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The Impact of Using Body Cameras by Law enforcement Officers.
The Impact of Using Body Cameras by Law enforcement Officers.
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The Impact of Using Body Cameras by Law enforcement Officers.
Dawes, D., Heegaard, W., Brave, M., Paetow, G., Weston, B., & Ho, J. (2015). Body-Worn Cameras Improve Law Enforcement Officer Report Writing Accuracy. Journal of law enforcement, 4(6).
In this article, Dawes et al. delves into the issue of using the body-worn cameras and its importance in recording an accurate and valid statements. In an era where every move an acts by the law enforcement officers are recorded by the members of public, it is becoming increasingly necessary for the police to have body-worn cameras that they can use to record videos and have the valid evidence against suspect when they come into contact to avoid misreporting from the members of public. This research was conducted by involving several law enforcement officers who recorded different scenarios of their engagement with the members of public and recorded their statements. Evidently, there were some adjustments that they made in their reports after reviewing their video recordings.
The authors of the study are qualified scholars who are often involved in conducting researches that deal with issues affecting the judicial system in the country. Therefore, they are qualified and have the authority to conduct researches on such matters that affect members of the society. This research is also important because it explores the impact that body-worn cameras have on the accuracy of reports recorded by the law enforcement officers. However, the research has some limitation because it may have been subjected to biases as a result of the people who participated on the matter under investigation.
Pelfrey Jr, W. V., & Keener, S. (2016). Police body worn cameras: A mixed method approach assessing perceptions of efficacy. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management.
This journal highlights the efficacy of the body-worn cameras in ensuring that the police do not use excessive force when they are discharging their duties. It also highlights the perception that the police officers have regarding the use of body-worn cameras. The study establishes that the cases of police using excessive force have reduced significantly since the introduction of the body-worn cameras. This is critical in ensuring that the relationship between the police and members of the society is improved. The findings also indicate that the law enforcers have their reservation regarding the use of BWC data.
It is authors are accomplished writers on matters pertaining policy strategies and management. Therefore, they have the authority to conduct research on such important matters which relates to policies in the police force.
Phillips, S. W. (2018). Eyes are not cameras: The importance of integrating perceptual distortions, misinformation, and false memories into the police body camera debate. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 12(1), 91-99.
In this article, Philips discusses the distortion of information that people have had over the years that police who cannot recall all the events that they encounter are rogue police who want to cover up for an incident. The author argues that the eyes of police officers are not cameras and police officers are subject to forgetting some incidences they encounter on the streets. However, the author acknowledges that cameras are important in capturing the reality on the ground but that should not be interpreted to mean that the police cannot execute their mandates without the use of body-worn cameras.
This article is important in demystifying the unusually long-held notion that police who do not recall some of the events they encounter are officers who are covering up for criminals in the streets. The author is a writer who is interested on issues of policing and governance.
Smykla, J. O., Crow, M. S., Crichlow, V. J., & Snyder, J. A. (2016). Police body-worn cameras: Perceptions of law enforcement leadership. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(3), 424-443.
American Journal of Criminal Justice is an article that articulates the perception that the leaders of the police in the United States have regarding the body-worn cameras. It also explores the impact that these body-worn cameras have on how the police discharge their duties. According to the authors, the public have a positive perception on the use of body-worn cameras by the law enforcement officers. However, the leaders of the police have a contrary opinion and majority of them think that these cameras influence how the police discharge their responsibilities and may deter them from using necessary force to maintain law and order.
Smykla et al. (2016) are working with the school of criminology and criminal justice system at the Florida Atlantic University. They have a wealth of knowledge in the criminal justice system and they have the authority to research on such a compelling matter to understand the perception of the police leadership on the use of body-worn cameras. This research work is important and can be used as secondary data to further research on the impact of using body-worn cameras by the law enforcement officers. One of the strength of this study is the quality of data collected which affected officers from the three tiers of government in the United States; local, state and federal government.
Voigt, R., Camp, N. P., Prabhakaran, V., Hamilton, W. L., Hetey, R. C., Griffiths, C. M., … & Eberhardt, J. L. (2017). Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(25), 6521-6526.
In this article, the researchers conducted a study to establish the level of respect that police officers in the United States accord people from different racial backgrounds when they are communicating with them. In the study, the researchers established that police accord more respect to the white community compared to the people of color. Although body-worn cameras are often intended to aid the police officers in discharging their duties in accordance with the law, the finding of this study is important in reforming the police and ensuring that they treat all citizen equally.
The authors of this article are researchers drawn from different departments at the Stanford University. Some of the researchers are scholars from linguistic department while others work in the department of psychology. Although the findings of this research may be necessary in conducting future researches on the same subject, it has several weaknesses and the method of data collection maybe have been subjected to biases.
Dealing with the problem of illegal immigration in the USA.
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Dealing with the problem of illegal immigration in the USA.
Introduction
Illegal immigration in the United States has been a contagious issue. It is estimated that more than 47 million people in the country are immigrants, with more than 20 % of them being illegal. The United States is a country that has been home to immigrants since European immigrants crossed the Atlantic Ocean into North America. Almost every person in the country can be considered an immigrant except for indigenous communities; people who moved into the country from other parts of the globe have been considered immigrants after independence. Illegal immigrants are those people who live within the American national borders illegally, and this could be due to different reasons.
For a start, many illegal immigrants in the country are often those who entered the country legally but overstayed their visas. If a person enters the country as a student or tourist and fails to return to their home country after their visa expires, they are considered an illegal immigrant. Another group of illegal immigrants comprises those who choose to sneak across the American borders illegally without the approval of the department of immigration. The southern border that we share with Mexico accounts for more than 90 % of the immigrants who enter the country illegally. Many people from South and Central America illegally enter the country through the Mexican border due to its vastness and porousness (Shackel, 12).
Thesis Statement
Securing the American borders and addressing the issue of illegal immigration is a national security issue, and it deserves to be handled with the seriousness it requires. Although history has taught us that immigrants are vital to the growth and prosperity of our country, there is a need to improve border patrol and immigration law enforcement. The aim should be to ensure that those entering the country do it legally and lockout people who might be having ill intentions out of our borders. The number of undocumented illegal immigrants continues to rise by the day. Many of them are coming in to engage in illegal activities such as drug smuggling, terrorism, and human trafficking. According to the Customs and Border Protection (CBP), in July 2021, more than 200 000 people tried to enter the country illegally through the southern border. The numbers are alarming, and they tell of a situation that is rapidly getting out of hand. Addressing illegal immigration has become a national concern, and every American, federal, and state government must work in collaboration to address the problem.
Discussion
There are numerous ways to address the issue of illegal immigration in the country. The first focus in controlling illegal immigration is ensuring we beef up border security, especially on the southern border with Mexico. Our first line of defense in ensuring that people do not enter the country illegally is our entry points and our borders. Our southern border is vast, and other parts are remote, allowing people to cross into the country unnoticed. To curb this vice, we need to empower our border security personnel with the latest technologies and equipment to enhance their efficiency (Muthaarai, 23). We also need to increase the number of people deployed to border patrols to avoid many border security personnel from being overwhelmed. New technologies such as unmanned security patrols, drones, cameras, and new gadgets must be deployed to secure our borders. Border security is a national security issue, and we must be willing to invest a lot of finances just like we invest in the military. Enhanced monitoring of our borders will ensure a swift and faster response of law enforcement, which will result in a high number of apprehensions. If people trying to immigrate into the country illegally know that there are high chances of failure, many will be discouraged to cross, reducing the numbers drastically.
The second strategy we need to deal with illegal immigration is drafting the military in immigration law enforcement. The American military is among the elite personnel in our security organs, and deploying them would make much sense to everyone. Instead of deploying a lot of our military overseas to guard other countries and shared interests, we need to consider authorizing their deployment to our borders. Such a move would also be unprecedented and warn people considering moving across our borders illegally to reconsider their decisions. The budgeting would also not be a big issue as the military already gets huge budgets. It will be a matter of redirecting some resources to cater to border deployments. Our military also has equipment and tools that can come in handy in dealing with illegal immigrants across the border, including drones, aircraft, and high-resolution night vision cameras.
What if we could establish laws that encouraged illegal immigrants to self-deport? Many scholars believe that forced deportations should be a thing of the past, and the government should encourage people to self-deport. Unlike in forced deportations where people are sent to their origin countries without any incentives, the government should look over incentives to people who want to return to their countries (Inés Ospina, 34). By providing financial assistance, the government could help people living in the country illegally return home and start a new and prosperous life. This would also encourage more people who have overstayed their visas and are limited by current immigration status to come forward. Such a move would also help bolster the image of our country as a country that respects human rights and will give us leverage when dealing with authoritarian regimes across the globe.
Another way to deal with illegal immigration is by boosting our legal migration channels. Our immigration laws continue to be radical, and they have not significantly shifted in the past few decades. Our laws are designed to look at immigrants as aliens who want to move into our country at all costs without potential benefits to us. The fact is that immigrants are a vital part of our society, and without them, our economy will struggle. Instead of always focusing on hindering potential immigrants to immigrate into our country, there is a need to establish laws and policies that encourage legal migration. Creating programs that give people hope of legal migration reduces the number of those who want to immigrate illegally (Azizi and Kiana, 193). There is a need for more visa opportunities for people who want to come into the country as workers, tourists, or students. Such a move will ensure that immigrants can work and study legally and contribute to the development of our country through paying taxes. The move would also ensure that businesses can thrive as there will be adequate people to meet the labor shortages in industries that normally do not attract many citizens.
Conclusion
In conclusion, addressing illegal immigration is a challenging task involving balancing political, social, and economic interests. Taking action to curb the illegal immigration menace will involve being hard on many people whose only crime would be looking for better economic opportunities for themselves and their families. It is also important to acknowledge that the process will require a lot of compromises and consensus-building among all interested parties to achieve the desired outcome. Building a wall might seem the easier thing to do, but history has shown us that it might not be effective without addressing the root causes of the problem. The government must also engage governments where immigrants originate from bolstering economic development and creating job opportunities for many people who want to immigrate into our country. Addressing illegal immigration is a national and international problem requiring collaboration among governments, non-governmental organizations, and law enforcement officers to address it comprehensively.
Work Cited
Azizi, SeyedSoroosh, and Kiana Yektansani. “Artificial intelligence and predicting illegal immigration to the USA.” International Migration 58.5 (2020): 183-193.
Inés Ospina, Gloria. “THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION FLOWS TO THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.” UNISCI Discussion Papers 50 (2019).
Muthaarai, Alicent Kambura. Effects of Illegal Immigration on Security in Africa: A Case Study of Kenya. Diss. University of Nairobi, 2018.
Shackel, Paul A. “Immigration heritage in the anthracite coal region of northeastern Pennsylvania.” Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 5.2 (2018): 101-113.
The Impact of the Next Industrial Revolution
The Impact of the Next Industrial Revolution
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The Impact of the Next Industrial Revolution
Introduction
We are on the verge of another technological uprising set to superficially alter how we work, live, and recount to each other. The scope, complexity, and scale of this transformation will be different from any experience humankind has encountered before. At this point, we are not sure about how the revolution will unfold, but the one thing that is certain is that there will be a broad and incorporated response that involves global stakeholders from classified and public sectors, the academia, and civil society. The First Industrial Revolution mechanized production using steam and water. The second Industrial Revolution employed electricity to develop mass production. The Third revolution capitalized on information technology and electronics to make production automatic. Undoubtedly, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will capitalize on the third industrial revolution of the digital revolution. Digitization has been taken place since mid 20th century. The next Industrial Revolution is characterized by the merging of technologies blurring along digital, physical, and biological spheres. The current transformations that people are experiencing today are a representation of a prolonged third revolution that marks the arrival of the fourth revolution, which is distinct. There is no historical precedent of the speed of the present breakthroughs. Compared to preceding previous revolutions, the fourth one is evolving at an exponential instead of a linear pace. Noteworthy, the fourth revolution is touching on nearly all sectors. The depth and breadth of these changes is a sign of the transformations of systems of governance, production, and management systems. This essay highlights the impact of the next industrial revolution on government, people and businesses.
Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the Government
The more digital, biological, and physical worlds carry on to converging new platforms and technologies will significantly enable citizens to voice their opinions, connect with governments, synchronize efforts and get around the management of public authorities. Similarly, governments will possess new technologies that allow them increased control over the people. This is because the will be increased invasive surveillance systems. Governments will also have more control of digital infrastructure. Governments will be under constant pressure to put aside their current policymaking and public engagement approach because their central policymaking role keeps diminishing because of competition and power decentralization enabled by new technologies.
Ultimately, government systems ability to adapt will decide if they survive or not. Those governments that will prove the capacity to embrace a world filled with disruptive change are the ones who will endure. They will survive if they subject their structures to efficiency and transparency, which will enable them to keep a competitive edge. Those that will not evolve will be faced with increased trouble. This will be particularly true for regulation. Current systems of decision-making and public policy have become better with the second revolution, at a time when decision-makers studied issues and developed necessary response and regulatory frameworks. The entire process was meant to be mechanistic and linear meaning that it strictly follows a top-down strategy. But given the rapid pace of the fourth industrial revolution, the approach is no longer applicable. Regulators and legislators are increasingly facing unprecedented challenges and for the better part, they are proving difficult to cope with. This begs the question of how governments can preserve consumers’ interest while at the same time supporting technological development and innovation (Ragulina, Alekseev, Strizhkina, & Tumanov, 2019). This can be done by following in the footsteps of private sectors of embracing an agile system of governance. This includes responding to business operations and software development more generally. Essentially, regulators should be prepared to commit to continuously adapting to fast-changing new environments and reinventing themselves to truly understand what they are responsible for regulating. To achieve this, regulatory agencies and governments will be required to closely coordinate with civil society and businesses.
Furthermore, the fourth industrial revolution will have an immense impact on both international and national security, affecting the nature and probability of conflict. The history of technological innovation is the same history of international and warfare security and today’s situation is no exception. It is worth noting that modern conflicts touching on states are becoming increasingly hybrid in nature as they involve traditional battle techniques and elements previously linked with non-state actors. The distinction between peace and war, violence and non-violence, combatant and noncombatant is slowly becoming blurred. As digitization continues taking place and new technologies, including biological or autonomous weapons continue taking place, small groups and individuals will continue joining states that have the capacity to form mass harm. Worth noting, the new vulnerability will cause new fears. Consequently, technological advancement will increase the potential of impacting violence, reducing the scale because of newly developed modes of protection.
Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the People.
Furthermore, the fourth industrial revolution will not only impact what we do but also who we are. It will impact people’s identity and the things associated with it including consumption patterns, sense of privacy, ownership notions, the time they dedicate to leisure and career, and how they cultivate skills, push careers, nature relationships and meet new people. The fourth industrial revolution is changing people healthy resulting in a quantified version of self, and very soon, it will result in human augmentation (Skilton & Hovsepian, 2018). Worth noting, the list of the impact of the revolution on people is endless and is bound only by imagination. The question that has crossed the minds of many is whether the uncontrollable integration of technology in people’s lives will diminish some quintessential human capacities like cooperation and compassion. One good example is the relationship that people have with their smartphones. People have become so drawn to these devices that nearly all facets of their lives depend on them. People have become addicted to social media applications such as Instagram and Snapchat. The constant reliance on technology, particularly with regards to social media, deprives people of life’s most significant assets; time to take a step back, reflect and take part in meaningful conversation.
Worth noting, information technology poses a challenge to privacy. People should understand that privacy is very crucial and sharing and that sharing and tracking of information is becoming crucial for new connectivity. In the years that lay ahead, debates to do with critical issues of impact of technology in people’s inner lives owing to data loss will only increase. Similarly, revolutions taking place in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology which are giving new meaning to being human through pushing back today’s threshold of health, life span, capabilities and cognition, will compel people to redefine ethical and moral boundaries.
Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Businesses.
A common theme for conversations between senior business executives and CEOs is the velocity of disruptions and accelerations of innovation are hard to anticipate and comprehend. Additionally, they agree that these drivers constantly surprise even the most well-informed and best-connected business executives. There is clear evidence across the boards that technologies underpinning the next industrial revolutions will have serious effect on businesses. As regards supply, many companies now realize that incorporating new technologies can develop new ways of serving various existing needs and significantly disrupt current industry value chains. Moreover, disruptions are also coming from innovative and agile competitors have access to limitless global digital innovations for sales, marketing, research, development, and distribution. These competitors have the capacity to oust established incumbents faster than through improving the speed, price, and quality at which value gets delivered. Additionally, major shifts are taking place as regards to demands as consumer engagement, transparency and new consumer behavior patterns continue forcing businesses to change the way they deliver, design, and market products and services. Another key trend that technology is having n businesses is that it has enabled the development of applications that incorporate both supply and demand of products and services (Morrar, Arman, & Mousa, 2017). These platforms thrive on sharing and demand economy. The platforms are easy to use as they use data and smartphones, making them an easy way to convene people. This leads to the creation of new and alternative ways of consuming services and products. Additionally, the platforms have reduced the barriers for individuals and businesses to create wealth, hence altering workers’ professional and personal environments. These new business platforms are multiplying rapidly and transforming into entirely new services that range from travel to massages.
Conclusion
In closing, whether people realize it or not, the world is currently in the middle of a shift from the simple digitization of the third industrial revolution to innovation-based technology, which is the fourth industrial revolution. The next industrial revolution affects nearly all aspects of people’s lives, ranging from management, governance, and business. The next industrial revolution will have effect people, businesses, and governments differently. It is high time companies realize that companies re-examine how businesses do what they do. The bottom line is that businesses leaders should understand that business environments are changing and digitization and technology have everything to do with it.
References
Morrar, R., Arman, H., & Mousa, S. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): A social innovation perspective. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 12-20.
Ragulina, Y. V., Alekseev, A. N., Strizhkina, I. V., & Tumanov, A. I. (2019). Methodology of criterial evaluation of consequences of the industrial revolution of the 21st century. In Industry 4.0: Industrial Revolution of the 21st Century (pp. 235-244). Springer, Cham.
Skilton, M., & Hovsepian, F. (2018). The 4th industrial revolution. Springer Nature.