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Non Profit Organizations The Rotary International Club
RUNNING HEAD: NON PROFIT AGENCIES
Non Profit Organizations: The Rotary International Club
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Non Profit Organizations: The Rotary International Club
Introduction
Non profit agencies are also referred to as non profit organizations. They are mainly set up and started with an intention to provide funds accumulated on an excessive basis to achievement of its goals as opposed to distribution among its employees, owners and shareholders (Grobman, 2008). They are mostly organizations offering charity, trade unions or associations and organizations of public arts and are wholly informal. Although they may be considered as a different type of organization, most government and their agencies in a variety of countries can also be termed as non profit agencies. Most of these agencies are exempted from regular income as well as taxation of property in many countries.
Non profit organizations are controlled by board members and not private owners. These owners cannot trade their shares to different people or benefit in a personal way from the taxes paid. Most of them hire volunteers who are not compensated for their work while others use their funds to hire and give incentives to their employees.
Since they are able to create a significant amount of income, normally called the surplus, it is retained in the organization as a preserve for expansion among other plans made for the future. According to Anheier, they offer a wide range of services from human services, environment and natural resources, humanitarian relief as well as credit and savings (2005).
There are a large number of such organizations throughout the world due to the varied nature of their services despite a common goal of making the world a habitable and better place in all fields for all humanity. An example is the Rotary International club which is a secular organization. Their main purpose is to provide services to humanity by bringing business along professional leaders together, encouragement of high standards related to ethics in all vocations and the provision of assistance to create goodwill and peace all over the world. These services are provided to all irrespective of their race, creed, gender, political inclination or color. They do this by encouraging and the promotion of ideal service for the creation of meaningful ventures. In addition, they endeavor to eradicate hunger, enhance health along sanitation, offer education as well as training on jobs, promote peace and eliminate polio based on their motto of “Service above Self” and “They profit most who serve best” (Rotary International, 2011).
There are about 33,976 clubs worldwide with an approximate 1.22 million members known as Rotarians who meet every week during weekdays and at mealtimes for either breakfast, dinner or lunch to socialize and realize their goals.
The Rotary International Club was established in 1905 by attorney Paul P Harris at his friend’s Sylvester Schiele’s office in downtown Chicago. This was during a meeting with three of his business acquaintances. The other two who attended the meeting were amines engineer; Gustave Loehr and Hiram Shorey who was a tailor (De Grazia, 2005). The name Rotary was subsequently formed from the weekly meetings that were held by the members where they rotated to the offices of each other. This however changed to a common meeting venue in Chicago due to the increase of its size. With time, other clubs were formed in the Western United States in cities such as San Francisco and Oakland then to other countries outside the United States. The headquarters of the club is currently located in Evanston in Illinois where it is chartered by the Rotary International organization that operates globally. They Club can be contacted through
Data Relations
Rotary International
1560 Sherman Avenue
Evanston, IL 60201-3698 USA or through the phone using the number 847-866-3000 (Rotary International, 2011).
The structure is divided into levels termed as clubs, district and international where the Rotarians are members of their own clubs which form the fundamental unit of the Rotary activity. The membership of the club is thus determined by these clubs. In order to provide better administrative services the large number of clubs is divided into 529 districts that are further grouped into 34 zones. Every club performs its own distinct projects in the community locally, takes part in other special projects with others in the local district as Zilka illustrates by the visit by Korean Rotarians to the United States (2011). Occasionally, they may involve themselves with sister clubs in other nations to perform a special project or hold quarterly social events.
In each club a yearly president and officers are elected from the active members although the club council acts as the governing body. This consists of the president who additionally is the council chairman, an elected president, the club’s secretary and treasurer, and several directors of the club. These directors are chosen by the president to chair the major committees of the club. The district governor is an officer of Rotary International and acts as a representative of its board of directors at the Rotary district. They are nominated by the district clubs and elected in the annual club meetings in different countries. He in turn is responsible in the selection of assistant governors among the Rotarians in the district. The zonal level on the other hand is headed by a zone director heading two zones. He is nominated by the zonal clubs and elected for a two year consecutive term by the convention. Each zone is made of 15 Rotary districts.
The Rotary International in general is governed by a board of directors. This consists of the international president, elected president, the secretary general and 17 zone directors. The president is elected one to three years before officially begins to work. It considers geographical balance among the zones and previous service as a governor in the district and member of board. The general secretary however cats as the chief operating officer of Rotary International heading around 600 members and works at the headquarters (Rotary International, 2011).
Anyone is eligible to be a member though with the sponsorship of a Rotarian .The objectives of the club are wound up into encouragement and fostering and their achievement is evaluated by the “Rotary 4-way Test” that was developed by Herbert J Taylor who was an entrepreneur as a business management standard for ethics. It therefore is used to assess the compatibility of a planned action with the spirit of Rotarians.
A number of websites are associated with the agency but its main site is the http://www.rotary.org/en/AboutUs/Pages/ridefault.aspx from where one can gather information about the Club.
In conclusion, The Rotary International club is an essential part of the society similarly to other non profit organizations. This is because of the important service which they offer normally at no charge.
References
Anheier, H. (2005).Non Profit organizations: theory, management, policy. New
York: Routledge.
De Grazia, Victoria (2005). Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through 20th
Century. Europe. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Grobman, G. (2008). The Nonprofit Handbook: Everything You Need to Know to Start
and Run Your Nonprofit Organization (Paperback). Harrisburg, PA: White Hat
Communications.
Rotary International, (2011). About Us. Accessed 27 April 2011 from
HYPERLINK “http://www.rotary.org/en/AboutUs/Pages/ridefault.aspx” http://www.rotary.org/en/AboutUs/Pages/ridefault.aspx
.Zilka, A. (2011). Melting Pot of Zanesville. Whiznews
Qualifications and Selection Process for Judges in the State of Virginia
Virginia Judicial Website
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Qualifications and Selection Process for Judges in the State of Virginia
Introduction
The judicial system in Virginia comprises of 3 levels of courts namely; the appellate, trial, as well as the limited jurisdiction courts. It ought to be noted that these levels comprise of 5 jurisdictionally separate courts namely: the Supreme Court, the circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, the general district courts, as well as the juvenile and domestic relations district courts. There are 10 Court of Appeals judges who serve for 8 year terms, while the Supreme Court comprises of 7 justices who serve for 12 year terms. At the circuit courts, the judges serve for 8 year terms, while the general district courts judges, as well as, the juvenile and domestic relations courts judges serve for 6 year terms (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Certification/Selection
In Virginia, judges are chosen for the bench through a legislative election process. The judicial appointment process starts when an opening takes place in the judiciary or in the event that the General Assembly creates a new seat. The Supreme Court, appellate and circuit levels, as well as the Committee on District Courts at the district level, offer advice to the General Assembly regarding the appropriate time for recruitment based principally upon caseload data. The Supreme Court certification of vacancies that come up in the appellate courts and circuit court is not binding in relation to the General Assembly. On the other hand, certification of vacancies in the district court by the Committee on District Courts is necessary before filling of any position in the district courts (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Nomination
Upon certification of the opening by the right body, the Senate and House Committees for Courts of Justice commence accepting nominations from the General Assembly members. As a rule, however, the majority of the General Assembly members do not participate directly in the nomination process in the local bars’ associations. Many associations of the local bar have unofficial procedures for assessing judicial candidates for reference to the General Assembly. In several occasions, several delegations have opted for local screening committees that comprise of citizens, attorneys, as well as local officials. These committees evaluate the qualifications of the candidates and advise the delegation concerning the finest qualified persons (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Qualifications of the Candidates
According to Article VI, Section 7, that stipulates that, the Supreme Court justices, as well as the judges of courts of record, ought to have been members of the Commonwealth bar, 5 years as a minimum, prior to their appointment or election. Names of the candidates are subsequently submitted by members of the General Assembly to the Senate and House Committees for Courts of Justice. The Committees determine the suitability of each individual, for the judgeship they seek. The Senate and House Committees do not make any determination concerning the rank of any candidate. These committees only determine whether a candidate is qualified or otherwise (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Voting
Subsequent to the determination of qualification by the Courts Committees, a report that lists the qualified candidates is availed to the General Assembly. Consequently, the Senate and the House of Delegates vote independently, under a technical resolution. The candidate that receives the majority votes receives the new seat (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Judicial Removal from Office in Virginia
Judges in Virginia can be removed from office in any of the two ways below:
The judicial inquiry and review commission scrutinizes grievances of judicial misdemeanors or serious physical or mental disability that may interfere with the duties of a judge. The commission can conduct hearings as well as compile evidence to decide whether the charges would be substantial. In the event that the commission finds that the charges are significant, a formal grievance would be filed with the Supreme Court. Subsequently, the Supreme Court might dismiss the grievance or it may censure, retire, or, remove the affected judge from office.
The House of Delegates might impeach a Judge, while the senate may remove a judge through a two thirds vote (Office of the Executive Secretary, 2009).
Qualifications, Selection Process, and Removal from Office for Judges in West Virginia
The judiciary in the State of West Virginia comprises of a Supreme Court of Appeals, magistrates court, family court, circuit court, and the municipal courts. Except for the judges of the municipal court, whose method of appointment differs by municipality, judges are appointed through partisan elections in West Virginia since 1862. The House of Delegates in West Virginia may impeach Judges, while the senate may remove judges through a two-thirds vote. Any State officer including the judges can be impeached as well as removed from office for corruption, maladministration, neglect of duty, gross immorality, incompetency, or high crimes or misdemeanors, in the method that section 9 of article IV of the West Virginia constitution prescribes (The West Virginia Judicial System, 2011).
Conclusion
It is evident that, there is no process in judicial selection that has emerged as entirely suitable for every scenario in judicial selection decisions, at every level in a judicial system of a State, to realize the essential goal of striking the optimal balance between judicial independence, and judicial accountability while upholding high quality and competence.
References
Office of the Executive Secretary. (2009). Virginia’s Judicial System. Retrieved from http://www.courts.state.va.us/
The West Virginia Judicial System. (2011).West Virginia Judiciary. Retrieved from http://www.state.wv.us/wvsca/wvsystem.htm
Nomura Integrates Lehman Brothers in Asia and Europe Case
Case Analysis
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Nomura Integrates Lehman Brothers in Asia and Europe Case
1. What is the strategic fit between Nomura and Lehman?
According to the definition postulated by the textbook, “strategic fit” is the matching of corresponding strategic capabilities (Peng, 2013). Due to the fact that Lehman has valuable and rare talent, it would be wise of Nomura to acquire the values of Lehman in order to merge his capabilities. This will lift the weaknesses of Nomura with the strengths or talents of Lehman. As a result he will be able to persuade more clients and a very large team of employees so that Nomura would turn out to be one of the topmost players in the financial market.
2. Is there any organizational fit? How to bridge the gaps between the cultures of these two firms?Based on the case, it can be considered that there is no organization fit. When Nomura opted to get the services of Lehman within 24 hours, there did not exist organization fit. Nomura did not evaluate how Lehman would fit into the organization but rather she just noted the advantages anticipated for his entry to the firm. It is difficult as indicated in the case for a hierarchical Japanese firm to merge with a divergent New York Bank. Here the biggest problem is post-acquisition. Organization fit is as important as capital but this lacked in the case.
3. How does Nomura alleviate the concerns of multiple stakeholders?One of the keys measures that the organization undertook was to consider its stakeholders as a valuable asset towards its success. For this reason the key stakeholders were the employees. For example, Nomura was able to consider the validity of their former ex-Lehman’s employees back to their working team. This was an ideal step towards the success of the company today. This employees offered reliable and outstanding labor. Therefore, it can be considered that the management of Nomura took the basic concerns of the stakeholders as a valuable asset (Hill, Jones & Schilling, 2014).
4. How would you predict the effectiveness of Nomura’s transformation after this acquisition?
Since the acquisition of Lehman’s Europe and India, Nomura is expected to undergo changes in its human resource, governance structure and business. This is also expected to be described as “Lehmanization” of Nomura’s business venture. Many of the changes is expected to be planned from the onset, some of the main changes are response from the turn of activities and events. The case of Nomura acquisition offers an important lesson for cross border acquisition. This will permit divergent of corporate cultures.
Moving Headquarters Overseas Case
1. What are the drawbacks and benefits associated with moving business unit and corporate
HQ to another country?
The benefits
One of the merits of undertaking a movement of a business unit of Shifting the HQ is that the organizations gains global recognition. Secondly, this helps the organization to be close to its shareholders as well as main stakeholders and a result the firm will increase its flexibility as well as build its communication. Thirdly, the firms also benefits from the commitment derived from the host’s country laws and policies. Lastly this builds the companies political commitment and motivation.
Drawbacks
The prominent drawback of such moves is that there are heavy financial constrains faced by MNE’s during the move. The second is that the company may face cultural dilution or challenges since different countries have different business culture.
2. If you were a CEO or a business unit head, under what conditions would you consider moving HQ?
There are various conditions that would prompt me as the CEO of an organization to move the HQ. Some of the reasons are:
If the host country laws are not conducive to the business. Examples of such a laws are those that hinder business expansions (Berger, Choi & Kim, 2011).
If the current host country has heavy taxes as compared to the moving country of nation
The last condition is if the target market is varied hence profit maximization
3. If you were a government official in the MNE’s home country, what can you do to discourage such moves of multinational HQ out of the country?
The movement of such MNE’s HQ to other countries may cost the host country, therefore as a government official I would:
Amend the laws that ought to be changed in order to favor such companies or firms.
To offer the MNE’s reliable business environment like that of the target country (Peng, 2013).
Li and Fung Case Study
1. From a VRIO standpoint, what distinguishes Li & Fung from suppliers, buyers, and other intermediaries?
Value: The Company is working towards competing effectively with suppliers, buyers as well as other intermediaries. It is able to reduce cheap supply chain services to its clients in order to complete effectively.
Rarity: The Company has vast assets to be able to complete with other intermediaries in the market. In addition, the organization has extensively increased its resources by buying more assets such as that of Liz Claiborne.
Imitability: Li & and Fung has always changed its business strategies and never imitated other buyers or intermediaries. This is to ensure uniqueness of services.
Organization: Li and Fung has a well-established organization structure that distinguishes it from other suppliers, buyers and intermediaries.
2. Intermediaries such as Li & Fung need to be paid. After paying Li & Fung a fee, why do buyers
and suppliers still find it valuable to deal through an intermediary? In other words, why don’t they
trade directly?
It is worth to consider using intermediaries in supply chain management. The value of using an intermediary such as Li and Fung are diverse. One of the reasons for not buying directly is that the costs of buying directly is hire as compared to using the intermediary. This is because the cost of intermediaries is down due to the fact that they undertake or delivery services in bulk. Hence the cost is shared amid buyers.
3. Why was Li & Fung able to emerge stronger during the 2008–2009 global economic crisis?
The company shinned even better in 2008-2009 because it was able to merger with other companies hence able to diverse its services as well as customer base. In addition, the company acquired additional assets such as acquisition of Liz Claiborne which increased its global recognition and its target market.
Cut Salaries or Cut Jobs
1. What are the benefits of across-the-board pay cuts?
There are various benefits that come with across-the-board pay cuts. However, for the case of this paper main benefits will be addressed as below:
This will not reduce the morale or the motivation of the employees as the cut will affect employees across board. In addition, it is also worth to note that such pay cuts has limited effect on the rates of inflation as the hominization of the rates are done as a whole. Lastly, across-the-board-pay cuts are beneficial in that it is always reached between a decision done by both the management and the employees.
2. What are the benefits of reduction in force (mass layoffs)?
The benefits if layoffs only lies on the company as it lacks benefits towards the employees. With respect to the company, it is the easiest way of reducing cost of production. In addition, it encourages easy manageability of employees (Berger, Choi & Kim, 2011).
3. How would you advise this Japanese expatriate working in the United States?
With reference to the case, it would be better if the Japanese expatriate considers across-board pay cuts. This will not only be advantageous to the organization but also to the employees. Moreover, United States laws permit across board pay cuts as compared to layoffs especially when dealing with foreign companies.
References
Hill, C., Jones, G., & Schilling, M. (2014). Strategic Management: Theory: An Integrated Approach. Cengage Learning.
Berger, R., Choi, C. J., & Kim, J. B. (2011). Responsible leadership for multinational enterprises in bottom of pyramid countries: The knowledge of local managers. Journal of business ethics, 101(4), 553-561.
Peng, M. (2013). Global business. Cengage learning.