Recent orders
The impact of PPACA
The impact of PPACA
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), normally called ObamaCare is a United States central law signed into regulation by President Barack Obama in 2010. Organized with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, it signifies the most important administration development and governing renovation of the U.S. healthcare arrangement since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid. The PPACA is meant to aggregate the affordability and number of health insurance reportage for Americans, and decreasing the general costs of wellbeing maintenance for individuals and the administration. It offers several instruments comprising orders, grants, and tax recognitions to companies and persons to increase the treatment rate and health insurance affordability. The ACA needs insurance businesses to cover all candidates within new smallest ethics, and offer the same amounts notwithstanding of pre-existing settings or gender. Supplementary restructurings aim to develop healthcare results and simplify the supply of health care. The Congressional Budget Office expected that the ACA will lower both upcoming shortfalls and Medicare expenditure.
The influence of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on small crowd and independently bought (non-group) health insurance will hinge on upon several issues. These comprise the features of the health insurance markets above-mentioned to progress, whether strategies are old or are recently shaped under reform, the fitness position and rights knowledge of the protected group or individual, separate reporting choices, policy choices that will be made at the state level, and achievement of price inhibition efforts. Thus, numerous issues will intermingle and touch payments, creating it difficult, if not unbearable, to make comprehensive declarations of the result of the new commandment on rewards. Here, we current the essential issues that will effect payments for reporting of dissimilar types, classify the course of that effect, but do not effort to enumerate the end consequence of the numerous connections. While the greatest noteworthy variations to isolated health insurance marketplaces under PPACA will not occur until January 2014, there are a amount of supplies that take consequence in 2010. These variations affect both collection and non-group tactics and comprises: embargoes on era benefit restrictions and irrational annual limits, postponement of reliant exposure to mature families up to age 26, exclusions on rescissions, removal of pre-existing disorder eliminations for progenies, and abolition of to come periods of more than 90 days.
The influence of these supplies on the bonuses of current rule holders is a purpose of the kind of attention presently held. Federal guidelines comprise estimations of the quality. In adding to it, we amount some coarse estimations of these supplies that were providing privately by a private health actuary upon our appeal. The estimations from both foundations are usually reliable, but both recognize the trouble in producing such approximations and the indecision around them.
If the PPACA stands, uninsured personalities, who have been disbursing for healthcare facilities individually- the lowermost form of repayment for hospitals and EDs — will have admission to cover concluded Medicaid and state conversations. At the very least, EDs could imagine Medicaid-level repayment from abundant of the before uninsured populace.
However, EDs may also see some descending heaviness in compensation due to vicissitudes in profitable rates. If formerly enclosed personalities move to state connections since of the PPACA, repayment amounts could alteration for some EDs. Profitable charges are usually the best for earners, followed by Medicare and then Medicaid. If persons move from owner founded, profitable assurance to profitable state interactions, there may be a alteration in repayments for the ED. Nevertheless, the intensification in assured patients would most likely overshadow the descending burden of losing habitually high profitable compensations.
If the Supreme Court upholds the PPACA, hospital EDs will most probable see capacities upsurge for two details. The meager fact that additional persons will be enclosed by cover will transport more patients to the ED, particularly since the uninsured population has healthcare needs on replacement. In addition, there is not a principal repair repetition surplus in the nation. The chances are that recently assured personalities will not be talented to see primary care physicians and in its place will visit an emergency room.
The patients with the pre-existing disorder were not allowable to contribute in the medicinal cover package since of the excessive cost or clear cut refusal of the request. Now the previous patients can also avail the ability of the medical insurance which means there will be a pool of patients which will be much viler than the comparable patients who need the similar excellence of the upkeep over the steady period of time. The bearing of this improvement is enormous on the nurses. In order to provide effective treatment to this group of patients, the nurse will be required to have much more in-depth knowledge of the existing conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, obesity and asthma along with many more disorders. The population of more sick patients at the hospitals will require the nurses to have right amount of education and knowledge about the patients with greater need for management knowledge. (Friedel, 2012)
The addition of 34 million people to the pool of insured patients will lead to the change in the role of the nurse practitioners and play an integral role in the area of health care. The fact that there are more than 28 state legislatures which are based on the expansion of the role of the nurse practitioner is a testimony that this provision will have a huge impact on them. The provision will help the RN to seek the opportunity for additional education and licensing requirements to go for the profession of Nurse. The federal funds and grants are to be injected into the nursing education so that there is time to backfill the nursing supply and reach the saturation point for the educated and graduated nurses.
Less Uncompensated Care
Augmented insurance reporting is probable to decrease the level of uncompensated maintenance, partly offset by a reduction in disproportionate share hospital (DSH) Medicare and Medicaid expenditures. Previous approximations from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) specify the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) would intensify the quantity of young Americans with health insurance by 32 million in 2016 and 34 million in 2021. Furthermore, Medicaid or Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and secluded insurance are to both increase by 17 million. Notwithstanding a 100 per cent Federal funding during 2014-2016, which then dropped to 90 percent, a number of states, including Florida, Ohio, Texas, Mississippi and Missouri, are dubious to enlarge Medicaid registration. The precise number of new enrollees is unidentified, but given the scale of the grant, the amount could be important. In 2009, unpaid care totaled $39.1 billion, signifying six percent of entire hospital expenditures. The influence is utmost in big, urban medical centers situated in underprivileged parts, which are also the main recipients of DSH expenditures.
Costs to Accelerate
Extended insurance reportage, collective with the probability of surpassing impractical CBO Medicare spending predictions, highlights the prospective for rising prices. The Federal administration has dedicated to pay 90-100 percent of the incremental Medicaid prices related with the greater FPL and to deliver tax credits to Americans making 133-400 percent of the FPL, equal to a domestic revenue range of $29,327 to $89,400 for a household of four. The stated earnings range applies to around one-half of U.S. families or 58.8 million in full. Supposing a usual health insurance premium of $15,073 suggests a tax funding of $14,181 (94 percent) for those with the lowermost domestic income, to $7,642 (51 percent) for those with the uppermost. Those uninsured with already-existing circumstances are more probable to use health interactions than a young and fit population.
Moreover, the CBO guesses a weakening in the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of Medicare from 8.9 % in past decade to 5.8% in next decade, notwithstanding the occurrence of an aging Baby Boomer population. 14 million Americans will turn 65 during this time period, as compared to 5.2 million in the earlier age bracket. Also, another 3.9 million individuals are becoming 75 and older in 2020.
The PPACA does not disturb mature and restricted Medicaid beneficiaries, who denote 25 percent of registered individuals and 69 percent of total costs. Provided the ten-year past of Congressional indecision with respect to the Maintainable Development Speed related with Medicare physician repayment, the hospital marketplace basket apprise discount of 0.75 percent for 2018 may not ever be applied. Discounts of $196 billion over ten years have been projected by the CBO.
References
Linda Friedel, 2012, ANA president reflects on healthcare reform impact, The Kansas city Nursing News. Retrieved from: http://www.kcnursingnews.com/features/article_df09b942-a196-548e-b137-5bc133c30fb8.htmlWallace, Gregory (2012). “‘Obamacare’: The word that defined the health care debate”. CNN.James Vicini and Jonathan Stempel (June 28, 2012). “US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph”. Reuters.
Hearst, Steven R. (2012). “Supreme Court Upholds Heart of Obama Health Care Law Seeking to Cover 30 Million Uninsured”. The Gazette.
Elmendorf, Douglas W. (2011). “CBO’s Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010” (PDF). Congressional Budget Office.
Barrett, Paul M. (2012). “Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama”. Bloomberg BusinessweekJonathan Cohn (2009). “Ben Nelson, Still a Big Problem (Updated)”. The New Republic
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Race, Power and American Sports
Race, Power and American Sports
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Abstract
Politics and sports have been intertwined for decades, starting from the era of the civil rights movement in the United States. Since then, athletes have used their position and influence to speak out on politics and issues of social injustice. African-American athletes played a significant role in the fight for racial inequality during the times of slavery to the current times. Some argue that athletes should confine their opinions to the field and refrain from social causes, but this cannot be the case since they too experience a lot of injustice in their communities. They have a responsibility to speak up. Stereotypes and prejudices continue to rear their ugly heads in sports even with enough information to demystify them, and it is the collective responsibility of all people to respect the dignity of their fellow humans and do away with judgments based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other factor.
Sport is a unifying factor that brings people from all kinds of different backgrounds together, be they religious, racial, ethnic, or political backgrounds. Today, sports figures have become important voices in politics and other important areas of life, such as racial and religious discrimination, education, healthcare, among others. However, things were not always like this in the sports world, neither do all people accept the increasingly influential voices of sports personalities. During the late nineteenth century and a significant part of the early twentieth century, race and color defined sports. People of color could not play with white athletes, as was the norm in almost all areas of life at the time. Since those early days, notable athletes playing different sports have come out to speak against discrimination and fight for equality. The voices of these influential individuals have become even more powerful in today’s social issues.
Question 1
Muhammad Ali is a world-renowned figure in boxing, and he used his fame and success to fight for the rights and equal treatment of the black community. Born Cassius Clay in 1942, Ali had a long and illustrious career with many boxing titles as well as achievements in other areas of his life, such as music. Muhammad Ali won his first major title at the age of 18 at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Outside the boxing ring, he grew to become a significant activist on social issues. His first notable achievement in this front came when he refused to be drafted to the Vietnam War in the year 1966, explaining that the war went against his religious and personal convictions. He famously defended his stance, saying, “I’m not going 10,000 miles from home […] to continue the domination of white slave masters of the darker people the world over.” (Zirin & Jhally 2013) This act of defiance sparked a movement amongst black people to fight for their freedom; the Civil Rights Movement. Ali became a symbol of pride in the black community and inspired them to fight for what was right. After 9/11, Ali also spoke out against Islamophobia. Ali’s fight for social, religious, and political equality spanned decades, and many remember him for his fearlessness, standing up to racism and oppression at a time when his community needed it the most.
Jackie Robinson is another prominent sports personality who fought against racial barriers and made a mark in history. Robinson was the first black player to play in the Major Leagues, at a time when many whites were opposed to integration. This historical game happened on the 15th of April, 1947, at the height of segregation and racial discrimination in and out of the sports field. Robinson began his fight against inequality and racial discrimination during his high school years when he demanded the release of his African-American friend held unlawfully by the police. He also faced racial discrimination in his professional capacity; for example, his application to the Officer’s Candidate School, alongside that of many other black applicants, were rejected based on race. He was later drafted into the army, but in 1945 he went back to professional football. He endured racial abuse from fans as well as other teams, but he was always calm and poised in the face of such difficulties. He inspired other athletes such as Colin Kaepernick to fight for equality. Robinson expressed his awareness of institutionalized racism in his autobiography, “I cannot stand and sing the anthem. I cannot salute the flag; I know that I am a black man in a white world.”
In the documentary, ‘Race, Power and American Sports,’ Dave Zirin speaks or the contributions that various African-American athletes brought to social and political change. One such athlete is Bill Russell, a famous basketballer as well as a prominent civil rights hero (Zirin & Jhally 2013). He has received multiple awards, including the Arthur Ashe Courage Award for those who stand up for what they believe, no matter what it costs. Russell played in the 1960s but famously refused to sign autographs, and instead actively spoke out against discrimination. He supported Muhammad Ali during his speech against being drafted into the army, joined the NAACP and spoke out in support of the 1965 Voting Rights Act as well as another landmark piece of legislation, the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Russell also visited several African countries to conduct basketball clinics. Before a basketball in Kentucky in 1961, a restaurant refused to serve Russell and other black members of his team, and this made them boycott the game. Russell suffered through many instances of racism, and he fought for the recognition of the black community as individuals, not just by the color of their skin. AS a result of his outspokenness, vandals invaded his home, defecated on his furniture and walls, writing racist terms. Despite all the abuse he endured, Russell remained strong and inspired many people to stand up for their rights as well. Now 85 years old, he remains a celebrated icon, a fighter against racism and inequality to date.
Question 2
Today more than ever, athletes are speaking out against social injustices, and many people find this to be very uncomfortable. Some have argued that athletes should do their job on the field, and not interfere with other issues. However, this is a problematic stance. Every person has the right to speak out on any issue, and athletes have taken advantage of their power and influence to speak on behalf of the oppressed whose voice is unlikely to be heard in the country and around the world. Despite the progress made on issues of racial, religious, and other forms of discrimination, many people are still oppressed. Denying the existence of these issues is a form of oppression in itself. Silence on the challenges faced by many amounts to support of the institutionalized discrimination perpetrated against minorities, especially in the United States. The idea that players should simply ‘shut up and dribble’ is an unpalatable, reprehensive idea that should be eliminated.
One of the reasons why athletes should keep speaking up on issues of social injustice is because of the critical contribution that athletes have made on social justice throughout history. As Dave Zirin explains in the documentary, sports can be used to analyze almost every issue in society, including education, health, war, economics, and politics, among others. Athletes have been important voices throughout historical events in the fight for equality and human rights, such as the civil rights movement. Without their influence and contribution, it might have taken much longer for people to integrate and get fair and equal treatment in society. Athletes such as Muhammad Ali and Bill Russell inspired change during their time.
Athletes should also speak out on issues of social justice because of the significant influence they wield in and out of the field. Today, sports have become a big part of popular culture. Sports stars have become celebrities in their own rights, with millions of fans across the world. Colin Kaepernick is a modern-day athlete speaking out against racism, and because of his influence, there is a lot of awareness on the issue. His story has been covered by major news channels, newspapers as well as online articles. Nike capitalized on the controversy surrounding Kaepernick’s activism and earned millions from their collaboration with him. Kaepernick’s stance of taking a knee during major games earned him support and hate in equal measure (Martin 2018). This shows that he is an influential figure, and people listen to him and value his opinion. His activism has also encouraged many other athletes to speak out on causes close to their hearts. More athletes should use their influence and popularity to advocate for fairness and against inequality and discrimination of any kind.
Athletes also have a responsibility to lend their voice to important causes as they are role models for many, especially young people in society. Because of their star power, many people are likely to listen to popular athletes. Every individual in society has the responsibility to speak out against wrongdoing, and those who have more power and influence bear their responsibility even more than others. Many of the socially-conscious athletes come from minority groups, and they realize that they are in a better position to speak about the challenges that their communities face. An example of this is Raheem Sterling, a soccer player for the British team, Chelsea, who spoke against the racist treatment of soccer players. There have been many incidents where soccer players have been the subject of racist slurs from their fans, and football associations, as well as clubs, have done very little to protect their players. Renowned basketball icon LeBron James has also been the victim of racism as the gate to his home was defaced with racist slurs in 2018 (Coombs & Cassilo 2017). This shows that no one is safe from racism, and athletes have to come out, share their own experiences, and hopefully inspire change and a demand for fair treatment of all people.
Question 3
There are many stereotypes in sports, most based on race and ethnicity. One of them is that black athletes are better at sports because of their biology, rather than any mental or physical training. It is no secret that many African-American athletes are the best in their field in sports, especially in areas such as basketball. People present the theory that persons of African descent must have some unique capability attributed to their genes. This is a false narrative for several reasons. Dave Zirin addresses this controversial stereotype in the documentary. He explains that if this assumption is valid, then African teams should do perform perfectly in basketball games during international competitions such as the Olympics. Additionally, he explains that Spain is a basketball powerhouse despite the fact that many of its players are European (Zirin & Jhally 2013). Another persisting myth is that African and athletes of Africa descent to better than others in track events. Long-distance races have long been dominated by runners from Kenya and Ethiopia, and many have dismissed these athletes as having special abilities based on their country of origin. Famous names in this field include Mo Farah and Haile Gebrselassie from Ethiopia, and Eliud Kipchoge and Paul Tergat from Kenya. These athletes have many world records under their belts and have cemented their place in athletics history. However, some of the greatest long-distance runners of all time come from other countries outside Africa. These include Emil Zátopek, a Czech national, and Finnish national, Paavo Nurmi, who won an astounding 453 races in his career and remains the most decorated runner of all time (Van Sterkenburg et al. 2010). Many factors contribute to the success of an athlete on the field, including training, hours of practice, facilities, talent, and many others. A person’s skin color or background does not predispose them to success.
Another stereotype is that sports do not require any intellectual input; it is merely a matter of muscles (Kobach & Potter 2013). This assumption could not be less accurate. Dave Zirin explains that sports require a high level of intellectual capability. Players have to use strategy in the field to achieve any level of excellence and good performance. To ensure this, players have to muster a lot of material, and Zirin says that doctorate students might find such amounts of material daunting. Players also have to work together with their teammates, and this requires them to think ahead. A player on the filed knows that his or her move will influence what happens next, and ultimately hos their team fares in the competition. The enduring stereotypes and prejudice in sports is a refusal to acknowledge the hard work and effort that athletes put into their work, which eventually catapults them into success.
Question 4
Race continues to be an issue in sports because, more often than not, we tend to identify and judge people first by the color of their skin, and then later for the person they are. Race is a central issue in all other areas of life, such as health, education, employment, and sports is no different. Athletes want to be identified and acknowledged based on the hard work that led to their success (Bimper & Harrison 2013), but this is usually not the case. For example, when a person sees a basketball team with a majority of black players, they assume that it is because black people have a natural ability for basketball. Most people do not stop to think of the endless hours of practice and training that goes into becoming a successful athlete, regardless of skin color. This has led to a lack of respect for athletes’ efforts and achievements. Race also continues to be an issue in sports because many players of color have been subjected to racial attacks and discrimination, and they have come out to speak about their experiences. Despite their efforts to fight for equal treatment, players continue to face racial stereotypes and discrimination. Players in all kinds of sports experiences either overt or subtle forms of racism which has become a common issue in American society. Athletes have come out to demand equality for themselves and for their communities, and this is why race has become a longstanding issue in sporting circles. In the past, players might have been afraid to speak on racial issues for fear of repercussions. However, in today’s world, they are increasingly becoming aware of the star power they wield, and the crucial contributions they stand to make.
As a society, we have a responsibility to how we treat athletes, especially when it comes to race and ethnicity. Most of the time, people tend to attribute athletes’ success to their racial and ethnic backgrounds, and this is wrong. Stereotypes and prejudices remain rife in sports and this remains a significant challenge. For example, a person may look at an athlete and think of how tall or muscular they are, and decide that these characteristics are the reason why they are successful. For one to succeed in any area of life, they have to spend time putting in the effort and also take advantage of all the opportunities available to them. This is exactly true for sports personalities as well. A boxer might be quite muscular, but this is the result of hundreds or even thousands of hours of intense workouts. They built up the muscle they need to fight in the boxing ring, but it is not all about the muscle. They also need a lot of intellectual effort both in and outside the ring to win. Attributing athletes’ success to race or ethnicity undermines, belittles, and devalues the work they put into their craft.
In conclusion, issues of sports, power, and race are intertwined, especially in the United States. Sports and athletes have been at the center of many revolutionary events, uniting people from different backgrounds. African-American athletes have been at the forefront of the fight against racism and racial discrimination since the twentieth century. Notable personalities such as Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, and more recently, Colin Kaepernick and LeBron James have been the advocates of equality, having experienced racism despite their privilege. Athletes put a lot of effort into their work, and people should recognize them for the dynamic human beings they are, and not just for their physical capabilities. Athletes should continue to use their voices to speak on social justice, especially in current times where there is still a lot of discrimination and disparities, based mainly on race. We should use sports as an avenue of unity and advocacy for positive change rather than as a means to throw punches at each other.
References
Bimper, A. Y., & Harrison, L. (2011). Meet me at the crossroads: African American athletic and racial identity. Quest, 63(3), 275-288.
Coombs, D. S., & Cassilo, D. (2017). Athletes and/or activists: LeBron James and Black lives matter. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(5), 425-444.
Kobach, M. J., & Potter, R. F. (2013). The role of mediated sports programming on implicit racial stereotypes. Sport in Society, 16(10), 1414-1428.
Martin, L. L. (2018). The politics of sports and protest: Colin Kaepernick and the practice of leadership.
Van Sterkenburg, J., Knoppers, A., & De Leeuw, S. (2010). Race, ethnicity, and content analysis of the sports media: A critical reflection. Media, Culture & Society, 32(5), 819-839.
Zirin, D., & Jhally, S. (2013). Race, Power & American Sports.
The impact of Parenting styles to child behavior
The impact of Parenting styles to child’s behavior
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Some of the parenting styles are more effective compared to others. These parenting styles are different from one family to another and can even vary each day within a family. All parents take strict and indulgent decisions at some occasions. According to Baumrind, there are four important dimensions of parenting (Baumrind, 1978).These dimensions are disciplinary strategies, communication styles, warmth and nurturance and expectations of control and maturity. These dimensions are what were used to come up with the parenting styles. Many articles give information of the four types of parenting styles.
Authoritative parenting style
In this type of parenting, there are rules and guidelines that are established for the child to follow. Despite it having rules and guidelines, this parenting style is very democratic. If a child fails to follow the rules that have been set, they end up being punished (Leslie, 1988).Parent who use this parenting style end up being more responsive to their children and are always ready to answer their questions. In case a child does not meet their expectations, the parents act in a nurturing and forgiving way as opposed to punishing the children (Hotelling, 2008).Besides monitoring their children, parents who use this style usually impart distinct standards for their children’s conduct.
These parents are very assertive but not restrictive or intrusive. Parents use disciplinary methods that are supportive and not punitive. These disciplinary methods normally promote self-regulation, assertiveness, responsible behavior and cooperation. Right from an early stage, parents have expectations which they clearly define and also have limits which they enforce. Children have limited choices that assist them in learning and get an experience of the choices they make. With these choices, parents are able to balance their children’s freedom and responsibilities. Children with some control and ownership in life have a high self-esteem and end up being more cooperative. In this style, parents focus mainly on encouraging and acknowledging good behavior. They are also keen on discipline that teaches and is not intimidating with punishment (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012)
Authoritarian parenting style
According to Baumrind, parents who use this parenting style focus on obedience and they are status oriented and expect children to follow their orders without giving any explanation. In this parenting style, parents fail to give an explanation to their reasoning behind the set rules and guidelines (Baumrind, 1978).These parents have high standards in place but they end up not being responsive to children.
Some of the practices used in the authoritarian style are linked to evangelical effort that stresses domination over a child or breaking their will. The parents do not allow their children to give feedback which leaves the children being unhappy and quiet. In this parenting style there is use of forceful and punitive measures to enforce good behavior in children that leads to resentment, anger and deceit. Children who chose to go along with their parents wishes end up having a difficulty to think for themselves. On the other hand, children might decide to rebel against these controlling methods their parents are using (Hotelling, 2008).
Permissive parenting style
In this type of parenting, parents are indulgent and they demand very little from their children. In many cases, these parents do not discipline their children since they have low expectations when it comes to self-control and maturity. They normally encourage their children and have no limits set for them. Permissive parents are more responsive and less demanding. They are termed as non-traditional due to their leniency, they allow self-regulation, and often avoid any confrontations. The parents are communicative and nurturing towards their children and are more of friends compared to parents. It is not fair to raise a child without any limits or often changing the set limits. A child does not want or need to live a life without limits (Fan, & Zhan, 2010).
Uninvolved parenting style
In this parenting style, the parents show low responsiveness, low communication and have few demands. They are not demanding and neither are they responsive when it comes to their children. Furthermore, they have no interest in any feedback from their children. They normally provide the basic needs to their children but detach themselves from their lives. There are extreme cases whereby parents end up neglecting the basic needs of their children. In short, there is no parenting involved in this case.
Impact of parenting styles
The different parenting styles have an impact on the development outcomes of children. In authoritarian parenting style, the children end up becoming obedient and proficient. However, they have a poor ranking in self-esteem, social competence and happiness. Children brought up using the authoritative parenting style end up being capable, successful and happy in life (Fan, & Zhan, 2010).
In permissive parenting, children end up having a low rank in self-regulation and happiness. These children end up having problems with authority and have poor performance in school. Parents who use this parenting style end up having children who are not independent and selfish since they are not taught the effect of their actions on other people. The children end up being aggressive, impulsive and are low when it comes to taking responsibility. Since these children are raised without limits they end up having no sense of responsibility, have difficulties in relationships and find the world to be a difficult place to live (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012)
Children brought up using uninvolved parenting style have the lowest ranking in all the domains in life. They have low self-esteem, lack self-control and are less competent as compared to their peers. The children have few rules and are often ignored or they live in hostility and end up being aggressive and noncompliant. They have low self-esteem and show anger towards other people. Most of them show antisocial behavior and eventually become criminals (Hotelling, 2008).
The authoritative parenting style is more advantageous compared to other styles. When a child perceives the requests from their parents as being fair and reasonable, they are likely to comply with the requests. Children have a high chance of internalizing the reason as to why they are behaving in a particular way and hence attain a greater self-control (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012).
Discussion
Articles on different parenting styles give detailed explanations of what these styles entail. They define the different parenting styles and give adequate information that makes one understand these styles. These articles also show how the different parenting styles impact the behavior of children. They illustrate how these parenting styles impact behaviors and give the outcomes of each parenting style. A weakness in these articles is that they fail to give adequate support to the reasons behind the conclusions made. They do not have concrete examples of scenarios where the parenting styles have been used and resulted to the particular behavior of a child. These articles have also failed to put into consideration other factors that impact behavior of children. The behavior of a child does not solely depend on the parenting style used and hence the articles ought to have put this into consideration.
These articles support each other in all ways. The explanations given on parenting styles in these articles is same the only difference is the language that is used in the articles. These articles do not differ in any way and they all have similar information on parenting styles. In fact, in most of these articles the sequence of how the parenting styles have been discussed is same. The evidence in the articles tells us that a child’s behavior is greatly influenced by the parenting styles used by parents. It proves that there is an existing relationship between parenting styles and children behavior.
Besides parenting styles, there are other factors that influence the behavior of children. Researchers have to look further into the other factors that influence behavior and not base their conclusion on one thing. Based on the information from the articles, it can be concluded that parents play a significant role in the development of the behavior of their children. Parents have to be keen on the parenting style they use in order for their children to develop good behavior. From the findings, it is possible to refine the topic further and have it as “parenting styles have an impact on a child’s behavior”. It suggests that parenting styles have an influence on the behavior of a child (Krause, 2009).
Conclusion
The different parenting styles have an impact on the development of behavior in children. Authoritative parenting style is associated with positive behaviors such as self-competence and high self-esteem. However, other factors besides parenting style like children’s perceptions, culture and social influences can impact the behavior of a child.
References
Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 238-276.
Bornstein, M. &Putnick, D. (2012). Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries. Child Development, 83(1), 46-61
Fan, J., & Zhang, L. (2010). The role of perceived parenting styles in thinking styles. Learning and Individual Differences.
Top of FormBottom of FormHotelling, B. (2008). Styles of Parenting. Journal of Perinatal Education, 42-44.
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Krause, P. (2009). Handbook of parenting styles, stresses and strategies. New York: Nova Science.Top of Form
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Leslie, P. (1988). The influence of parenting styles and attitudes on the self-concept of the preschool child. S.l.: S.n.].
Owen, P. (1983). Seven styles of parenting. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House. Top of Form
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Sheh, N. (2013). Parenting styles and early childhood behavioural functioning a comparison between self-reported and observed parenting styles.
Warash, Bobbie. (2007). “Are Middle Class Parents Authoritative with a Touch of Permissiveness?” Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 74. 2 28-31.