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Reactions to the 19th century industrialization
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Reactions to the 19th century industrialization
This is a period of transition from 1760 to around 1820 and 1840, of new manufacturing processes. People moved from hand work to using machines, utilization of the power of water, chemical industries were developed. Steam power was invented and use of machine tools, iron making also began in this era. The revolution started in Europe and with time slowly spread to Western Europe and the United States. Major technological developments were the textile industry, steam power and iron making. But for every action there is a reaction, the reaction can be both positive and negative and as we will see the industrial revolution had both supports and opposition.
The history of the change in the way of living became a heated controversial debate in the 1950s to the 1980s. The larger part of the population that was living at the bottom of the social ladder, had poor living standards. Hunger and malnutrition increased, level of food prices rose since the rich agricultural sector slowly faded as most of the people embraced the new modernization. Increase in population also lead to food constraints. There was great disparity in the employers’ splendid premises and the shanties and shucks the labourers lived in (Krueger 2003,69). In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels, described the backstreets of Manchester and other mill towns that lived in the conditions of poor housing and sanitization make matters worse they were slums. Hygiene became an issue due to the poor sanitary conditions, diseases like cholera and typhoid spread through the region, life expectancy decreased and small children died out this.
In terms of social structure, the revolution witnessed the coming up of the middle class people especially business men and merchants. Ordinary working people found employment in the new mills and factories. But these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. However both pre and post revolution child labour was still carried out in the British nations. Even with the increase in population, child labour was still evident during this period. A child was paid less than an adult even though the output quantity was the same. This made them a vulnerable choice for cheap labour. Children as young as four were employed; Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners and hurries.
Even with the coming up of more industries cases of unemployment still prevailed. This happened when machines were invented. Most of the human force was replaced by machines. For example many weavers found themselves jobless since they could no longer compete with the machines. Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites. Those who were caught looting were captured convicted and in found guilty they were hanged or exiled .Agricultural sector too became violent since most part of the land was taken to expand the industries. Most of the water became polluted and was not suitable for farming.
Reaction to the industrialization revolution was not all negative. People embraced the development of better transport and roads. Steam power lead to the development of steam engines that provide transport both faster and efficiently. The invention of electricity that provided light and was used to run some of the machinery in the factories. Production of wide variety of goods provided consumers with quality goods since there was competition, business men and traders got job opportunities through the selling of goods. Goods were sold at cheaper prices since production was high and also due to the competition for trade.
It lead to the development of levels of social class that made a disparity between the poor and the rich. This lead to the discrimination of the poor by the high social classes. They were forced to pay taxes even though they could not afford their own basic needs. Monarchical governments were developed where the rich ruled over everyone else. They controlled financials of the nation and they made rules to be followed. They passed judgment to almost everything and imposed taxes on the common civilians (Marx 1983,79).
People changed and embraced urbanization began. Cities came up small towns cropped ip, some of the towns were born out of what purpose they served. There were business towns’ industrial towns mostly where manufacturing and trading took place respectively. But migration from rural areas to town areas lead to the undistributed development of regions. People tended to move into the cities searching for employment and left the rural areas undeveloped (Bilsborrow 1998, 84).
Revolution in the industry in19th century lead to many reactions by the people but it lead to the great and significant change we see today. It lead to the birth of the technology that has so much developed today which has made life more comfortable and manageable to live( Stearns 1972, 4).
Krueger, Christine L.. Encyclopedia of British writers, 19th and 20th centuries. New York: Facts On File, 2003
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist party,. Chicago: C.H. Kerr & Co., 191.
Bilsborrow, Richard E.. Migration, urbanization, and development: new directions and issues. New York: United Nations Population Fund ;, 1998.
Stearns, Peter N.. The impact of the industrial revolution; protest and alienation.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Reaction Paper
Reaction Paper
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ASL/English Reaction Paper
As from my career as a sign language interpreter and also a speech language pathologist learning and acquiring information about deaf victims is of great importance to me. This has helped me to increase my knowledge on how to deal with different patients of which are my clients. Having learnt about the various tips towards effective communication between communicator and the deaf patient or victims, it will be more a reward and also a skill towards my profession. The various steps and tips to follow include; visibility, lip-reading, body positioning, noise, gesturing and body movement, repeat, time among others. They are very relevant as they increase and capture attention, makes one feel part of the topic, give someone the idea of what you are talking about and enhance polishing of use of signals in communication.
By use of coping mechanisms, many victims are hard to be noticed unless they tell about their situation. Being a stronger lip reader I have the ability to use logic to communicate what I intend towards the victims. This can only be learnt after going through a thorough study of the hearing problems sources like this one in regard to the book “the children of a lesser God”. By embracing technology, it has several impacts over the deaf’s life in various ways. It has effectively cut off the deaf people from the access to movies while telephones became a barrier to them in communication. It also changed the education and physical of deafness such as hearing aids came to use. The telephone has separated the deaf from other people in the workplace and has resulted to them being denied promotions
As a speech language pathologist, have a great task of educating the society about the ways in which they are supposed to help the victims. They have that responsibility of making the victims feel part and parcel of the community. This has been derived from this study of which I knew little about it. Having learnt about various new terms and definitions of words such as CODA, SpODA, KODA and others, am now more equipped to publish heavily to educate the community of the ways they should try to implement to improve the relationship between them and the deaf victims. This will be of use as it will try to alienate the discrimination of the concerned victims.
Hearing defect may be natural or be propagated by factors such as excessive noise and fixing of sharp objects in the eyes hence leading to the damage of the eardrum. Precautions should be taken to reduce such incidences. In case of such incidences, proper steps should be taken to evade the incoming effects. As all of us knows, hearing is a crucial function to the entire body. There is need to implement the necessary tools to improve the hearing impairment of the victims. This tools need to be purchased at all cost to make sure the victims fits and evades discrimination at jobs places. In addition, it will reduce the disqualification and also inequality and justice in various interviews.
Individuals involved in the negligence of the victims should be dealt with perpendicularly in due time. With the American Sign Language (ASL) needs to be improved and researched on to fight this menace of hearing defect. In conclusion, from the various ways to handle the victims, we should treat them with love and care as we know disability is not inability. They can achieve big in life.
Reference
HYPERLINK "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506948/summary" https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506948/summary
Reaction Paper The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention
Reaction Paper: The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention
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Reaction Paper: The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention
This is a study conducted by (D H Weissman1, K C Roberts1, K M Visscher2 & M G Woldorff1) looks into the issue of memory lapse and tries to explain why people often experience distractions and what can be done to reduce distraction. An experiment was conducted which used sixteen participants. The group consisted of 9 males and 7 females all of who were healthy with zero history of neurological disorders or trauma. Everyone had normal or corrected to normal vision and were right handed except one. The experiment lasted for about 2 hours. The participants were required to either large global letters or small local letters which appeared after a span of 200ms. At the center of the screen, a red fixation dot was displayed. The participants were given two options to choose from. The first option was global H made of local Hs or a global S made of local Ss and the second option was (a global H made of local Ss or a global S made of local Hs) (Weissman, 2006).
The participants were required to press different buttons depending on which letter was displayed between H and S. The interval display of the letters followed an exponential distribution pattern making it difficult to predict. The intertrial interval in responses gives an insight into how the brain responds to different overlapping stimuli. The results from the experiment indicated that the participants performed very accurately the global/local selection attention task with a mean error rate of 3.28%. This is a clear indication that it is difficult to recognise an object’s local parts and easier to identify the global shape. The mean response time (RT) for the participants was lower when they identified local letters than when they were required to identify global letters. Performance reduced considerable when local letters and global letters were mapped to an incongruent stimuli with conflicting responses. When the local letters and global letters were mapped to a congruent stimuli, which gives the same response, the performance of the participants improved. The mean RT recorded was 630ms against 594 ms (Weissman, 2006). Other behavioural effects which were investigated remained insignificant.
Through the experiment, the group was able to come up with a conclusion of the interrelationship between brain activity and human response time. From the investigation, the group determined that reduced prestimulus activity in the brain areas of right prefrontal region and anterior angulate which are responsible for controlling attention resulted in memory lapse. Distraction also comes as a result of increased brain activity in the parietal cortex and frontal regions of the brain. Reduced stimuli sensory activity and less deactivation of the default mode are all contributors of attentional lapses.
In order to recover from attentional lapses, the brain needs increased prestimulus activity in the brain areas of right prefrontal region and anterior angulate which are responsible for controlling attention. A deep understanding on the patterns of brain activity helps to reduce attentional lapses and creates a platform of building goal-directed behaviour.
This research has been quite informative since it reflects on the challenges that we face daily as human beings. From time to time it becomes difficult to concentrate on a certain task or goal. Our minds seem to have unending distractions. Understanding the connection between brain activity and human response time helps to illuminate more on the issue of minimizing distraction which leads to efficiency in work performance.
The strengths of this study is that it is very informative. The group gives a detailed explanation in the discussion section on the causes of attention lapses in human beings. They give six major reasons which contribute to attention lapse. Momentary lapses in attention are associated with reduced activity in the frontal cortex, reduced task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network, reduced stimulus-triggered activity in bilateral IOC and increased activity in higher-level brain regions that identify and respond to behaviourally relevant stimuli.
The choice of multiple linear regression method to analyse each participant is quite commendable. This is because the experiment deals with more than one predictor variable. Multiple linear regression gives the study the ability to determine the influence of the predictor variables over the criterion variable. This method also gives the advantage in the ability to identify outliers or anomalies in the experiment. The use of ANOVA on average functional magnetic resonance imaging response on target stimuli to determine which regions showed task-induced deactivation is well used. ANOVA is the best quantitative research method to test hypotheses when a research is dealing with two or more means. ANOVA method compares the different groups by analysing and comparing the variance estimates.
The methodology, hypotheses and interpretation of the experiment is commendable. The limitation of the study is that it focused more on the cause of attentional lapse rather than giving a conclusion on how we can minimize distraction. It is good to know the source of a problem. It is even better when we are able to come up with a solution.
I think the paper was impactful because it opened up my understanding on why I find it difficult to concentrate on an activity let’s say studying for a test. I now understand that there are brain regions that are responsible for attentional lapses. Momentary lapses in attention are associated with reduced activity in the frontal cortex before behaviourally relevant stimuli are presented. Reduced task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network and reduced stimulus-triggered activity in bilateral IOC are other main causes displaying attention deficit behaviour.
The work presented in this research is very much related to problems in our present day world. People encounter distractions and attention lapses every day. There is a high prevalence of attentional lapse in our present day world. The main cause of accidents today is distraction. A driver is distracted by a phone call and ends up causing an accident. There are many work related injuries especially in factories which are as a result of people focusing on one thing and forgetting their main goal.
Reference
Weissman, D. H., Roberts, K. C., Visscher, K. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2006). The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 971.