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Question 1-Service

Observation Video on Teaching Techniques

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Question 1-Service Model and Learning Environment

Co-teaching is a model of instructional delivery that uses two certified teachers to teach students of varying levels of need and ability. In this English co-teaching class, Lisa and Jennifer have a shared responsibility for every student. They co-teach by sharing a room and students. For example, co-teaching is evidenced as Lisa and Jennifer walk around the class as they read out text simultaneously to their students. Another example is when they are both standing at the front of the class and addressing students at the same time. It is unclear who the generic and special needs teacher is between the two hence no student belongs to a particular teacher. Co-teaching at Herndon’s class is successful because through all phases the teachers are always talking about the individual needs of the students. At the same time, this mode of delivery is informative to the teachers as they learn from each other’s teaching strategies. In essence, co-teaching is successful because everybody realizes that they are part of the same team and they need to collaborate with each other to bridge the achievement gap in the students.

A resource room refers to a separate and unique classroom where students that have educational disabilities like learning disabilities get direct and specialized academic and instruction assistance. Here there are resource room teachers that help them with their homework and other related tasks as a group or individual. Unlike in co-teaching and resource rooms, all the students in a self-contained classroom have special needs. In co-teaching and resource rooms, learners tend to have mild disabilities. The resource room teacher has customized the space to suit the learners’ needs. For instance, the teacher decorated the room with green and blue which are calming colors that remind students of natural things such as water, grass, sky, and ocean. Additionally, the teacher has used dividers to break up the huge spaces making the room making it easy for students who want to work independently and without distractions. The physical environment of a classroom makes it conducive for learning to eliminate distortions and making modifications such as the rotating chairs and swing chairs that help keep the students calm.

A self-contained classroom is a class where all learners have the same academic requirements. The children in a self-contained class have special needs and require the help of teachers in areas of functional academics, adaptive behavior, and living skills. This instruction method is critical in ensuring learners receive high-quality education and prepare them for the ability to read, write, communicate, and behave. The types of students that are usually in a self-contained classroom are those that have special needs problems including anxiety disorders, bipolar conditions, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The curriculum of self-contained classrooms includes letter studies, reading, and counting time. Additionally, they are also taught computer studies. The technology used to teach a self-contained class includes an asynchronous learning tool which is facilitated by the use of technology. Learners use ipads and computers to gain valuable skills. Without a doubt, it is helpful to the learners as it improves their ability to communicate.

All three types of education service delivery models play a significant role in improving their ability to communicate and function properly in the real world. The main aim advantage of employing a self-contained model is that learners get a personalized approach to learning. The main downside of this pedagogy model is that students that spend a lot of time in self-contained classrooms are at a higher increased risk of struggling socially (Aspiranti, Bebech, Ruffo, & Skinner, 2019). One disadvantage of co-teaching has to do with the lack of subject matter for the special needs teacher. On the positive side, co-teaching gives opportunities for one-to-one learning and strong modeling during class time. One advantage of resource rooms is that it has fewer distractions. The main disadvantage is the stigma and struggle that comes with being in the resource room from other students. From my standpoint, the self-contained model is the method that serves their students best because it contains students that have similar needs making it easy to coordinate their learning.

Question 2-Strategies for Teaching Exceptional Students

Accommodations and modifications are strategies used in helping students with disabilities attain their educational goals. While accommodations changes the way students access information, demonstrate learning, and participate in school activities, modifications change what the student is being taught or what they are expected to demonstrate. In essence, modifications allow for a change in the curriculum while accommodations do not (Conderman, Liberty, & DeSpain, 2017). Examples of accommodations include adjusting the amount of workload a student is expected to complete, giving extra assistance, and adding more time. Examples of modifications include presenting a student that is easily overwhelmed with one mathematics problem at a time, short breaks, or allowing students to finish their assignments from home.

Differentiated instruction is a kind of teaching strategy of providing students with the specific support they need to do their best. In essence, differentiated learning is tailoring the instruction process to meet individual needs. It is important to differentiate instruction for exceptional students because students are not the same. Each student is unique because they possess unique background knowledge, learning styles, and interests. One example of differentiated instruction in the video is classroom arrangement into centers. They provide a visual and concrete cue for students to benefit from a structured learning environment. Another example is the use of individualized and scaffolded learning tasks. In this strategy, the teacher observes what a child is interested in and then asks questions to help further students thinking.

From my viewpoint, the strategies employed for students with disabilities are helpful and go a long way in ensuring they succeed in their learning path. Without a doubt, every student is unique and as such, there is a need for more individualized approaches, particularly when dealing with children with special needs. If a student gets overwhelmed when they are given too many mathematical problems to solve at a time, then by all means the teacher should meet them at their point of need. If giving them one question at a time is the best way to go approach learning them it should be explored by all means. If such strategies can help the students perform better and improve their communication and life skills, then they should be incorporated in all schools. In the future, I plan on executing these strategies by paying attention to individual needs and developing a teaching plan for each student.

Question 3-Reflection as an Educational Professional

Overall, watching the video clips attached to this assignment was an eye-opener. It was informative and fun at the same time. I learned new concepts that I had never known about in my life including differentiating instruction, self-contained learning, and co-teaching model. One key lesson that I will take away from this assignment is that teachers should not have a general approach to learning because children are not the same. Teachers should seek to adopt a personalized approach to learning by taking time to know about the learners. This way, knowing the best way to approach instruction becomes easy. The main challenge that I see attached to being a special education teacher is the fact that one does not deal with students that are the same. So, the teacher needs to be diverse and be prepared to deal with many personalities which can be an uphill task. Some of the motivations behind wanting to work with exceptional teachers include passion and inspiration from an experience with a person with special needs. It is possible that the teacher has a relative or knows a person who is differently-abled and they have seen their struggle in attaining education. I have learned that for me to make a good teacher, I have to be all-rounded and open-minded. I also need to work on my social skills, I am to make an excellent teacher for students that have special needs.

References

Aspiranti, K. B., Bebech, A., Ruffo, B., & Skinner, C. H. (2019). Classroom management in self-contained classrooms for children with autism: Extending research on the color wheel system. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(1), 143-153.

Conderman, G., Liberty, L., & DeSpain, S. (2017). Understanding accommodations, modifications, and interventions. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 53(2), 70-75.

Kart, M. (2017). Teacher perceptions of resource room practices for students with visual impairments (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).

Question 1a using examples discuss customer influence on performance

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Operation Management

Question 1a: using examples discuss customer influence on performance objectives in operations and explain how different competitive factors imply different performance objectives.

Of all the influences on an organization’s priorities offers to its objectives of performance, the most significant and immediate are its customers. Operations in any organization seek to satisfy and meet the needs of the customers through the development of the organization’s five performance objectives. For instance, if customers specifically value products and services that cost less, the operation will impose more emphasis in its performance of cost. On the other hand, if they insist on products and services that are free of error, then an organization will focus more on its performance of quality. An emphasis of customers on rapid delivery will make speed essential with the organizations quality, while an emphasis from customers on delivery that is reliable will make dependability an essential operation to a company. The factors that define the requirements of a customer are what are referred to as competitive factors. How well a company meets the requirements of its customers is depended on how well its functions of operation excel at the performance objectives, which also determine the competitive factors (Pycraft, 2000).

Question 1b: using examples explain what is meant by ‘operations strategy’ and how it differs from operations management.

Operations strategy is a term used to refer to the business strategies in operations to make them efficient, successful and competitive. This term is different from operations management in that management of operation is used to mean the processes, tactics, and strategies a firm uses to make sure that its operations run smoothly (Chase et al., 2001).

Questions 2a: using examples discuss the application of inventory management tools in operations management.

Inventory management utilizes network definition information and other tools like local configuration databases, vital product data, and in other cases discovery applications for the purposes of arriving at inventory data and information. There are numerous ways these tools can be utilized in operations management to make processes efficient and effective. There is also a number of inventory management tools used in management operations. Some of these include VTAM and Net View, which are responsible for maintaining those linkages that are necessary to physical assets, whether they are within the system or out of the level of the server on the network. Another tool commonly used in operation management is centralized databases, which are used to store all the assets of an organization and their related information. The tool offers the user browsing and editing capability through a front end that is driven by an online menu, and it offers the user security access that is restricted. Network configuration application is another inventory tool that is used for moving stand- alone databases for inventory control to format that are based on the host. These are just a few examples of the available inventory management tools useful in operations management (Piasecki, 2003).

Question 2b: explain what vendor Management Inventory means and discuss fully how the application of VMI can help in reduction of demand implication.

Vendor managed inventory is a term used to mean a set of business models which are used by companies to derive information from their customers about a certain product after which the supplier assumes the full responsibility for maintaining an agreed material inventory, usually at the consumption location of the client. The vendor managed inventory makes the chances lesser for a business to become out of stock unintentionally, and at the same time decreases the available inventory in the business’ supply chain (Franke, 2010). Additionally, the supplier or the vendor representatives in the company benefit the supplier by making sure that the product or service is appropriately displayed and the sales staffs are familiar with the characteristics and features of the product, all while helping in the organization and cleaning of the product line in the business. It has been indicated that the key to making this inventory work is through shared risk. In certain cases when the inventory fails to sell, the supplier or the vendor can repurchase the product from the retailer or the customer. In some other cases, the product might be with the retailer but the ownership is never complete until purchases happen (Tempelmeier, 2006).

Question 3a: discuss the role of 4PL companies in supply chain operations. Critically examine how they differ from 3PL companies.

A 4PL can be defined as an integrator that uses its own technical expertise and capabilities in human resource, and technology solutions to leverage those of other companies, like providers of logistics that are third- party, so as to manage and design supply chains for their clients.4PLs have evolved to become alternatives for outsourcing in business process. These service providers make it possible for firms to manage a crucial part of their supply chain by offering them integration and visibility across a number of enterprises. These logistics service providers manage with three major elements of people, process and technology. Users of this service can emphasize on main competencies and better utilize and manage company resources and assets, as to personnel and inventory (Bauknight & Miller, 1999).

These are different from 3PL logistics service providers in that 4PLs are considered non- asset based, which is they are more of consultants as opposed to operators. They are also different from third party logistic providers because the 3PLs are considered to be experts in management of operations, transportation and warehousing services. In addition, using a 4Pl logistics services provider is different than using a 3PL one. The 4PL is a business process outsourcing provider. It will bring a new approach and value to the needs of the customer. The provider is neutral and has the ability to manage the process of logistics, regardless of the kind of forwarders, carriers and warehouses are utilized (JSI Logistics, n.d).

Question 3b: using examples discuss the factors for success and failure in outsourcing in the manufacturing and the service sector operations to Asia.

Asia to US is considered the dominant lane or path of trade. One of the more complex and troublesome issues in logistics is Asia’s inbound supply chain. The question of how this critical supply chain can be managed and how the suppliers who are miles away can be managed is a challenge that has been limiting success of outsourcing. Managing this essential part of the supply chain can consume a lot of time and can be frustrating. Changing and expending orders, shipping dates of vendors, giving directions to the 3PLs and to consolidators as to the requirements of delivery are just some of the issues that can affect the success or failure of outsourcing processes. Suppliers from Asia often seek inexpensive rates of freight without necessarily coming into terms with the supply chain, as well as, the time demands of the purchasers of order – to- delivery. This is usually a challenge for most companies in the US with such complex, critical and dynamic part of their business processes. The difference in time limits communication through emails, brief calls, and faxes made at night made by either one of the parties, and this can lead to failure of outsourcing process. However, pulling of inventory, management of suppliers and purchase orders, management of forwarders of freight and ocean carriers of 3PL can proof to beneficial in enhancing the success of outsourcing processes (Bauknight & Miller, 1999).

Question 4: using examples discuss the recent trends in operations and supply chain management.

Supply chain management is continually changing and there usually are new issues and trends that must be of interest to businesses. (Pilkington & Meredith, 2009). One of the current trends in supply chain management is the expansion of the supply chain. The US firms are expanding their partnerships and developing more facilities in the foreign international markets. This kind of expansion involves depth and breadth. The expansion in breadth involves the foreign manufacturing, retail and office sales, foreign customers and suppliers. Expansion in depth involves the third and the second tier customers and suppliers. Another current trend in supply chain management is the increase of the responsiveness in supply chain. Firms will increasingly be required to be more responsive and flexible to the needs of the customers. Supply chains, therefore, will need to benchmark the performance of the industry and improve and meet on a basis that is continuous. Improvement in responsiveness will come from more faster and effective service and product systems of delivery. The greening of the supply chain technologies is also another trend that is currently affecting the market. The processes of packaging, producing, storing, and moving of goods and services and other activities in the supply chain can have tremendous effects on the environment, and, therefore, are undergoing significant changes to ensure that they are environment friendly. Reduction of the costs incurred in supply chains is also essential current trends (Hitachi Consulting, 2009).

Part 2

Question 1a: discuss how products and services are differentiated in operations management. Using examples discuss the use of batch processing and continuous processing in operations.

In operations management, the main difference between services and goods is based on their tangibility nature. As a result, if there is a characteristic of tangibility in manufacturing, then the outcome becomes a good or a product. However, when the outcome of a business process has an intangible aspect, then it is said to be a service. Tangibility of the outcome of a business process is the main way in which businesses differentiate between a good and a service. In production, there are two methods of production used; the continuous production and the batch production processes. The continuous manufacturing process is the process used to produce, manufacture, and process raw materials continuously, without interruption. On the other hand, batch production involves interruptions. There are a number of uses for each. For example, continuous manufacturing is used in cases where the products are needed in bulk, or in large amounts, or when the demand for a product is insatiable. Batch production, however, is used only when the market for a certain product is low, and when the products needed are lesser (Wilson, 1995).

Questions 2a: using examples discus the applications of mass customization and postponement in supply chain management

The objectives of mass customization are to produce goods that are customized at a cheaper cost. Postponement strategies, on the other hand, emphasizes on delaying processes of customization as near to the consumers as possible. The extent to which postponement and customization processes of products are rooted in the modulation of the architecture of the product design. The customization of products can take place either depended on a platform that is common with amore options or depended on mixing and matching and combining modules to attain a wide variety of product attributes. It also needs a strategy in supply chain to facilitate logistics, assembly and outsourcing decisions. For companies to satisfy the increasing demands of customers for product offerings that are more diverse, companies are revising their structures of supply chains to allow mass customization. These new structures usually involve the delaying of the product delivery until after the orders of the customers arrive, known as time postponement; or delaying of the product differentiation until later stages in production called form postponement (Su, Chang. & Ferguson, 2005).

Question 2b: explain what is meant by factory gate pricing and discuss its application in the retail sector

The term factory gate pricing can be used to mean a basic price that uses the gate of the factory as the point of pricing that is the product’s price made available at the factory, exclusive of any delivery or transport that is charged or billed separately. One of the major applications of the concept is within the grocery sector. Starting in 2001, it is one of the series of initiatives in the past few years that have resulted to the transformation in the operation and organization of the distribution of groceries in most markets. The focus of the concept and other related concepts has led to the increase in transport efficiency, and a further reduction in costs. Some examples of the strategies involved include improvement in transport scheduling and consolidation of loads (Potter, Mason & Lalwani, 2006).

Question 4a: discuss the reasons for imbalance between the rates of supply and demand at different points in any operation. Using examples discuss how bullwhip effect can be reduced in supply chains.

Inventory only exists because of the difference that occurs between the rate or timing of demand and supply. Therefore, when the rate of supply increases and surpasses the rate of demand, increases in inventory are seen. Inventory decreases with an increase in demand and decrease in supply. However, imbalances do occur between the rates of demand and rates of supply at different points in business operations. Some of the reasons that affect those balance by affecting supply include the number of suppliers, costs of production, the production technology used, the prices of associated goods, and the expectations of the firm about prices in the future. Factors that affect demand can also cause imbalances in the rates of demand and supply. Some of the factors might include income, preferences and tastes, number of possible customers, prices of associated goods and the expectations of the customers of the prices in future (Slack, Johnston & Chambers, 2007).

If these imbalances are not controlled then the bullwhip effect results, this is a phenomenon that arises in the management of supply chains when customers overbuy, products and services, regardless of the needs and wants they have of the good and services. This can be reduced through better knowledge and information either through forecasts or from the supply chain. Another way one can reduce the effect is through the elimination or reduction of the delays that occur in the supply chain (Cannella & Ciancimino, 2010). This ensures that customers are well supplied with goods and services such that they do not feel the need to overbuy. Other solutions include allocation of demand between customers based on past purchases and orders, and maintenance of stable prices for goods and services. These solutions ensure that customers do not feel that the supply of the products and goods are threatened, and, as a result, they will not need to buy extra products for bad days (Lee, 2010).

References

Bauknight, D. & Miller, J. (1999). Fourth Party Logistics: The Evolution of Supply Chain Outsourcing. CALM Supply Chain & Logistics Journal.

Cannella S. & Ciancimino E. (2010). On the bullwhip avoidance phase: supply chain collaboration and order smoothing. International Journal of Production Research, 48 (22), 6739-6776.

Chase, R. F. et al. (2001) Operations Management for Competitive Advantage. New York: Wiley.

Franke, P. D. (2010). Vendor-Managed Inventory for High Value Parts. Results from a survey among leading international manufacturing firms.

Hitachi Consulting. (2009). Six trends changing supply chain management today. Choosing the optimal strategy for your business. Hitachi Consulting Corporation.

JSI Logistics. (n.d). 4P – A business process outsourcing option for international supply chain management. JSI.

Lee, H.L. (2010). Taming the bullwhip. Journal of Supply Chain Management 46 (1), pp. 7–7.

Piasecki, D. J. (2003). Inventory accuracy: people, processes & technology. New York: OPS Publishing.

Pilkington, A. & Meredith, J. (2009). The Evolution of the Intellectual Structure of Operations Management. Journal of Operations Management, 27(3), 185-202.

Potter, A., Mason, R. & Lalwani, C. (2006). Analysis of Factory Gate Pricing in the UK Grocery Supply Chain. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management.

Pycraft, M. (2000). Operations management. Cape Town: Pearson South Africa.

Slack, N., Johnston, R. & Chambers, S. (2007). Operations management. New York: Prentice Hall.

Su, J., Chang, Y. & Ferguson, M. (2005). Evaluation of postponement structures to accommodate mass customization. Journal of Operations Management 23 (3-4), 305- 318.

Tempelmeier, H. (2006). Inventory Management in Supply Networks—Problems, Models, Solutions. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.

Wilson, M. (1995). An historical perspective on Operations Management. Production and Inventory Management Journal.

The Hunger Artist

Student’s Name

Course

Course Instructor

Date of Submission

The Hunger Artist.

The Hunger artist is a publication of a man who was popularly known due to his act of fasting. He is not satisfied with his work and he felt frustrated because both his manager and the audience did not appreciate his work. He feels isolated and ends up living in a cage. In the hunger artist, themes such as, art and culture, change and transformation, and alienation and isolation are displayed. Art and culture are highly portrayed in the story of the hunger artist. The artists’ art is a representation of his suffering. He subjects himself to fasting, though it should be out of one’s will, the artist does it due to self-denial. He could not accept the person he had become and the environment around him and this made him opt for fasting because he thought it was the only solution to his misfortune. The audience does not believe him and he had to prove that he was truly fasting and that he was not cheating about it. This made him suffer more because he was unable to make people understand him. Perhaps the audience took his fasting as entertainment. The audience did not appreciate his suffering. Just like the case of Jesus, the hunger artist faster for 40 days. The audience could not believe him just like how people could not believe Jesus.

Change occurs in our day-to-day lives. In the hunger artist, the artist had to live in a cage and this changed his way of life. “we live in a different world now,” are the words the artist proclaims. The audience is no longer interested in his entertainment and this reduced his mass followers thus becoming less popular. The audience shifted to more entertaining artists. This frustrates him and thinks that the changes he is undergoing are unfair. He is unable to win his audience back and ends up being depressed. For instance; the pandemic in the world today has brought change to our lives changing our way of living. Individuals have to be on their toes in ensuring their safety. It has brought deaths to our loved ones making many orphans. It has also changed the societal settings. It brings isolation to the individual affected.

Due to the nature of the art and culture of the artist, he feels alienated from others. The artists’ alienation was highly contributed by himself. For instance; he fasted not because of his artistic purpose but because he could not get anything to eat. The artist isolated himself from others because no one understood his art and neither the audience nor his manager appreciated his art. This made him feel not worthy enough and then decided to live in a cage. This also made him feel lonely and frustrated since no one was on his side. The cage is symbolic of the barrier between the artists and the rest of the world. Despite the artist been professionally successful, he does not enjoy life just like other successful people. He is filled with self-denial and not been able to be satisfied. Food is symbolic of life; the artist does not find what food he likes meaning that the artist is unable to get the passion of living.

The empire of necessity was a historical book that displayed freedom and slavery. The Slave trade was common in West Africa and in which Africans were sold as slaves to Americans. The local leaders traded their locals to the slave traders and also the slave was kidnapped. Others were exchanged with American goods. The slaves captured worked in the Americans’ plantations. They were ill-treated and some died in the process. The Americans view slaves as uneducated. After the end of the southern American war, there was a rising rebellion against slavery. Some countries freed the capture slaves. Slaves could provide cheap labor, and thus the masters maximized their profits. The book comprised of slave leaders; Mori and Babo, the seal hunter; Delano, and Cerreno who was the Spanish captain of Tryal. When Delano boarded Tryal, he could not understand that the slaves were now in charge but he believed Babo who insisted that everything was well despite him seeing his captives moving freely in the ship.

In the book the Empire of necessity, Grandin explained how Christianity and Muslims helped in the movement of slaves. Due to the religious wave over Africa to America, the Muslims worked in hand with Christianity increasing the slave trade. He also describes the harsh conditions to which the slaves were subjected into. For instance; the slaves traded at the west coast were forced to board ships in chains. Many slaves were sold in Aires, and forced to stretch over the Andes mountains to chile. Grandin changes the perspective that slaves were uneducated. He advocated for freedom for every individual.

In conclusion, an individual should differentiate between reality and allusion. The reality is always bitter to bear, but one should take full control of himself or herself. Self-acceptance is healing to depression and worries.

References.

Rubinstein, William C. “Franz Kafka: a hunger artist.” Monatshefte (1952): 13-19.

Byrne, John J. “Teacher as hunger artist: Burnout: Its causes, effects, and remedies.” Contemporary Education 69.2 (1998): 86.

Grandin, Greg. The Empire of Necessity: The Untold History of a Slave Rebellion in the Age of Liberty. Simon and Schuster, 2014.

Young, Jason. “The Empire of Necessity: Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World.” (2017): 483-483.