus on the punitive or the rehabilitative aspect on the minors.
According to my opinion, the juvenile justice system should focus on the punishment rather than rehabilitation (Guarino-Ghezzi, 2017). In the cases where minors tend to act in such a manner that is horrible and make conscious decisions similar to that of an adult, it is therefore clear that the minor should be subjected to the same trial as well as treatment identical to that of an adult. Individuals become too much lenient to a juvenile or even placing lighter sentences or punishment to them since they are young concerning age and therefore have a terrible feeling on them and end up having mercy to the minors. If the punishment given to the minor is not harsh enough, the juvenile may not learn from their mistakes and may feel as if they have been pulled out of the first crime and therefore they may land on a high chance of repeating the crime or even committing a bigger one next time. However regarding punishment, I don’t think that the severe punishment should apply to every situation, but to under particular circumstances the minors should be treated as adults.
The juvenile system tends to be very distinct from the adult criminal justice system, and both share common goals and functions. They both function to rehabilitate the offender incapacitating the criminal and thereby deterring the person from committing future offenses. Besides, they both serve the exaction of retribution expiation for the offenses. For the juvenile cases, there are specific factors to which the judge should consider before trying a juvenile in an adult court that include the seriousness of the offense, previous record of criminality in the minor, the maturity level of the juvenile as well as the likelihood that the youth would be rehabilitated under the juvenile system. Currently, most of the state laws allow for the increase in the transfers of juvenile defendants from the juvenile court to the adult courts due to the increased crimes to which severe outcome.
There are significant shortfalls in the juvenile justice system although I do have the feeling that it should not be abolished. The need to implement the change of more focus on the aspect of punishment will ultimately yield the effective results of getting the juvenile well rehabilitated (Shoemaker, 2017). The harsher the punishments or the sentences imposed to the youths for the severe crimes or the repeat offenders, the more effective the justice system will be having the eventual results of reduced incidences of minor criminal activities. The issue of imposing an adult sentence to the minors will prove to them that their crime is not a mere joke and therefore will be less likely to repeat the offense again or even commit another one in fear of a harsher punishment.
The best alternative for an effective juvenile justice system would be a blended option with an addition of the transfer of the jurisdiction of the cases to an adult court (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2018). The blended option would include punishment, rehabilitation as well as deterrence. Although the prospect may seem to be costly as it slows down due to the case by case analysis, it might prove to be much effective in turning all the stones that were responsible for committing the crime and according to the offender the right punishment to which they deserve in accordance to their offense. The transfer of jurisdiction does not only impose a harsher and more severe sentence, but also it sends a message to the individuals that serious wrongdoing has been committed. It also makes the public aware as it is not similar to the juvenile proceedings to which are confidential and so at the end of the process, the offender can feel humiliated entirely to which is part of the punishment. Imposing harsher penalties and sentences will aid in the removal of the violent offenders off the streets and thereby making it safer for all the community, and this will imply that even the juvenile offenders must be held accountable for their criminal behaviors (Kappeler & Potter, 2017). The changes to which include changing the sentence options, comparing the weight of the crime to determine whether the minor should be tried in an adult court as well as opening the juvenile proceedings and records to the public, are more aggressive policies in making sure that justice can be delivered within the juvenile criminal justice system.
According to polls, a majority of the American population is not happy with the juvenile justice system the way it is structured, as most of them believe that the rehabilitation programs for the minors are not successful (Shoemaker, 2017). Others have the belief that the punishments provided to the juveniles should be the same as those given to the adults who have committed a similar magnitude of crime to the minors. Besides, a large number is of the opinion that those who commit multiple crimes receive the same sentencing to that of the adults. Others are of the opinion that death penalty is provided for the juveniles who commit murder. The aspect of the death penalty, however, may be subjected to some scrutiny as a majority of them may be innocent but proved guilty due to lack of evidence, and therefore a life sentence would be much fair for the minor.
The law enforcers who happen to be the police have the responsibility to warn, cite and arrest the offenders. The police have a fair amount of discretion in the determination of response in the event of a minor’s involvement in a crime. If the primary focus turned to punishment, the law enforcers should be adequately informed as well as being updated on a regular basis concerning the changes in both law and policies as they play an active role in reducing and preventing crime (Reid, 2015). Besides, the court processes should be made fast through the hiring of more personals so that justice is passed at the right time to both the offender and the complainant in the quest to improve fairness. The department probation plays a significant role in determining whether the minor should face trial like an adult by making recommendations and therefore if the aspect of punishment was to be followed, more probation officers would be employed to book more minors to trial same to adults with stricter rules.
The correction facilities would also be expanded to accommodate more juvenile delinquents, and therefore the issue of overcrowding as well as the resultant issues of congestion such as disease transmission would be reduced (Kratcoski, 2017). The point of punishment incorporates both the punishment and rehabilitation to the offender, and therefore the justice system should shift their focus to punishing the juveniles such that they may not be able to repeat the criminal acts. In the issue of punishment, severe punishments may not be advocated for such that the offender might get adversely affected but rather more considerate punishments should be offered that must seem to be harsh but at the same time fair. As it is well known that an ideal situation does not even exists, providing the grounds for a fair trial should be among the considered issues in the juvenile justice system in the provision of justice.
References
Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E., & DeJong, C. (2018). The American system of criminal justice. Cengage Learning.
Guarino-Ghezzi, S. (2017). Balancing juvenile justice. Routledge.
Kappeler, V. E., & Potter, G. W. (2017). The mythology of crime and criminal justice. Waveland Press.
Kratcoski, P. C. (2017). The Scope and Purposes of Correctional Treatment. In Correctional counseling and treatment (pp. 3-16). Springer, Cham.
Reid, S. T. (2015). Crime and criminology. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Shoemaker, D. J. (2017). Juvenile delinquency. Rowman & Littlefield.
The Odyssey A descriptive essay (2)
(Name)
(Instructors’ name)
(Course)
(Date)
The Odyssey: A descriptive essay
Homer was a man who lived in some of the darkest ages in the 8th century. The poet wrote and collected numerous ancient legends and stories told by the travelling narrators and storytellers. This particular poet took all the stories narratives about king Odysseus and put them together in a book, which, he later called The Odyssey. This paper, therefore, will discuss and analyze one of the major characters in the book The Odyssey, and the character in question is Odysseus. Odysseus is one of the most crucial characters in the book and the paper will look at the role his character plays in building the stories told in the book.
Odysseus is the key character in the story of Odyssey, a tale that records and retells his journeys and his homecoming since he departed from Troy. Odysseus was not there in the Iliad but he was not there for the same reasons as the poem about the character. The story of the poem focuses on his challenges and trials on land and at sea and how he finally gets home, he had to avenge the honor of his family from the numerous suitors who have for a long time besieged his home waiting for his wife to leave him and find another husband. He is helped by Athena in his travels but frustrated by Poseidon.
Odysseus is a hero and king of the people of Ithaka. He is married to Penelope, he is the son of Lartes and he is father to Telemachos. The most dominant characteristic of Odysseus besides his courage is his cunningness. He is widely known for being the most willing heroes in the whole of Greece, and his wits and wisdom actually save his life more than once. An example of such an instance was he uses his wits to save his life are during the scene with the Cyclops. He is also master at disguises, improvisation and dissembling, characteristics that helps him hide his identity from possible enemies and scale the loyalty of those around him and those he is fooling. However, some modern principles might question the morality of the king because of the fact that he lies all the time. Some examples are when he lies to his son and wife and when he pretends to be a Cretan. For example, he lied to his wife when he cheated with Calypso, ‘…by nights he would lie beside her, of necessity, in the hollow caverns…’ (Homer 5. 152- 158). However, he justifies his illegitimate nature by the results of his actions. His main goddess who also assumes numerous disguises and manipulates humans for her own good usually calls for his lies and pretences.
One other characteristic of Odysseus is that he has considerable pride. One can mistake this pride for arrogance. Though at times the character is justifiable to be proud, this can cloud or tamper with his better judgment or wisdom. An example is when his not so successful taunting of the Cyclops starts a feud that never ends between Poseidon and his people. He was too proud such that he just had get the fame and glory of winning and overcoming the monster, however, he ended up sailing the whole sea for more than ten years and losing all of his men to unlikely and untimely death.
Besides, this character cannot be taken simply as a common proud and arrogant man, as he has the capability to take care of his own, and to rein his matters well. An example is when he dresses up as a poor and dirty man so as to access the palace. Though all this is, just that he can prove to be strong and courageous, he manages to keep up the appearances of a weak and the poor man up to the time he finishes what brought him to the palace. This allows him to differentiate between the evil suitors, the kind, and decent ones, even though he manages to finish all of them in the battlefield at the end.
In spite his pride and emotionless nature, Odysseus was pretty loyal and emotional. Once Alkinoos, one of his men heard him lament about the loss of his men, ‘…there, shedding tears, he (Odysseus) went unnoticed by all the others, but Alkinoos alone understood what he did and noticed, since he was sitting next to him and heard him groaning heavily…’ (Homer 8. 93- 5). This shows that despite his pride and arrogance he still cared about his men and what happened to them in the wilderness.
The character is also ruthless and seemingly unkind. During his final war, his ruthlessness can shock the audience, especially the ruthlessness he showed when he ordered for the killing of the maids, after he had made them clean up the whole of the palace of the blood and the messes of the battle. In any case, the king did not slay all of the maids. He saved the loyal maids, the town crier, the singer and those other maids who seemed loyal enough to him and his rule. In addition, it is also essential to remember while interpreting this trait of Odysseus that the poem was not about forgiveness or anything close. The story depicted in the poem does not end with forgiveness, especially when the suitors’ families are forced to forgive the acts of the murderous Odysseus.
One can also say that the main character of this poem was unfaithful and untruthful. This is especially because he cheated on his wife and had numerous affairs during those ten years even when his wife was alone at home sleeping alone. One can also see him as pretentious in this particular case since he was hesitant want to give anyone else a chance to be with his wife, he did not even want to give her permission to find another suitor even when he had been gone for more than ten years. He did not care whether his wife was alone or needed to be with someone. He only wanted her for himself, but he did not keep himself for her. For this reason, one can say that the main character was selfish, uncaring, unfaithful and pretentious.
Though the king has a number of characters that show him as a weak, unfaithful, rude and arrogant person, the story also shows him to possess a number of traits commonly associated with Homeric leaders. For instance, Odysseus is strong, noble, courageous, and confident in his rule and authority and he has a huge thirst for winning and the glory that comes with it. His most distinguishing heroic and leader- like trait, however, is his sharp intelligence and wit. He thinks and reasons quickly something that helps him get out of bad and tough situations as when he hides his murder and slay of the betraying suitors by having his servant play a wedding song in the 23rd book. He also lusts for power, immortality and glory just like any other king. He entered into a relationship with Calypso just because she promises to make him powerful and immortal, ‘…she received me and loved me excessively and cared for me and she promised to make me an immortal…’ (Homer 7. 254-58).
He is also an exceedingly convincing character with his articulate manner of speech. With these characters, he has the potential and ability to manipulate and talk sweet and win over anyone he wants with simplicity. For instance, he quickly and simply wins over Nausicaa and earns her trust because of his smoothness in talking and his ability to be convincing.
The purpose of this paper was to analyze one of the characters in Homer’s collection of stories, the Odyssey, and the character who was discussed was Odysseus. The character has numerous traits that resemble those of ancient kings who were cunning, courageous, monogamous, loyal to their men and country and full of pride. The character fills the book and the narrated stories with meaning and entertainment. Anyone who enjoys will obviously love the character of the King who fills its stories with life.
Work cited
Homer. The Odyssey, translated by S.H. Butcher and A. Lang. Vol. XXII. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14. Print.
Devaluation of Rupee by Ajit Singh
Student’s Name:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Date:
Devaluation of Rupee by Ajit SinghThe economic growth of a country is determined by the value of its currency. Mostly, the value of a currency is determined by the exchange rate that is the rate of conversion of the currency compared to other currencies, which in this case, the Indian Rupee is compared to the US Dollar. Several factors determine the exchange rate, and one of them is the inflation of the country. Based on this factor, the price of goods and services will only increase if they become rare, characterized by less supply and increased demand. Also, the prices are deemed to increase if money is in greater supply to the economy leading to a fall in the purchasing power and the overall currency value.
India has a higher inflation rate compared to its international competitors. As of 2013, India’s inflation rate reached 11.24%. India has a floating exchange rate system where the exchange rate of the rupee with other currency is determined by the market factors such as supply and demand. There is less demand for Indian goods as more goods are imported to India from the United States than exported to the United States from India. Since the local Indian traders have to pay for the imported goods in US dollars, they have to purchase the US dollar by exchanging it for the rupee, which helps in increasing the demand for the US dollar, and this as well helps the rupee appreciate with respect to the dollar. However, this is not the case as India has more imports than exports, implying that the exports are less compared to imports and this has contributed significantly to the fall of the rupee.
The interest rate of a country also determines the exchange rate. The Indian interest rate is 6 percent. A country that has a higher interest rate would have more investors rushing to buy the government’s bond as they expect the returns to be higher. In this case, the rupee will be in higher demand, and consequently, its value will appreciate. However, many people will go to the banks to secure loans to buy government bonds, and this means that the interest rates of the banks will be higher due to high demand. As a result, people would be discouraged from taking loans, meaning fewer investments.
The amount of public debt also determines the rate of exchange. A country with a huge amount of public debt carries a very higher risk of inflation. If the debt is too big, the investors are not confident in the ability of the country to pay back its debts, and this increases inflation and also depreciates the currency value. India’s government debt to GDP is currently at 68.3%, way up high than half, and this means that the investors might have lost their confidence in the country. As a result, the rate of inflation in India has increased, resulting in a decline in the value of the rupee.