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Questions to Turn In – Just submit this part of the assignment to Moodle.
Questions to Turn In – Just submit this part of the assignment to Moodle.
1. Objects Can Be Hidden or Blurred – Thoroughly explain both problems. 2 points.In cognitive psychology objects can be hidden. This is to mean that objects can be hidden from the view as well as from the perception of the viewer and the person displaying the object only allow the viewer to see what he/she wants them to see. Therefore this is one the factors which determine or prevent the development of a perceiving machine because a perceiving machine will most probably focus on what is visible and what is not visible therefore it is difficult to come up with a machine which will get to know if an object is being hidden and therefore this becomes a great hindrance.
Objects can also be blurred. This happens when something is not clear. For example when there is fog it is not easy to see clearly and therefore the understanding of one thing by the viewer may be completely wrong because they cannot see it clearly. This also becomes a challenge when it comes to creation of a perceiving machine. This is because the machine can make mistakes just like a human being can make mistakes. When something is blurred then it makes it difficult for the object to be fully understood or even interpreted.
2. What happened in the Saffran study? What were the results? Provide plenty of detail! 2
points.
The infants have different ways of learning new things. In the study saffron used familiarization preference procedure. During the study infants were exposed to auditory material that serves as potential learning experience. The test was carried out through an items contained in the auditory material. The infants were familiarized with a sequence of two classes of words for two minutes. Speakers were female and the intonation was monotone. There were no acoustic indicators of word boundaries. The only cues to word boundaries were the transitional probabilities between syllables. Within word the transitional probability of syllables was is one while across word boundaries the transitional probability of syllables is 0.33. The only cues to word boundaries were the transitional probabilities between syllables. Each infant presented with repetitions of 1 to 4 words. 2 were real words and two were fake words. Infants listened longer to non-words. The explanation of this is that maybe the infants noticed a familiar sequence of words and didn’t notice the differences in the transitional probabilities. Children are sensitive to the transitional probability information, this is because they noticed the difference between real words and part-words from the artificial language after 2 minutes of listening.
3. Compare and contrast Bayesian inference and Helmholtz’s idea. 2 points
Byesian framework gets its basis on the idea of perception by Helmholtz. This comes about as unconscious inference. Helmholtz discovered that retinal images were ambiguous and prior knowledge was very important when it came to interpretation. Therefore Helmholtz proposed that different images can be viewed or interpreted in so many different ways depending on the viewpoint of different factors in play. Therefore his suggestion was that the only best way to interpret and understand something fully and in a good manner was by having a prior knowledge about the image which enables one to understand the image fully.
Bayesian inference is the process of deducing or getting properties about a population distribution group from data using Bayes theorem. Those who use Bayesian inference to make interpretations are called ideal observers.
4. What happened in the Ungerlieder and Mishkin study? What were the results? 2 points
This study suggests that human beings have two visual systems and this helps a person to fully see and interpret something. However this can also bring the inability to see clearly in a person. There had been debates and most of the people and most of the time visualized the two visual systems. The old sub-cortical visual system enables animals and human beings to see and locate the objects while the newer cortical system allows them to identify the different objects one is exposed to.
5. What happened in the Milner and Goodale study? What were the results? 2 points
In this study there is a suggestion for separate visual pathways. From the striate cortex there are two visual pathways which get information about what should happen that is inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex. The two are the different visual pathways which get information about visual image differently. Ungerleider and Mishkin got their evidence from elecro-physiological, anatomical and behavioural studies. Therefore this study finds out that there are two-visual systems within the human visual system.
Questionable Organizational and Management Practices at Toyota
Questionable Organizational and Management Practices at Toyota
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
Business entities and similar establishments are considered some of the most important entities in many societies across different regions of the world. With their aim being to maximize profits, different organizations engage in the production of various goods and services which in one way or another satisfy the needs and wants of customers. Despite the various activities performed by organization in order to make profits, it is imperative to note organizations also engage in various corporate social responsibility programs such as building schools, roads, and other infrastructure as a way of giving back to the society, their main source of income. In so doing, it is therefore clear that organizations indeed are important entities in the society. However, despite the different beneficial roles organizations have played in the society over the years, there exist various questionable management and organizational practices which organizations such as Toyota have been associated with. As a result, these organizations have faced a lot public scrutiny regarding the questionable management and organizational practices conducted.
Problem Discussion/ Review
Among the very many organizations in the world today, Toyota Motor Corporation is one world’s famous and largest automakers organization that has been faced with questionable management and organizational practices that have been criticized a lot in the public space. For a very long time, Toyota Corporation has been seen as a pinnacle of the Japanese innovation, engaging in the manufacture of industrial pioneer and quality products (Toma & Naruo, 2017). Its huge base of vehicles is well recognized for fuel efficiency, reliability, and being economic friendly. Nowadays, Toyota has attained record breaking achievement for the production and manufacture of cars with more complicated functionality and features. The growing numbers of sensors, computer chips, and wire embedded in some of Toyota’s automotives has greatly changed the automobile industry over the years. According to Eichelberger & McCartt (2016) finding, it is imperative to understand that, as more and more technology systems are embedded in these modern vehicles, it has become difficult in terms of quality control testing and as a result causing troublesome uncertainties and interferences. In regard to this, the occurrence of any small electronic problem in the complicated high technology systems or an influence as a result of environmental factors can easily cause failure of the vehicles.
However, despite being the number one organization globally in providing, economic friendly and highly reliable vehicles, Toyota leading position has shifted over the years due to some questionable organizational and management practices that have caused public uproar. The case of a highly publicized deadly accident involving a Lexus ES 350, one of Toyota’s main vehicles that claimed the lives of four individuals on 28th August 2009 in the United States triggered a public uproar on the questionable organizational and management practices at Toyota Motor Corporation (Los Angeles Times, Oct 25 2009). This accident resulted from a stuck gas pedal due to an ill-fitted floor mat which caused the vehicle to loss control causing the fatal crash. Before the occurrence of this fatal crash, quality safety and complaints problems involving some of Toyota’s vehicles had been brought in the spot light by increased investigations involving The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States. In response to this issue, Toyota recalled a specific number of some of its vehicles as a form of accountability in order to remedy problems with braking acceleration pedals, and floor mats all of which were related with unintended acceleration issues. However, despite the decision to recall the vehicles, stories had already made the headlines globally. According to Camuffo & Wilhelm (2016) findings, in the United States where the incident occurred, Toyota received unprecedented attention from the media organizations, most of which published negative news on the issue, questioning the organizational and management practices, the reputation, and the quality problems in Toyota’s vehicles.
Questionable Organizational and Management Practices
Based on this case involving Toyota Motor Corporation, it is clear that negligence and ignorance of safety are some of the major questionable organizational and management practices which caused public uproar. According to Feng (2010), before the tragic accident that claimed four lives in the United States, quality safety and complaints problems involving some of Toyota’s vehicles had been brought in the spot light by NHTSA. However, instead of responding to the complaints raised, Toyota Motor Corporation ignored the issues, including evidence involving acceleration issues in some of its cars, an issue that has been in existence for almost a decade (Gorman, 2010). In addition, Toyota Motor Corporation also displayed neglect by failing to install a braking override system which it knew could prevent accidents among its customers.
Apart from negligence and ignorance of safety, denial is another major questionable organizational and management practices in the case of Toyota Motor Corporation that has been criticized a lot in the public space. According to Heller & Darling (2011), several malfunction that were identified by customers in different Toyota products, but publicly ignored by Toyota’s Management remains one of the instances that displayed management denial. For instance, in the case involving Lexus ES 350 accident which claimed the lives of four family members, Toyota American Sales organization (TMS) attributed the fault of the accident to an incompatible ill fitted floor mat, which interfered with the accelerator pedal. However, the NHTSA dismissed this finding as in accurate indicating that the major cause of the accident was related to floor pan and accelerator design (Feng, 2010). Bearing this in mind, it is clear that Toyota Motor Corporation was still in denial to acknowledge the various malfunctions with its cars and take corrective measures sooner than later.
Reasons for the Questionable Organizational and Management Practices
The Need to be a Global Leader in the Automotive Industry
One of the major reasons for questionable organizational and management practices in Toyota Motor Corporation is the urge to become the leading company in the automobile industry. Executives of a company like Toyota deciding to establish control by expand the automobile industry towards becoming the world’s number one automobile organization, is one sudden and bold move that could lead to the change of company’s goals and result to certain risks as well. Pressure and expectations of high growth of the company, could result to the abandoning of the company’s old ways which were steady and slow growth of the company, which for the longest time have enabled the company to make quality cars and grow in the market. The company’s desire of being number one worldwide, stretch its supply base, and resources making it so difficult for the company to focus on good quality cars that satisfy customer needs and have less malfunctions. Therefore, in an effort to establish control in the automobile industry and become the leading organization, Toyota Motor Corporation engages in the production of more vehicles ignoring safety issues which in turn result to various malfunctions that cause economic losses in terms of diminishing vehicles value and most importantly loss of lives as in the case involving the Lexus ES 350 which claimed the lives of four individuals.
Pressure to Increase Market Share and Gain Competitive Advantage
For many organizations around the world today, the desire to establish control by being the leader in the industry is one of the major reasons behind questionable organizational and management practices. Apart from establishing control, the desire by Toyota Motor Corporation to become a leading company in the automobile industry can also be a result of the shareholder theory. According to Tse (2011), the shareholders theory argues that the company’s main responsibility is to ensure that there are maximum returns to the shareholders. By engaging in the production and distribution of more vehicles in the market in effort to maximize shareholders income, organization such as Toyota Motor Corporation may be carried away by this idea and instead produce malfunctioning and ignorant safety issues vehicle in a hurry to attain and satisfy shareholders needs. As a result, this leads to some questionable organizational and management practices that have been criticized a lot in the public space.
Complacency
Apart from desire to become the leading automobile company, in the automobile industry, complacency is another major reason that has resulted to the questionable organizational and management practice in Toyota Motor Corporation which has caused a lot of public uproar (Cole, 2011). The invention of Toyota Production System was one of the very successful achievements accomplished at Toyota. This system accomplished some of the biggest achievements something that made Toyota Motor Corporation forget the need to worry about being vigilant with their product manufacturing processes. This system established control for Toyota Motor Corporation over its manufacturing processes and as a result limiting on site supervision. Toyota Motor Corporation felt that it had control over all is manufacturing processes and in so doing limited its vigilance with their manufacturing processes. This however resulted to some of the major issues such as quality problems which in one way or another led to questionable organizational and management practices within Toyota Motor Corporation.
Leadership
Leadership decision making is another major reason that resulted to the questionable organizational and management practice in Toyota. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the many organizations that are guided by their own established philosophies. In the case of Toyota “Genchi Genbutsu” philosophy (Go to the source to get the facts) became hard to follow due to numerous management levels between the problems and the decision maker. Due to this, manufacturing processes were happening all over the world. The corporate headquarters located in Japan continued making decisions from a distance instead of adopting inputs from the local sources. As a result, this contributed to a lot of confusion thus resulting to improper functioning which lead to the production of malfunctioning vehicles. In regard to this, it is therefore clear that the lack of control in Toyota Motor Corporation also resulted to some of the major issues in production.
Pressure to be a Cost Leader
Pressure resulting from cost reduction is another major element behind the questionable organizational and management practice in Toyota. Many automobile manufacturers located in various parts of the world including Toyota Motor Corporation all have cost reduction pressures. Cole (2011) indicates that in an effort to establish control over cost, Toyota started purchasing locally manufactured products to their bases of operations instead of bringing this equipment from Japan. In so doing this resulted to more complexities and more suppliers in the Toyota system. This added more stain to Toyota Motor Corporation engineering teams leading to the production of poor quality malfunctioning vehicles. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear that, Toyota Motor Corporation pressure to control the cost of production may have resulted to various cut back which instead resulted production of poor malfunction vehicles that ignored safety issues. In addition, pressure to reduce the production cost may also occur as an effort by the management to maximize the shareholders incomes and satisfy the shareholder theory. In so doing, this results to the creation of malfunctioning vehicles.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the role of business entities in the global societies cannot be ignored. They are regarded as one of the key pillar of any society because of the benefits they yield to the overall growth of an economy and a society. Despite this, various organization such as Toyota Motor Corporation, one of the world’s leading automobile manufacturers have been identified with questionable organizational and management practices that have faced criticism for the public domain over the years. For instance, negligence, ignorance, and denial remain to be some of the common questionable organizational and management practices that Toyota Motor Corporation has faced over the year. These are negative externalities that have poor consequences on societies and other stakeholders. With this in mind, it is important to note that these issues are as a result of various reasons such as the desire to establish leadership control in the automobile industry, as well as the desire to control costs in order to minimize the shareholders incomes. By entertaining these practices, Toyota Motor Corporation has been faced with various challenging issues such as customer complaints on the quality of their products.
References
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-25-na-toyota-crash25-story.htmlCamuffo, A., & Wilhelm, M. (2016). Complementarities and organizational (Mis) fit: a
retrospective analysis of the Toyota recall crisis. Journal of Organization Design, 5(1), 1-13.
Cole, R. E. (2011). What really happened to Toyota?. MIT Sloan Management Review, 52(4), 29.
Eichelberger, A. H., & McCartt, A. T. (2016). Toyota drivers’ experiences with dynamic radar
cruise control, pre-collision system, and lane-keeping assist. Journal of safety research, 56, 67-73.
Feng, Y. (2010). Toyota Crisis: Management Ignorance?: A Swedish Case of Consumers
Perceptions.
Gorman, S. (August 3, 2010). Lawsuit claims Toyota ignored safety issues. The Reuters.
Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toyota-lawsuit-idUKTRE67200K20100803Heller, V. L., & Darling, J. R. (2011). Toyota in crisis: Denial and mismanagement. Journal of
Business Strategy.
Toma, S. G., & Naruo, S. (2017). Total quality management and business excellence: the best
practices at Toyota Motor Corporation. Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 19(45), 566-580.
Tse, T. (2011). Shareholder and stakeholder theory: After the financial crisis. Qualitative
Research in Financial Markets.
THE IMPACT OF E-BANKING ON RETAIL AND CORPORATE BANKING IN OMAN.
THE IMPACT OF E-BANKING ON RETAIL AND CORPORATE BANKING IN OMAN.
This research proposal is submitted to the school of (name of school), (name of University) in partial fulfilment of coursework as presented in the course curriculum in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of (name of the master’s degree you are studying for).Table of contents:
Contents;Page NO.
Cover page1
Table of contents2
Abstract3
Chapter one; Introduction4
Chapter Two; Literature Review and Conceptual Framework6
Chapter Three; Research Design11
Works Cited13
Abstract:
Internet banking is an emerging discipline that involves a variety of technologically feasible tools, for instance; mobile device, internet technologies and wireless networks. Internet banking is the latest gateway in electronic banking that provides various platforms in doing banking transactions, for instance; withdrawals, payments of bills, deposits etc. using internet enabled devices like; mobile phones, personal computers, tablets among others.
The purpose of this research is to explore and determine the extent of usage of internet banking by commercial banks in Oman, the research will also focus on investigating the challenges that banks face in adopting this technology. Furthermore, this paper aims at investigating the extent of adoption of information and communications technology in the banking sector in Oman.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study:
The internet revolution is transforming the banking sector in terms of the nature of core services and how these services are proposed, packaged, delivered and consumed (Sathye, 101). It is termed as an invaluable and powerful tool that drives development, supports growth, promotes innovation and enhances competitiveness (Kamel, 50). The banking sector is turning to information technology to improve and enhance business efficiency, quality service production and attract new customers. Trending technological innovations and advancements have been identified to be the key drivers behind distribution channels of banks and hence, these electronic delivery channels are thus referred to as the electronic banking. Evolution behind the entire banking technology is driven by changes in distribution circles as evidenced by; mobile banking, automated teller machine, telephone-banking, personal computer banking and internet banking.
Statement of the problem:
Research goal;
To establish the impact of electronic banking on retail and corporate banking in Oman.
Major research questions;
What are some of the factors that contribute to mass growth in electronic banking?
What is the major impact of E-banking on retail and corporate banking?
Minor research questions;
What are some of the factors that contribute to electronic banking?
What are the measures that banking sectors are taking to protect its clients against fraud?
What are some of the upcoming issues that are associated with electronic banking?
Research approach:
This research study seeks to identify and point out latest advancements in internet banking in Oman and how this new dimension of banking affects the clients in both the retail and corporate world. Internet banking or rather E-banking by definition is the process by which systems or processors that allow customers to access their bank accounts and general information on bank products as well as services through the use of a given bank’s website, without the traditional use of letters, faxes, signatures or even making telephone calls.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL MODEL
LITERATURE REVIEW;
In the recent past, service organizations especially in the banking sector, for instance, retail banks have witnessed a major transformation in the technological advancements as well as deregulation in order to focus major attention in building and expanding distribution channel strategies. New dimension of technology, in most cases, has mostly been applied in service organizations to boost customer service quality and delivery, reduce operational costs and to standardize core service offerings. Due to its deeper integration in service delivery, it has witnessed a dramatic pressure on the mainstream of core offerings and it has influenced customer participation in service delivery more widely possible in greater scopes.
Both the current and past studies on review of literature shows that; their exist plenty of such studies that focuses mainly on pointing out the core service quality factors in the traditional banking environment, where interaction , for instance, communication between employees and customer is mainly through interactive communication.
On the contrary, there are only a few studies that have majored on investigating the contributions or rather the attributes of technologically feasible service delivery channels in the banking sector. (Joseph et al, 51) did carry out a study to investigate the define role that technology do play in Australian banking sector based on (Hemmasi et al, 12) priority performance grid and outlined a six-factor model that comprises of; accuracy/convenience, feedback/complaint management, efficiency, accessibility, queue management and customization.
(Madu & Madu, 34), proposed a fifteen dimension model of electronic quality for virtualized operations, these are; structure, performance, reliability, features, serviceability, trust, reputation, empathy, storage capability, aesthetics, security and system integrity, assurance, responsiveness, customer and web store policies, and product/service differentiation. (Santos, 23), suggested two core dimensions of quality service in respect to the revolutionary e-commerce; incubative and active, each of this do consist of six sub-factors.
(Mols, 72) pointed out that customer appreciation of new technology feasible channels of service delivery in retail banks may bring about a dramatic change in the manner in which retail banks build and maintain solid relationships with their regular customers. (Al-Hawari et al, 15) suggested five strategic dimensions of automated service quality; telephone service banking, automated teller machine service, price perceptions, internet banking service and core service. The immense introduction of new technologically based service delivery channels has crafted customer participation more efficient and researchers ought to adopt and appreciate new ways to conceptualize service delivery channels that are of high interface technologically, as well as to take into wider consideration the contributions of all electronic delivery channels.
(Ostrom, 63) in his study expresses that; cross-disciplinary work is essential for effective service designing. He further argues that service design involves a wider scope of orchestration of places, processes, clues and interactions that together design holistic service experience for customers. This is enforceable in the current society through the adoption of technology interfaces. Thus, it is of great importance to adopt and explore the impact of technology interfaces on service quality as most customers in retail banking industry opt to use technology interfaces for interaction purposes. A significant number of scholars identify internet and telephone banking, automated teller machine as the main delivery channels for retail banking.
Internet Banking:
Internet banking is a system that enables bank customers to access their accounts and general information related to bank products and services through the use of a bank’s website, without necessarily using faxes, sending letters or making telephone confirmation calls. Internet banking differs from online banking through the fact that; it provides worldwide connection from any place on earth, and it is also universally easily accessible from any internet linked computer. Internet banking also includes; provision of retail and small value banking services and products through electronic channels, it also includes large value electronic payments and any other wholesale banking services delivered electronically. (Sullivan & Wang, 44) points out that, internet banking involves a system of process innovation that allows customers to handle their respective banking transactions without necessarily paying a visit to the bank tellers. More so, it allows non-customers to access virtual banks through the public network, whereas, phone banking or personal computer banking provides personal networks that are limited to the existing client.
Types of Internet Banking:
(Henry, 20) from his research paper identifies three kinds of internet banking that are mostly used by retail banks across the globe; these are; informational, transactional and communicative.
Informational internet banking; overtime, it has been identified as the fore level of internet banking. As a norm, a bank ought to have strategic marketing information in relation to the bank’s products and services on a specific portal. The risk seizes to be minimal as informational systems hold no path between the bank’s internal network and the server.
Communicative/simple transactional; it allows a variety of interaction between the bank’s system and the bank’s customer. This type of interaction is always limited to account inquiry, e-mail, loan application or the static file updates. However, this type of internet banking does not permit any type of funds transfers.
Transactional; this is the most advanced type of internet banking, it allows customers to electronically carry out fund transfers from their respective accounts, to pay bills and conduct other online banking transactions.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
With the diverse structural changes in the financial sector that proves to impose increased pressure for improvements in effective communication between the customer and the service provider. In the recent past, the norm of effective face-to-face communication between the staff and the customer is fading with the advancements in technology. (Zineldin, 27) argues that, in considering the need to effective communication and relationship development between the customer and the staff, it never works out well without the appreciation of the new technology. (Kapoulas et al, 34) presents this phenomenon as technological marketing; they regard it as amalgamation of marketing and technology which tends to strengthen the relationship building process. The following technological interfaces that relates to efficient service delivery and also that works to shape customer preferences on banking services across the retail and corporate sector;
Automated Teller Machine: this is the frequently used channel for electronic transactions. It allows bank customers to carry out their banking transactions whether depositing or withdrawals, twenty four (24) hours a day.
Telephone banking; this form of banking provides an interactive staff to customer relation, the customer is able to inquire about account payments, bank cheque or account balances.
Internet banking; with the application of internet banking, significant savings can be realized in customer acquisition portal. Research suggests that the fill cost to procure new accounts through the use of a website can be within the range 15-45% which is significantly lower when compared to bank branch or a call center. Nonetheless, internet banking is designed to offer assistance, for example, online live chat. These procedures reduce disposal rates for all sales transactions. Thus e-commerce and internet banking are the potential transformational forces across all industries and majorly in the financial service sector.
Communication and call center services; building and maintaining solid relationship with customers that runs short of physical presence of an acting bank personnel trust must be core in fostering customer loyalty. Communication is a chief tool in building and maintaining this trust, divided communication between the customer and the staff personnel from the bank. Call center plays a major role in facilitating these useful cooperation. With the modernized forms of recording technologies, contact or rather call centers can process and record individual customer complaints concerning the self-service centers and alternatively provides meaningful feedback and insight to various departments that develop these avenues.
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN
Introduction;
This chapter entails the following; research design, the conceptual framework of the study, empirical framework specification, definitions and measurement of variables, the type of data and sources, data collection procedures and a brief statement of data analysis.
Research Design;
The research will major on descriptive design; thus it will facilitate collection and in depth analysis of data. This is because the method is appropriate for collecting both descriptive and explanatory data. According to (Kothari, 54), descriptive research design is used when the problem has been defined specifically and where the researcher has certain issues to be described by the respondents about the problem.
Type of Data and Sources;
The research will major on the use of questionnaires as an instrument of data collection. Both open-ended and closed questionnaires will be used in the study. A bit of observation method will also be used to supplement answers and make opinions on the topics.
Data Collection Procedures;
The research will be conducted by first obtaining an introductory letter from the university; it will then be followed by obtaining a legal permission from the legislative office at the area of study. The research will commence through use of questionnaires as the major method of data collection.
Data Analysis;
Data will be analyzed through editing the questionnaires for accuracy of information, summarization and classification of the data and lastly analysis of the given data. Analysis will be carried out through use of measures of central tendency i.e. mean, mode and median, also through; regression analysis, correlation analysis, use of variances and lastly ANOVA test.
Use of bar charts and tables will also be used as methods of data representation.
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