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Population Health Assessment And Analysis
Population Health Assessment And Analysis
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422353” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc380422353 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422354” Community PAGEREF _Toc380422354 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422355” Climate PAGEREF _Toc380422355 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422356” Population PAGEREF _Toc380422356 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422357” Transport PAGEREF _Toc380422357 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422358” Recreation facilities PAGEREF _Toc380422358 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422359” Religion PAGEREF _Toc380422359 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422360” Healthcare PAGEREF _Toc380422360 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc380422361” Community health diagnosis PAGEREF _Toc380422361 h 4
Introduction
CommunityHeath city is located in Kaufman and Rockwall Counties in Texas. It covers a total area of about 6.9 square miles and is made up of people from diverse backgrounds, races, ages, educational standards and incomes. Of particular interest to this research is the elderly group in the city, especially with regard to the appropriateness and sufficiency of facilities in meeting their needs.
Climate
Heath Texas experiences highly variable weather. As a city, Heath experiences some of the most extreme weather conditions. Its climate ranges from semiarid to subtropical-subhumid. This, in terms of precipitation and temperature, amounts to dry, mild winters, dry hot summers, and wet springs and falls. Heath Texas experiences its coldest month in January, where its temperatures average at 9° C, with the warmest period occurring at around July and august where temperatures average at 27° C. It is located in a zone that experiences an average precipitation of approximately 34 inches every year. This precipitation mainly occurs in the spring and fall, with the lowest precipitation occurring in the winter around July and August. It is worth noting that the region experiences evepotranspiration that exceeds rainfall in almost every month, with the discrepancy becoming even more pronounced from May to September.
Population
Heath Texas has an estimated population of 4149 people, according to 2000 statistics from the United States Census Bureau. These are approximated to be 1380 households, with 1214 families living in the city. Heath Texas is made up of a largely homogenous population as far as ethnicity and race are concerned. Studies show that as at 2000, Heath Texas was mainly made up of Caucasian who took up 95.2% of the population, with African Americans or blacks taking up 0.8% of the population (Bair, 2008). These two groups had experienced a significant decrease in percentage composition from the 1990 statistics that gave them 97.8% and 0.9% of the population. The only group that experienced a significant increase in proportion was the “Other Race” whose percentage moved from 1.3% to 4.0%, an increase of 2.7% (Bair, 2008). This may have resulted from the increased numbers of illegal immigrants. The “Other races” category is made up of Native Hawaiian, American Indians, Asians, Alaskan Natives and Pacific Islanders.
Heath Texas’ population is composed of individuals from every age group, albeit with varying demographics. As at 2000 census, individuals younger than 14 years old took up 26%, 7.5% for 15-19, 2.1% for 20-34, 27.8% for 25-44, 28.4% for 45-64, while the elderly individuals aged above 65 years took up 8.2% (Bair, 2008). While the percentage of the elderly individuals above 65 years may have gone down from the 8.7% in the 1990 statistics, the percentage of individuals between 45 and 64 has gone up from the 28.5%. This shows that the population is aging at a high rate.
TransportWhile Heath is a crucial city in Texas, it has a relatively underdeveloped transport system. Its roads are not properly maintained, and does not have any existing rail system (the closest station is 30 miles away) or even an airport, which poses problems to the transportation of the elderly, especially in case of emergencies.
Recreation facilities
Health incorporates a number of fun and recreation facilities including community parks and trail that continue to increase the opportunities for exercise, relaxation and play. Recently, the city came up with the “Comprehensive Plan” identifying and preserving land for other parts, as well as a trail system that will eventually connect all parts of the city (Hall & Porterfield, 2008). The existing recreation facilities include the Towne Center Park that is situated behind the City Hall along 200 Laurence Drive, Terry Park situated lakeside at Terry Lane’s end, as well as Community Room at City Hall (Hall & Porterfield, 2008). These, however, apart from being insufficient to cater for the bulging population of Heath City are also poorly maintained, thereby limiting the chances that the elderly will be using the recreational facilities.
ReligionHealth has 81.87% of its people as, which means that they are affiliated with a religion. Catholics take up the largest proportion at 12.28%, followed by LDS with 1.20%, Christians at 2.29%, Eastern faiths at 0.38%, while other religions take the remaining proportion (City Data, 2012).
HealthcareWhile Heath Texas is a relatively developed, it is clearly lacking of substantial healthcare facilities. The closest healthcare center is Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Rockwall, located about 3 miles away from the town in Rockwall Texas. Others include Texas Regional Medical Center at Sunnyvale and Lake Pointe Medical Center located about 7 miles in Sunnyvale and 8 miles away in Rowlett Texas. This significantly reduces the chances that the elderly will be provided with proper care when they need it.
Community health diagnosis
A community health diagnosis for the elderly population in Heath Texas is that it needs an improvement in its infrastructure catering for the elderly. The community is bound to experience an increase in its elderly population in the future. It is, therefore, imperative that the infrastructure is improved especially with regard to the proximity of hospitals, sufficiency of recreational parks, as well as the interconnectedness of the transport system.
References
Bair, F. H. Jr. (2008) – Planning Cities, City planning: what it is and what it should do. City of Heath
Hall, K.B & Porterfield, G.A (2008) –Community By Design, What Is Community Design Anyway? City of Heath
City Data. (2012). Heath Texas. Web retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.city-data.com/city/Heath-Texas.html” http://www.city-data.com/city/Heath-Texas.html
Population control method using modern technology
Population control method; using modern technology
By
Supervisor
Date:
Introduction
The use of contraceptives has been the major way in control of birth rates in the modern world. However, it has been identified that they have side effects on the users. The less expensive and more effective method for population regulation have been a question to most researchers. All the methods are found to have defective even if the latest ones are invented. The paper explains a new method that can be used in birth rate control. It works not only in reducing but can be employed in increasing as well. This is the major advantage of the method.
Abstract
Whether contraceptives are detriment or a benefit to the humans has been debated often. Though the aspect of population control has been the major concern but the reverse should also be given consideration. This has been not given the magnitude it deserves by most scientists. For this and other reasons, the project is aimed at providing better and less expensive method for population control. Although they serve to make lives easy but, they too have negative effects. It has been in the recent past that the people who are exposed to electronics are prone to numerous cell diseases. It is believed that due to this, there has been a decrease in birth rates in developed countries. Poor electronics disposal can discharge detrimental, non-biodegradable substances. The aim of this experimental research is to determine the effect of electronics on the normal functioning of the human being. It is aimed at achieving the relation that exists between the fertility and electronic use. From this research we agree that the method might not be 100% effective. The future researchers are therefore encouraged to give it more consideration. They should invent the methods that the side effects can be reduced.
Literature Review
Though there has been increase in technology but the problems that are associated with it have also increased. As electronic mechanisms are becoming more complicated, the extent of effects on users is greatly increasing. The effects include both merits and demerits. It all depends on the viewer.
The effects are as a result of the electrons emitted when they are being used. The other can be the effects of materials that result from their corrosion as time progresses. A technique of defending electronics so that they do not corrode excessively should be put in place. This is because it will not change their performance. The electricians should give high protection degrees to these machines to minimize the negative effects. Steps that have been in place to aidin the reduction of the emitted electrons and corrosion might not be the most successful. This is due to the rapid increment of cell disease in the recent past. This is as per the study that was conducted by ADR in 2001 and 2008 in America and Canada where the use of electronics are at the peak. The same result has been confirmed by ARC in 2009 and 2010.As a result, fresh techniques should to be developed to curb the problem. In a nut shell, there is great to reduce electronic corrosion and electron emission.
Hypothesis
The human fertility and birth rate are dependent on the rate of use of electronics. The rate of birth apart from depending on other factors too is determined on the rate of use of electronics. They are inversely related. The effects (of electronic use) are most common in males than females. It is predicted that when more electronics are developed and are used, the rate of giving birth would reduce.
Research methodology
Numerous methods of collecting data were used in the research study. The data was collected throughout and in almost all the regions in America to ensure that no data was left out (Population Size of 300 was used). The interviewers were sampled randomly and from different regions. The use of more than one method to enhanced the validity of the research study. All the principles that could give good data were used. All the study aspects and the research objectives could be looked at using the several methods. The more-than-one-method also ensured that no data was left un-captured. This research would therefore deploy the use of questionnaires (Through E-mail & In person), interviews and documents and secondary sources as they would substantially help in achieving the research objectives. Interviewers’ identities were revealed. This could further explain the relation between the area and fertility hence the connection amid electronic use and fertility. The secondary forms of data collection included data from the past records of Medical center Hospital, Ferystar and Horizons were collected. The data from these hospitals included the past records on the distribution of contraceptives on the rates of birth.
The data captured related, the age, occupation, number of children and region. Various organization hospitals were also sampled to provide the information. Both qualitative (interview) and quantitative methods of data analysis were used. The data that was obtained was then analyzed thoroughly as the scope of the topic- effects of electron use on fertility. Through the interview, people were collected randomly ad question regarding age, number of children, occupation, whether they own phone or not were collected. This gave a lot of information as the questions were perceived differently by numerous people. The other information that did not march the scope of research that the interviewers gave was ignored. The singled out data were suitable, comprehensive, and answered the research questions appropriately. This was as per the Miles and Hurberman 1994. This as well aided in the reduction of data and resulting with only the significant aspects of the data. It eliminated the volumes of information that was null and void. The data was from 100 randomly sampled individuals. This is for each range of credit use like 10-20. All the frequencies of sex were recorded and averaged to form the table.
Weakness of research
The data obtained might not be 100% true as the answers were dependent on the interviewers. However, for accuracy increment large sample of 100 was used.
The rate of birth is dependent on other factors as well. This method assumed that the other factors were as the duration of electronic use varied. This could also create error in the final result. It impossible to maintain all the factors constant. To enhance the accuracy, different credit amounts were used.
Data
The data obtained was reduced and the following table was made. All the aspects of the feedbacks from the hospitals and gotten through interview could not be presented. Some data were not marching the scope of the project and hence ignored. The independent variable was rate of birth while the dependent were time and fertility (Fertility in this case was used to mean the desire for sex). The fertility could be measured but the frequency of sex. For better results a wide period of three months were taken. All the other factors were assumed to be constant. Time was after every six months. The short interval made it possible to denote the effects properly and in good conclusion. The duration was long i.e for 9 year to confirm the results. The amount of credit was used to determine the frequency of electronic use as the two are directly related. The more the credit, the more frequent the electronic is used.
Credit per month Start year 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year
10-20 20.2 19.5 18.6 17.2 16.7 15.2
21-30 17.3 16.9 15.5 14.4 13.5 12.1
31-40 14.6 14.3 12.2 10.1 9.9 9.3
41-50 12.9 11.2 8.5 7.5 7.1 6.9
50 and above 8.6 7.7 6.5 5.9 5.4 5.1
Data analysis
This is where you cite previous studies related to yours, and discusstheir findings here• Cite at least 2 other studies• Make sure in-text citations are in APA format (Author, Year).A2a. Experimental Design Steps• Detail the steps of your experimental procedure in as much detail asyou would need for someone to be able to replicate your study byreading these stepsA2b. Reasoning• Why did you choose this method of experimental design?• What was the reasoning behind your method of testing this question?• Were there other studies you consulted that had the same method oftesting that you are using? Or was your way of testing a better way totest this question?A2c. Sequence of Events:How did you collect your quantitative data?A2d. Tools• What science tools / materials/ technology did you use to collectthis quantitative data?A3. Variables• Describe what a dependent, independent and controlled variable is;The independent variable is what is varied when conducting anexperiment. The dependent variable is what is measured. The controlledvariables are constants that must remain the same among all groups inthe study.Dependent Variable: List yours hereIndependent Variable: List yours hereControlled Variables: List them here (aim for at least 3-5)A4. Threat Reduction to Internal Validity• See Thinkwell for clarification on this component; To reduce thethreats to internal validity, one must monitor the cause-effectrelationship between the independent and dependent variables.Essentially if you have picked a simple testable question, and laidout/properly identified your variables and have controlled for outsideinfluences (threats to internal validity) and have a solidexperimental set up and procedure then you have reduced threats tointernal validity for your study, and can with confidence describecausal relationships between your independent and dependent variables.Items you could also mention in this section: controlled variables,experimental design, reducing inconsistency in instrumentation, andhaving no experimenter bias…A5. Hypothesis:• What do you predict will happen? Relate to your dependent andindependent variables-for example, “I predict fertilizer A will resultin taller plant height (in cm) than fertilizer B”• What made you come up with this hypothesis/prediction? Was itobservations, background research, experience, etc?B. Process of Data Collection• Described the process you went thru to collect data- mention themethods, science tools, technologies used to collect your data andalso include the unit of measurement used (ie cm, ft, in, g, lb, days,minutes, seconds, %, etc)• Include pictures, tables, diagrams used in relation to data collectionB1. Appropriate Methods• Describe why your methods (above in B) are the best to conduct theexperiment on your testable question• Also in this section include mention of tools used (why these?),units of measurement (why did you choose to measure in %, etc)C. Results• Describe your data/results in words here-summarize and refer tocharts/graphs/tables of your findings• Refer to your graphs of data• Make sure to include appropriate measurement units (ie in, cm, lb,g, ft, %) in your graphic representation of dataD. Conclusion• Interpret your data for the reader; Describe what was made evidentby your study; Draw a conclusionD1. Confirmation of Hypothesis• Explicitly accept or reject your hypothesis based on your results• For example, “Based upon my findings ….. it is evident that……therefore, I reject my initial hypothesis.”D2. Experimental Design as Key Factor• Why is experimental design a key factor in science inquiry?• Discuss that importance hereD3. Replication• Discuss what replication is in science experiments and why it is soimportant in science• Discuss the replicability of your studyD3a. Evaluation of Validity• Discuss in regards to replication, reliability, and experimentaldesign, the validity of your study• Can also mention future studies and questions that you have afterconducting this experimentE. References• List in APA Format
The elements of autobiography in Martin Eden by Jack London
Jeremiah Obiero
Researchwritingcenter
Test Assignment
19 September 2010
The elements of autobiography in ‘Martin Eden’ by Jack London
Outline:
Introduction—————————————————————————————-1
Elements of Autobiography——————————————————————-1
How Author’s Life is brought out in the Book——————————————4
Conclusion——————————————————————————————5
Works Cited—————————————————————————————-7
1.Introduction
This paper critically examines the elements of autobiography as brought out in Jack London’s book, ‘Martin Eden.’ A number of people have considered the book to be the writer’s autobiography given its portrayal of a man who struggles through the seas of life not only to achieve the desired success in life as a literary fame but to use the hard work to get the beautiful girl he admires. While the elements of autobiography are examined in the book and compared closely against the life of Jack London, this paper holds that ‘Martin Eden’ is a pieced allegorical representation of Jack London’s life.
2.Elements of Autobiography
At the beginning of the story, we meet a good-nurtured young Martin who makes his living by working in the sea in the shipping business. Through this business, Martin plunges into the upper-class family based in San Francisco. While in interaction with this upper-crust family, Martin Eden falls in love with Ruth, a girl from the family. Although Martin comes in contact with this family surprisingly, Ruth becomes so much infatuated with Martin that she wholesomely receives him under her umbrella with a belief that she can also turn him and make him a gentleman for herself. Nevertheless, Martin is also determined to make good his desires to impress the girl and therefore goes to the library to acquaint himself with the world of, knowledge. Through his decision to go to the library and dig in books, Martin discovers that he has an aptitude in writing. When he shares this discovery with Ruth, what he gets from her is no more than discouragement. Ruth has no faith in Martin’s abilities. However, he persists against these discouragements.
We can see from the story how Martin Eden has great drive to succeed, to garner respect and become part of the middle class (bourgeoisie) in the society. However, this proves to him the way the cultural perspective of the people he wishes to emulate is so shallow and not worth emulating. This makes him to pursue the accolade of the upper class and thus falls in love with Ruth. Through his persistence, Martin discovers that he is actually intellectually advanced than Ruth and her contemporary kin. This does not make him to leave his love but holds to her.
Among very important elements that contribute to the success of the main character (Martin Eden) is the self-education he adopts which not only gives him the ability to read and write but also makes him discover his talent in writing. O’Connor posits that the portrayed look at the contemporary social class and structure of the period is also a captivating element of the book as this does cast a view of the social structures in the then society and is also a good mirror for looking at the modern society or to look at the society as the characters gradually become grown members (O’Connor 139, 405).
3.How Author’s Life is brought out in the Book
Jack London was one of the most acclaimed American writers of the 2o century. This is corroborated in the protagonist’s realization of the inherent talent as a writer, a talent that drives him to the apex of life and fame. As already seen above the book ridicules individualism and the striving for fame when Martin Eden drowns himself in the sea. This is a clear portrayal of Jack London’s actual social political stand (London 275).
Jack London as an author had great interest in nature and animals. The protagonist in the story (Martin Eden), who represents London, is often confronted with issues that relate to nature, animals and man. In addition, Jack London had little schooling even though he excelled just the way Martin Eden excelled with self-education and little schooling (Dyer 214). Dyer (2002), notes that Jack London was a very rich man and most of the characters he created his stories actually represented him perfectly. For instance, Dyer notes that while Martin Eden l0ved the sea, Jack London himself loved hunting seal, oyster and adventure (Dyer 189, 212-238).
4.Conclusion
In conclusion, ‘Martin Eden’ clearly tells the autobiography of a young lowly and humble sailor who has high striving for self-excellence and high affinity for beauty and wealth. At first, though Martin has noble abilities as he discovers them, the woman he falls in love with refuses to acknowledge it until Martin makes a fortune out of selling his works.
The book brings out Jack’s conflict with his own determination and his perspective of different social arrangements in the society. Jack London who lived as a poet and writer casts a lot of challenges to anyone who has a talent and fears to pursue it. It is worth pursuing it with utmost determination once one has realized the ability in self. Life however comes with several decisions to be made. As we find from the story, it becomes hard for Martin to accept or reconcile with the bourgeois lifestyle yet he also finds it difficult to go along the working class since he had left it. This is a message as well that as one rises through to success, they are social constraints along the way and hard decisions must be made anyway. When the decisions become too hard to make, some individuals may choose to end their lives by committing suicide as Martin Eden does in the end of it. However, Eden’s suicide can be analogized to London’s life by looking at the suicide as his attack on infatuated capitalistic and individualism idealism given that he is a staunch socialist. Therefore, the suicide serves to coincide with his life as a socialist by attacking the obsessive desire and drive to achieve wealth and fame.
Works Cited:
Dyer, Daniel Jack London, New York USA Sage Publications; 2002
London, Jack Martin Eden, London, UK; NuVision Publications, LLC 2008
O’Connor, Richard Jack London: a biography, New York USA; Little, Brown 1964