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The Future of Health Services Delivery
FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY
Henry P. Becton School of Nursing and Allied Health
MEDT4301
Prof. Marilyn R. Rubin
Fall 2016
Unit 14 – The Future of Health Services Delivery
Reading Assignment
Chapter 14
Individual Student Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this unit, the student will be able to:
Discuss the forces of future change affecting health care delivery
Discuss the challenges of coverage, access, and cost despite the promises of the ACA.
Discuss the future of healthcare reform.
Explore the future models of health care delivery
Access future workforce challenges.
Evaluate global challenges.
Summarize new frontiers in clinical technology
Unit 14 – Assignments
Assignment 1
What are the advantages of a single payer system? Why are any attempts to reform the U.S. health care system not based on a single payer approach?
Suppose the US government would adopt single payer system, all citizens would get public insurance cover regardless of their incomes, ages, or employment status.
Single payer system would offer Americans basic services for instance hospital and physician care as well as long term care.
The single payer system would be regulated by the government and this would set fee for physicians, hospitals and other health providers. The standard fee would help to regulate such services in term of the charges to the citizens.
Suppose fully adopted, the single payer system would reduce the burden on the citizens as the health insurance and covers would be financed through tax revenues.
Medicare and Medicaid would be dropped and citizens given opportunity to use private insurance only if they are willing to beyond their basic insurance covers that is publicly available.
Single payer system would help to reform the health insurance industry and reduce the mismanagement and excessive charges levied on the citizens by the private insurances and some government hospitals.
Assignment 2
List and briefly describe some of the main elements that must be present in a future model of health care delivery in the U.S.?
Comprehensive Services across the Continuum of Care
According to Leeat et al., (2000), among the key elements necessary in integrated health care system is detailed scope of clinical health-related services covered. It is through this that the planning, provision, purchase and coordination of all major services are served.
Geographic coverage and Rostering
Majority of good health care systems provide geographic coverage to increase the access to health care services. Additionally, rostering is normally used. Leeat et al., (2000) emphasize that this implies that the system become accountable for an individual in any given area, and the patients having the chance to leave suppose they wish to look for alternatives.
Information system
Majority of the system have integrated information system that helps to trach how the system is being used and its effectiveness in the short and long term basis. The information system also helps to track and trace patient across the system making it easy to monitor the progress. Hunter (1999) also state that through good information system, communication capacity is enhanced and information flow across pathways is improved. Electronic health management system connects the patients to the healthcare providers and gives access to healthcare across. Additionally, the information enables system wide patient registration and scheduling coordination and clinical data.
Governance Structure
Properly coordinated and organized government structure is essential for health care systems. In the past, the unregulated healthcare systems have resulted to mismanagement and provision of poor quality services. It is through government that quality related, consistency, and effectiveness of any healthcare will be monitored. It will also help patients choose and access best available healthcare systems and hospitals.
Assignment 3
What are the main workforce challenges that the US must grapple with?
High Cost of information technology
The implementation of Health Information Technology is characterized by numerous challenges. Some of the challenges that will be discussed under this sub-topic include economic and technical barriers. In particular, nature of IT implementation and higher costs involved in IT integration will be focused on.
Lack of incentives and rewards
Majority of the hardworking healthcare providers and citizens working in other sectors lack incentives and rewards. These employees get discouraged along the way.
Poor Leadership styles
Leadership style includes supervisory and behavior. According to research, workforce is bolstered suppose they notice their leader is competent. In most case, there have been witnessed incompetent leaders thus affecting the performances of employees.
Assignment 4
What is evidence-based medicine?
Evidence-based medicine is the objective to enhance then value of medical care administered to a patient.
Assignment 5
Please read the New York Times article “Supreme Court Allows Nationwide Health Care Subsidies” by Adam Liptak, June 25, 2015.
Actually, the senate passing the law for Obama care to take care of poor and middles-class citizens is good idea. Of course, had Republican leaders cared more about Americans in need of health coverage than in trying to harpoon Obamacare, they would have simply worked to clarify and correct the verbal glitch, rather than trying to use it to shoot down the whole Affordable Care Act. Majority of the non-Americans and the youths have been disadvantage in the past and this law will amend such. The subsidiaries are great. Majority of Americans have hope at last.
Assignment 6
Please read the New York Times article: “Study of U.S Health Care System Finds Both Waste and Opportunity to Improve” by Annie Lawrey, September 11, 2012.
Please post your comments on this article.
The American medical system has been responsible for various overspendings in the healthcare systems. Yes, I agree that in majority of case, they have failed to deliver their mandates and manage the healthcare systems. All I can say is that it’s the lack of proper regulation that is killing this sector. Majority of the funds have gone unaccounted for, mismanaged or simple not mentioned. Reformation is urgently required.
The recommendations by Professor Cutler to cut the spending is a good idea. Most of the prices are exorbitant and all these are levied on the consumer, the citizens. I would how much money would be left at the end of the day suppose proper regulations were enforced.
Assignment 7 – Terminology
Cultural competence
These are group of congruent characters, attitudes, and strategies that glue a system together, and makes it possible for that system to work effectually in cross-cultural conditions.
Genometrics
This entails biometric analysis of chromosomes in order to identify features inherent to chromone functioning and organizations at the level of the entire genome.
Health care reform
This is a major general structure that illustrates the alternations or changes in healthcare with an intention to make it better to the consumers.
High-risk pools
These are government organized private, self-funded health insurance plans to serve high risk person who meet enrollment criteria and do not have access to group insurance.
Single-payer system
This a health care system whereby a single entity collects the entire heath care fees and pays for all healthcare costs.
Universal access
The ability for all people to have access to a healthcare service or education regardless of their social classes, gender, ethnicity or background.
References
Leatt P, Pink GH, Guerriere M. Towards a Canadian Model of Integrated Healthcare. Healthcare Papers. 2000;1:13–35.
Hunter DJ. Integrated Care. Journal of Integrated Care. 1999;3:155–61.
The Future of Books in the Digital Era
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The Future of Books in the Digital Era
Change is obviously inevitable, but will printed books exist in the future? The most likely answer is yes, but they will look different. This is basically true because, in comparison to business correspondence or music, change has come more slowly and gradually to books. However, the emergence of digital era is actually going to speed up the change process. Printed books will however not die but will have different looks (Thompson, 1-5).
Digital era will enable printed books to be consumed primarily as e-books instead. This has been seen as good news as books will be easily accessible and cheaper as well (Thompson, 308-31). This is so because it is easier to manage large volume of books if they are downloaded to may be iPad or Kindle (Alexenberg, 21-23). Because of this, e-books are seen as slowly subsuming the printed ones preferred vehicle through which people read books. This was evident in 2011, when e-books actually topped print sales for the first time, a trend that basically continued into 2012. A recent study from Scholastic pointed out that, since 2010, the percentage of children who have read e-books has actually doubled while those who will continue reading printed books instead of e-books dropped from 66 percent to 58 percent (Cantatore, 231-233). Even though e-books have taken over the market because they have accomplished convenience, portability, selection and multimedia, some scholars hope that both e-books and printed books should have a bright future together because e-books lack some fundamental qualities that are possessed by printed books. These qualities explain why printed books will actually not die even in this digital era (Kaye and Stephen, 173).
Firstly, printed books can be collected. Each person’s copy is basically unique on some level and for a reader who loves a particular book; an e-book cannot be an adequate replacement for possessing a physical copy. Instead of owning a book, one has to pay for the right to access the data hence one cannot collect an e-book. This has facilitated many readers to go for physical copies even after having read the book online due to their tangible form (Alexenberg, 25). Secondly, books have physical beauty. As far as beauty is concerned, books have realized their potential. However, e-books, being a medium which is still new, designers are yet to realize their potential. A cover page of a book has to be beautiful to grab the attention of a reader because it acts as a marketing tool. Designing beautiful art pieces is a bit technical in the digital world. Print si therefore the only medium that satisfies true lovers of books (Kaye and Stephen, 173).
Even though computers may be portable as printed books, they have more limitations for instance, the need to access electricity (Thompson, 368). In addition, one requires to be computer literate to read e-books. Further, computer skills are actually more complex than reading skills. Advances in technology also demand a reader to adapt while reading skills are universal provided that the given language can be comprehended by the reader (Cantatore, 234-5). Further, newer technologies are usually expensive hence limiting the access to e-books, unlike printed books. Finally printed books are nostalgic and have provenance. E-books basically offer a wholly different experience and cannot replace printed books. In addition, printed books are physical objects matter hence evoke the past and e-books cannot impart deep connections (Thompson, 332).
It is evident that the choice between e-books and printed books should not be a zero sum game. It is needless for printed books to vanish for e-books to flourish and again they should not be the only choice. Both of them should be in existence because they satisfy different needs of readers. People who love printed books should be able to access them while those who love e-books should also be in a position to access them. This therefore implies that printed books will never die.
Work cited
Alexenberg, Melvin L. The Future of Art in a Digital Age: From Hellenistic to Hebraic Consciousness. Bristol, UK: Intellect, 2006. Internet resource. Pg 21-27
Cantatore, Francina. Authors, Copyright, and Publishing in the Digital Era. , 2014. Internet resource. Pg 231-235.
Kaye, Jeff, and Stephen Quinn. Funding Journalism in the Digital Age: Business Models, Strategies, Issues and Trends. New York: Peter Lang, 2010. Print. Pg 173
Thompson, John B. Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2005. Print.
Primary Document Analysis.
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Primary Document Analysis.
Section 1
The Author worked in a Massachusetts factory where she was treated like a slave. She was subjected to mistreatment that ruined her purity and self-respect. She was beaten up and pinched by her overseers. She worked for long hours under the harsh conditions. The wages of were not attractive since each worker was paid based on the turnovers.
The women did not have rights to own property, and this affected the author since she was a woman. Property ownership has been a problem for the author since even with the earned money she could not own any fixed asset. Moreover, the author due to the law, that did not identify her as a legal spender, experienced the problem of personal budget spending.
After some years, Robinson turns out to be a drawing-in girl. This position was more desired in the mill, and her role was to facilitate the weaving. Moreover, Robinson was intelligent, and she read while she was still working in the mill (Merish 2012).
The early factory labour in the United States was not fair and just. Women were discriminated in the labour market. The age limit was not a special attribute in the labour laws for children of minor age were overburdened. The female employees were mistreated and disregarded, as they were paid peanuts without any benefits. This document relates to the economic changes in the Northeast. The strike that took place initiated for reviews of the labour laws later. Economic changes were related to better labour laws whereby United States tried to close the gender gap in the labour market.
Section 2
The Oregon Trail facilitated the westward expansion of the United States. It was one of the extensive overland roads that the immigrants originated following in 1841. Catherine and her family encountered severe hardship in the journey that involved wagon trains. Natural calamities like rivers that were flooded were involved. Moreover, Indians attacked the wagons of the Americans, causing several deaths. Other causes of the death were diseases and shotguns accidents.
Catherine and her family run into a problem of access to clean water and food. Catherine had a broken leg when she was young, that caused to a long-lasting limp. Catherine lay on the wagon that bumped and wavered over the potholes and rocks for long hours. She did not get the alcohol to dismal the pain since she was a child. Catherine was anguished due to death of her parent that was sudden and caused by illness.
Catherine Sager was prayerful, and this made her stronger. She had endurance and tolerance for the fact that she was an orphan did not make her loss hope in life. The Oregon Trail involved many hardships and deaths of the Americans. Indians fought the whites and caused several deaths. Furthermore, diseases like typhoid and firearms caused several deaths. The Oregon Trail was the best route to travel to the west of the United States. It influenced the expansion of the western United States that would otherwise be part of Canada or Mexico (Lusted 2011).
Section 3
Harriet Jacob was born a slave, and she suffered several bodily and sexual abuses. Harriet master Dr. Flint made several advances towards her that she had no option of resisting due to the threats to beat her up. The slave was viewed as the possessions of the master and Harriet was subject to Dr. Flint authority. Harriet was misused sexually and injured by her master who she escaped by having a fair with Samuel.
Harriet made a desperate move by having a relationship with Samuel to prevent Dr. Flint from making sexual advances. Harriet looked for refuge in her grandmother`s house for several years where she sewed and read the bible. Moreover, she was looking after her children and communicating with Dr. Norcom to surprise him of the whereabouts (Babu 2008).
The lives of American slaves are full of sexual and physical abuses. When a slave is a woman and is employed in a household with men, she is subjected to sexual abuse. Their masters expose women slaves to sexual abuse and mistreatment. Image one reveals that Black American women who are slaves are subjected more to sexual abuse than their male counterparts. On the other side, Black American males are slaves are subjected to physical abuse from their white masters. Image 1 relates more to this document since it reveals how the white man is sexually making sexual advances to the woman.
Section 4
From “A Lowell Mill Girl Story”, women were discriminated in the labour force in the nineteenth century. The existing laws disregarded ownership of property by women. From “Across the Plain”, women were not treated same as men and they were not given good and special care. When Catherine had a wound, she was not given proper medical care. From “The Trials of a Slave”, Harriet was sexually abused by her masters since she was a slave, she did not have an objection, since she was a woman and women did not have a say in the United States then.
Image 2 reveals the struggle for gender equality. Men seem to be resistant toward the equality due to fear of change, of power in the society. The endless fight by women will probably bring the equality.
Works Cited
Babu, Dinesh. “Portrayal Of White Women Characters In Harriet A. Jacobs’incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl, Written By Herself, Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig And Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” 2008. Retrieved From< Http://Oaji.Net/Articles/488-1396610472.Pdf>
Lusted, Marcia Amidon. The Oregon Trail. ABDO, 2011. Retrievd From< HYPERLINK “http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9jh9c7r8yogC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=across+the+plains+catherine+sager&ots=jVKSGmpENL&sig=2sTdsLaJRPVDabUB53K02yT-go8″http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9jh9c7r8yogC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=across+the+plains+catherine+sager&ots=jVKSGmpENL&sig=2sTdsLaJRPVDabUB53K02yT-go8>
Merish, Lori. “Factory Labor and Literary Aesthetics: The” Lowell Mill Girl,” Popular Fiction, and the Proletarian Grotesque.” Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 68.4 (2012): 1-34.Retrieved From< HYPERLINK “http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/arizona_quarterly_a_journal_of_american_literature_culture_and_theory/v068/68.4.merish.html”http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/arizona_quarterly_a_journal_of_american_literature_culture_and_theory/v068/68.4.merish.html>