Recent orders
Police And Juvenile Crime
Police And Juvenile Crime
Introduction
Juvenile crime has been one of the most immense problems with which the contemporary human society is grappling. Indeed, recent times have seen an increase in the rates of crime involving minors. Of course, there are variations as to the magnitude of crimes and the penalties that they would attract (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). Nevertheless, the function of police in juvenile crime does not change as it mainly involves crime prevention. In this case, juvenile officers form police athletic leagues, as well as youth diversion programs. In addition, juvenile detectives often visit elementary, middle and his schools in an effort to deter juvenile crime, as well as speak out against its risk factors such as gang formation and drug use, and cautioning them about the consequences of substance abuse and delinquency (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). The function has changed quite a bit from the previous position that it occupied. In the past, the attention of police officers with regard to juvenile crime was primarily fixated on apprehension of juvenile criminals, deterrence and punishment. However, the professionalization of the police in the 1920s resulted in the formation of juvenile bureaus that would train officers on the causes of juvenile delinquency, as well as come up with programs that would prevent kids from getting into trouble (Bartollas & Miller, 2011). This spawned the establishment of youth diversion programs and organized juvenile units that not only fostered the relationship between kids and the police but also involved the use of counseling to teach kids about consequences of delinquency.
Attitudes of juveniles towards the police have become more positive, thanks to the increased levels of friendly interaction. However, there are variations in the attitudes based on factors such as race, gender, and even places where individuals live, as well as any prior incidences of victimization. Nevertheless, the attitudes of juveniles towards police may be managed via increased interaction especially in the diversion programs, as well as counseling and other tactics that would prevent the participation of kids in crime, rather than apprehension and punishment.
References
Bartollas, C. & Miller, S. (2011).Juvenile Justice in American (6th ed.) Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ
Contribution of Eisenhower to NATO
Contribution of Eisenhower to NATO
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Contribution of Eisenhower to NATO
The writer of this argument mainly employs the history of NATO and the role Eisenhower had to play within NATO to combat Soviet Union threats to Europe and North America. The history of the issues which faced North Americans and Europe in the fight against communism is elaborated. Europeans depended on support from the United States to defeat the Soviet Union, which had a lot of manpower in military state at its disposal. Eisenhower was a significant factor in winning the war because, alongside other individuals, he gave the NATO military a vital role and motivation to continue fighting against the Soviet Union as it was a fright for humanity and freedom. Therefore, this paper summarises the argument presented by Alexander M. Bielakowski and its merits and limitations.
With the use of different reliable sources, alexander brings out the exact manner in which Eisenhower’s leadership affected the NATO coalition. He was the first SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander, Europe). The introductory part of the argument brings out the nations that came together to form a résistance body named North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). These countries included United States, Canada, Iceland, the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Portugal, and Italy (Bielakowski, 2004). They met in Washington, D.C., to sign the treaty, which was to see them successful in fighting against the communist spread from the Soviet Union. However, the main aim was to fight a common enemy and not try to be better. From the preamble of NATO, it is clear that the objective is to safeguard the common heritage, freedom, and civilization of the organization’s people, whose core principles were individual liberty, the rule of law, and democracy.
Even though it was a vital force that made great strides in protecting its people and protecting the common good, the United States suffered the loss of its military to a great extent. This was especially after the First World War. Due to this, there was no clear sign of its continuity as most people got discouraged, and there was no morale to continue fighting. This was because the goals of NATO were getting lesser and lesser supported by individuals from the United States and other European countries. However, the primary concern on the side of the United States was how the United States helped Europe. This was because many resources were being used, and it was not for the best of the United States. Truman’s administration was charged with determining whether it was beneficial to continue supporting the European countries in the fight against communism or not. When Eisenhower addressed this, he stated that the United States could send more military aid to Europe instead of more soldiers (Bielakowski, 2004).
One of the outstanding parts of the argument is the traveling of Eisenhower to the European countries in the treaty and determining that situation on the ground. He gave hope and informed the Europeans that they needed to be organized into one if they were to be successful and defeat communism. In the same spirit after his journey and seeing the state of the nations, he telephoned Truman, the then president of the United States. He stated why he believed that the United States needed to support European countries to fight communism. He also said that he respected Truman and his leadership and was ready for any military position he could be assigned, proving that he was a true leader.
This argument, therefore, is a display of the leadership qualities of Eisenhower alongside the NATO treaty. The main argument is between the United States supporting the European nations in the fight against communism versus the financial situation in the United States. Therefore the real question and as brought in this argument, as if it was beneficial to support Europe in the fight against communism if Americans were to be made bankrupt (Bielakowski, 2004). Therefore this needed an outstanding leader to decide this. Therefore Eisenhower was the man who had to convince Truman that it was necessary to support Europe even if not in the conventional way which had been developed before. Even though Eisenhower was not successful in every bit of his advances within NATO and the goals to prevent communism from spreading, he was successful in most of them. The last success was in the Lisbon conference, and therefore after it happened, he asked President Truman to release him of his duties.
References
Bielakowski, A. M. (2004). Eisenhower: The First NATO SACEUR. War & Society, 22(2), 95-108.
Police accident report
Police accident report
On Saturday 2nd February 2007 at 22:45 hours in the evening two vehicle crash occurred in the southbound lanes a divided north/south roadway. This roadway consists of two lanes in each direction and is divided by a grassy median. It is made up of bitumen and was dry, straight and level with a poster indicating the speed limit of 56 km/hr (35mph). At the time of the crash, the weather was cloudy and overcast but traffic flow was normal. The vehicles which were involved in an accident were V1, a 1995 Lexus LS400 and V2, a 1998 Mitsubishi Diamante. V1 had one occupant who was the driver and was northbound in lane one while V2 had five occupants and was southbound in lane two.
The driver of V1 was driving at a very high speed as a result the vehicle lost control and crossed over into lane two and departed the roadway onto the median. V1 finally entered into southbound lane on traffic path of V2 and struck V2 head-on. Both vehicles come to rest at in lane 2 of the southbound where the accident had taken place. Both vehicles were towed due to damage.
The 45 year old driver of V1 was rushed to hospital for treatment for minor injuries. After treatment, he was held in custody for the crime he committed. The PAR report indicated that the driver was drunk during the incident. As well, an investigation into his past traffic history revealed that he is a constant violator of traffic rules. One eye witness said V1 was being driven at a very high rate of speed and was wavering in and out of traffic.
The pre-crash event for V1 was coded this vehicle lost control due to travelling at extra high speed, the driver was aggressively driving because he was drunk since alcohol was found in his system.
The driver of V2 who was 42 years old female together with other four passengers were rushed to hospital for treatment of various injuries. One passenger the daughter of the driver 21 years old lady died shortly after the crash due to serious injuries suffered. She was sited in the second row right seat. Other passengers on the second row were not restrained.
Pre-crash details for both vehicles V1 and V2 were as follows. There is unknown evidence if V1 attempted any avoidance maneuvers where as V2 did not perform any avoidance maneuvers. V1 stability was unstable skidded longitudinally –rotated less than 30 degrees while V2 remained stationary/tracking. V1 location on traffic way indicated that after skidding it did return to roadway while V2 remained in original travel lane.V1 was on the wrong way where as V2 was on the right way pre-crash.
No information was got from the driver since she refused to discuss the crash incident. Before the crash the following events surrounded vehicle, V2. V2 was coded other motor vehicle encroachment from opposite direction over the left line lane. No critical reason was coded for this vehicle. No known associated factors that could have been coded for V2. Occupant KABCOU rating indicated that V1 driver seated at front row, left position was rated c- possible injury, V2 drive in the same position was rated also c-possible injury, passenger sited front row, right position rated c-possible injury, second row left position passenger was rated U-injury severity unknown, second row passenger centre position was rated U- injury severity unknown and lastly second row passenger right position was rated K-killed.