Recent orders
Define and describe the process of prisonization
“Define and describe the process of prisonization. In terms of this process, why might imprisonment be more dangerous than helpful with offenders? How does prisonization contribute to criminality?
Introduction
Prisonization is the process by which an individual is kept in jail for a given period of time, to undergo disciplinary and rehabilitation in case of a mistake that is committed. This process takes effect immediately after undergoing court process. The court process determines the validity of the crime and determines the period of time that the criminal is to be jailed. Crimes vary depending on one factor or the other.
Imprisonment is harmful to law offenders; this is only due to; it serves to deny them their basics rights. Being imprisoned means that, a person is excluded from the rest of the society for a given period of time. A criminal is not allowed to mingle with the public due to the dark reputation that they hold. Basic rights such as; freedom of movement, expression and worship, are violated. A criminal is not allowed to participate in any social activity, in the society. This is due to the simple fact they are kept out of the society. All criminals have no right at all to express or air their grievances to anyone. A prison serves as a correction facility, no criminal is allowed to participate in any negotiations with the management. On the contrary, all prisoners ought to follow all the rules and regulations that are provided by the correctional facility.
Access to a balanced diet in prison is inevitable. All prisons are sponsored by the national government. They use revenue from the national treasury to prepare and determine the budgetary allocation for prisoner’s meal. All prisoners are subjected to the type of food available. There are no provisions for any special meals or balanced diet. This contributes heavily to the poor health conditions of all the prisoners. Survival for the fittest is the order of the day across all the prisons that host prisoners. This subjects prisoners to poor health conditions. Despite the health conditions of the prisoners, they are expected to deliver in community service policing. This includes; a hardcore job that requires the use of excess energy in order to deliver on the tasks. Repeated actions such as this contribute heavily to criminality. Prisoners are not taught survival tactics and how to apply them in the outside world.
Lack of access to basic information is another challenge that prisoners are subjected to. Information is critical to any living citizen. Information provision allows an individual to make sound judgments at any given time. Prisoners are not allowed to access any public information. It is believed that, access to information by prisoners causes status quo to the prison environment. This might contribute to internal fights and to some extent, prison breakout. Lack of access to information promotes criminality. A criminal doesn’t have the capacity to make an informed judgment without any exposure to credible information.
Prisoners ought to be treated like any other living being. They need to be trained on the dos and don’s when relating with the general public. Prisoners should be allowed equal rights as any other responsible citizen.Works Cited;
BELL, John. “Disciplining Prisoners.” European Public Law 20.1 (2014): 15-22.
Easton, Susan. “Protecting Prisoners: The Impact of International Human Rights Law on the Treatment of Prisoners in the United Kingdom.” Prison Journal 93.4 (2013): 475-492.
Corporate Social Responsibility In An Organization
Corporate Social Responsibility In An Organization
It is in every organization interest to motivate its employees. It is this motivation that directs their activities. It arouses goal directed activities in them. In order for individual to attain desired goal they must be energetic, the need focus and show commitment. Organization leaders have a responsibility to create a suitable environment where employee can realize all their potential. It is this that eliminates frustration, which otherwise would lead to poor performance (Rafikul & Ahmed Zaki Hj, 2008). Accordingly, organizations have a responsibility to motivate people to attain their personal goals.
People religious affiliations have an impact on their personality and lives. It is therefore, important to consider the religious contribution in terms of influence on the human nature. Harrowfield & Gardner (2010) suggests that maturity of Christian’s faith has an influence in the way they deal with stress. According to them mature Christians show some resilience in dealing with stressors in their daily life. Similarly, Ali (2009) argues that Islamic teaching emphasis the need to work because God rewards those who do so. This shows that religion has a role to play in workplace motivation and organizations should create a climate where people from different religions thrive. His work highlights different types of human needs that each individual strives to fulfill and can lead to motivations. He points out how an organization should develop this climate, by emphasizing that spiritual needs are more important than the material and physiological needs. It is these spiritual needs that help employees to deal with frustration, failure or crisis. Therefore, an organization can create a right environment for people to attain their needs if there is accommodation and recognition of their spiritual needs.
References
Ali, A. J. (2009). Levels of existence and Motivation in Islam. Journal of Management History, 15(1), pp 50-65.
Harrowfiled, R., & Gardner, D. (2010). Faith at Work: Stress and Well-Being among Workers in Christian Organizations. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 29(3), pp 205-217.
Rafikul, I, & Ahmed Zaki Hj, I. (2008). Employee Motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and management, 18(4), pp 344-362.
Define and describe indeterminate, determinate, and mandatory sentencing, and their relative pros and cons.
Sentencing:
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Introduction
Sentencing involves the provision of a verdict for accused persons who are facing trial. When an individual is served to appear in court, they are required to equip themselves with a lawyer. The accused is thus supposed to provide a defense so as to argue their case with the help of the lawyer. The court is then required to use all the facts to determine whether the accused is guilty or innocent. Some accused individuals do not undergo the sentencing procedure due to a turn of events in the case. The ones who choose to continue with the case stand to face one of the three sentences provided in the criminal justice system. The three main types of sentencing in the United States are determinate, indeterminate and mandatory (Greene & Heilbrun, 2011).
The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of the three types of sentencing provided in the criminal justice system. This will be done by comparing and contrasting the three types of sentencing. The paper will finally provide a conclusion summarizing the content of the entire paper.
Determinate sentencing
Determinant sentencing can be described as the use of sentencing guidelines during the sentencing process. Introduced during the 1980s, the system is used routinely in the courts of the United States. These laws are provided for specific crimes that have proved to be harmful to the safety of members of the society. The laws under this category are not negotiable due to the intensity of the crimes that are committed. Crimes that fall under this category are drug peddling, armed robbery and repeat offences (Siegel, 2010).
One of the well known policies that apply to the determinate sentencing is the “three strikes and you’re out” policy. This law was introduced in the 90s when crime the levels had reached its peak. This law applies to offenders who are caught with more than three offences. For this law to be effective, some states increased the number of years. People who default this law in the state of California stand to face up to 25 years or more in jail. It is thus essential for individuals to maintain a clean record so that they cannot be placed in this category (Spohn, 2009).
Indeterminate
Indeterminate sentencing is derived from philosophical backgrounds that focus on the behavioral changes of an offender. This type of sentencing aims at correcting the behavior and attitude of the offender by providing rehabilitation. This type of sentencing is controversial in that the main aim is to acquire a change in an individual’s behavior. A convict can take a short period to change their behavior vice versa. This means that an offender can improve their conduct in the correctional facility with the aim of being released. This creates an easy outlet for criminals in that they can fake their rehabilitation for a quick release. The law has also been questioned for the lack of justice involved in the philosophy. People who have committed serious offences may get off easy due to their change in conduct. This leaves the people who suffered as a result of their offence searching for justice. Indeterminate sentencing involves providing sentences that offer rehabilitation and correctional training. This is aimed at shaping the character of the offender so that they can be respectable members of the community. This process is known as positive reinforcement in that it involves the application of a positive situation so as to yield positive results (Siegel, 2010).
Mandatory
Mandatory sentencing is aimed at reducing the discretional powers of the judges. These sentences set a minimum sentence which cannot be overruled by the judge. The cases that fall under this category are drunk driving, armed robbery, and drug peddling. These laws give more power to prosecutors who use this system to determine the charges to file against accused persons. They are mostly used by politicians who intend to pass a no nonsense message to the public. The application of mandatory sentencing has not been as effective in the past due to influence by the circumstances in some trials. Some people prefer settling for plea bargains during the trial process. This can be as a result of collaboration of one of the accused members for a lesser sentence. Some people may alternatively choose to settle a case outside the court so as to eliminate all the bureaucracy that comes with the process (Greene & Heilbrun, 2011).
Conclusion
The criminal justice system is put in place so as to control the rate of crime in the country. For the system to be effective, authorities have put in place laws and regulations that target various crimes and offenders. There are three types of sentencing namely: determinate, indeterminate and mandatory sentencing. These three laws were introduced to curb the rate of crime in the community as a whole. They all apply to different situations making them suit different situations. Their analysis is thus essential so that one cannot be ignorant about the law.
References
Greene, E., & Heilbrun, K. (2011). Wrightsman’s psychology and the legal system. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Siegel, L. J. (2010). Introduction to criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Spohn, C. (2009). How do judges decide?: The search for fairness and justice in punishment. Los Angeles: SAGE