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Comparison between Florida’s and Texas Legislative Frameworks
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Comparison between Florida’s and Texas Legislative Frameworks
Introduction
The United States of America is a federal republic that comprises of 50 states. The government of each of the 50 states is organized according to the respective State’s constitutional framework (The White House n.p). However, the constitution must be based on the federal government’s rules given forth in US Constitution. The constitution’s Section 1 of Article IV mandates that each state have an organized government (U.S. Const. art. IV, sec. 1). Usually, the legislative frameworks of all American states resemble that of the federal government, with each State having three arms of government: judiciary, executive, and legislature. Even though the government structure of the different states resembles that of the federal government, every State is at liberty to change the structure of its government to better serve its population by amending its constitution. Consequently, this provision creates differences and similarities in the government structure of the different states. These similarities and differences manifest in different areas. This essay discusses the similarities and differences between Florida’s and Texas legislative frameworks based on elements of history, constitutional amendments, elections, budgeting, lawmaker structure and composition, legislative sessions, and future changes.
History
Texas’ partisan makeup has shifted dramatically over time. From 1992 to 2003, the democratic party dominated the Texas House of Representatives. The Republicans then controlled the house up to 2016 (Abramowitz et al. 75). As of 2013, there were 577 members of the Democratic Party and 483 Republican Party members in the House of Representatives (“Texas State Legislature” n.p). Texas’s state government has become increasingly partisan over the last two decades. Texas’s House of Representatives and Senate were overwhelmingly Democratic in 1992, but between 1995 and 2003, the composition shifted, with more Republicans joining the ranks. For the past decade, Republicans have been the majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Texas is among the states that have seen a significant shift in congressional partisanship, with a shift of over 40% from one party to the other in the Senate and the House (Bullock 553).
Florida’s partisanship has not changed much since 1992, and the State’s legislature has not been split. Since 1992, the Republicans have been dominating the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Democrats have held the majority for only one year, while Republicans have held the majority for 19 years. Between 1992 and 2013, Republicans controlled 80% of the Senate. As a result, the Florida legislature has always been partisan and Republican-leaning. Both Texas and Florida can be associated with a more Republican history than Democratic history (“Florida House of Representatives” n.p).
Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional amendments are primarily concerned with either revising or adding to certain sections of the constitution to enable the State better manage itself. In almost all the states in the US, voter approval is considered necessary for any constitutional amendments to be considered valid. It is the duty of the legislature to see to it that the different proposed constitutional changes are put before the citizens for consideration and vote on them.
Compared to other states of the US, Florida has a wide variety of ways of placing amendments before the public. For the proposed amendment to go into force, it requires the support of 60% of the registered voters (Morse 1143). Usually, this is guided by Article XI of the constitutions, which specifies different ways to put up a proposed constitutional amendment to the voters for their consideration. Section 1 of Article XI of the constitution states that if 60% of the state legislature in every chamber agrees on a joint resolution, the proposed amendment can be put on a ballot box. In Section 2, thirty days prior to convening the sessions of 2017 and 20 years after that, the revision commissions of the Florida constitution were to meet and suggest either amendments or revisions of the constitution, which would be voted on statewide. Section 3 of Article XI allows the public to petition for changes to the legislation but with limited power. Before a constitutional amendment can be put up for a referendum, supporters must gather enough signatures from Floridians (8%) who cast ballots in the State’s prior presidential elections to meet the required threshold (Jameson and Marsha 417). Section 4 allows voters to enquiry on the ballot if a constitutional convention is necessary. The various proponents of the conventions must be equal to 15 percent of the presidential votes cast in the previous presidential elections to be placed on the ballot. In section 6, the Florida Taxation and Budget Reform Commission meets every 20 years since 2007 to decide on proposed constitutional amendments that will be put to the vote by Floridians.
On the other hand, Article 17 of the Texas Constitution serves as guidance for implementing constitutional amendments in the State. According to this article, a constitutional amendment must be proposed by the state legislature in a joint resolution between the House of Representatives and the Senate for it to become known to the general public. The source of the joint resolution might come from any of the legislative branches. It must also be passed by at least two-thirds of each house’s members, which equates to at least 100 votes from the House of Representatives and 21 votes from the Senate (Bohac et al. 2). The joint resolution must provide the proposed amendment in a written form and give a specific date for elections. The joint resolution may comprise more than one proposed amendment in some cases. Each proposal is given a ballot number in such a situation, and the legislature may resubmit it if the voters reject it. The legislature has the power to convene a referendum on the constitutional change that has been proposed on any day. Usually, this is allowed as long as the election officials have enough time to send out notifications and print ballots. The legislature always makes sure that the wording of the ballot and a concise description of the proposed statement is provided to give a comprehensive understanding of the proposed amendment and sufficient time for the voters to agree with the amendment. The proposed amendments have to be published twice in the state newspaper that prints state notices 50 to 60 days before the election (Bohac et al. 2). The second notice should be published in the same newspaper in the subsequent week but on a day similar to when the first publication was published. This should be followed by a comprehensive copy of all amendments being sent to the County Clerk by the Secretary of State. The county Clerk is required to post display the notice on the courthouse lawn at least 30 days before the elections. A ballot explanation must be written by the secretary and authorized by the Texas Attorney General. A constitutional amendment is only effective when approved by the majority of the voters. The secretary of state tabulates the results of the state elections, and the Governor must go through a 15 to 30-day vetting process (Bohac et al. 2).
Elections
Florida’s election laws stipulate that 120 members of the State’s House of Representatives must be elected after every two even-numbered years (Doherty 921). Every member of Congress is chosen to represent a district. One must be at least 21 years old, have lived in Florida for not less than two years before the election, and reside in the district where he or she intends to serve as a member of the Florida House. Similarly, elections in Texas are also conducted after every two even-numbered years. A person may only run for the house in Texas if they are at least 21 years old and have lived in the State and district they represent for not less than one year before the year of election. Thus, it is evident that Texas and Florida have same criteria for an individual to qualify to be a candidate for the House of Representatives.
Texas and Florida’s legislative bodies also differ when it comes to elections. The Florida legislature has a term restriction of 4 terms. However, in Texas, the senate does not have any term limits. In the Texas House of Representatives, the longest-serving member is Tom Craddick, who has been a member since 1968. This implies that individuals can defend their legislative seats in Texas many times. Contrary, the legislature of Florida has a term limit of four. Usually, limiting the number of terms a person may serve as a member of Congress has the benefit of recruiting leaders who are really interested in serving the public interest rather than only serving their own interests. It also ensures a constant flow of new executives who bring in fresh ideas and enthusiasm to the organization. Thus, the Texas legislature has a lower likelihood of recruiting new leaders that have the drive and desire to represent their constituents’ interests compared Florida legislature. However, this has faced criticism where the critics argue that taking more time in the office allows leaders to acquire more experience and improve their skills, which leads to more productivity and efficiency.
Budgeting
The role of the House of Representatives in the state budget the two states is to pass balanced budgets, which shows how taxpayer money is used in different functions of the government (Lienert 116). For instance, it showcases how money is allocated in areas such as healthcare and education. The State of Florida operates on a budget that is prepared on a yearly basis. Florida’s budget cycle begins in July when the Governor delivers the budget instructions to the different state agencies. After that, in October, the various state departments submit their Governor’s budget recommendations to the Governor. The budget hearings for state agencies take place in September, with public hearings held in January and September. In May or April, the state legislatures consider the Governor’s budget proposal before voting to approve it. For the budget to be considered important, the majority must support it. Also, the budget must be balanced before it can be considered credible. As such, the Governor must ensure that he or she delivers a balanced budget. The lawmakers must also approve a balanced budget. Therefore, every budget that is enacted into law must be in accordance with its stated purpose. Florida typically budgets for three significant funds: Special Revenue Funds, General Revenue Fund, and the Major Special Revenue Fund (“Florida State Budget And Finances” n.p).
Unlike Florida, Texas operates on a budget prepared on a biennial basis. This implies that the budget in Texas is prepared after every two years. The budget instructions are sent to the different state agencies at the beginning of March. During the months of July and September, the state agencies hold public hearings and submit budget recommendations to the Governor for consideration and approval. A proposed budget from the Governor is then presented to state agencies on the 30th day of a regular session, and the budget is adopted in May. Just as in Florida, a simple majority helps approve the budget. However, contrary to Florida, the Fiscal year in Texas starts in July. Also, just like in Florida, in Texas, for a budget to be signed into law by the Governor, it has to be balanced (“Texas State Budget And Finances” n.p)
Lawmaker Composition
Lawmakers in Florida and Texas have several differences and similarities, which are worth mentioning when comparing the legislative frameworks of the two countries. One of the key similarities is that both states have two legislatures: the Lower House and Upper House. The upper house is the senate, while the lower chamber is the House of Representatives. Usually, the two houses work collaboratively to formulate policies for every State. Another similarity is that Filibusters are allowed in both states. This implies that members of Congress are at liberty to cause the Speaker to adjourn the discussion for a bill to a later date.
Although the houses of the two states are similar to each other, their composition is highly varied. The lower chamber of the Florida legislature consists of 120 members chosen in a general election, and the elected members of Congress can serve for four, two-year terms, after which they are barred from vying for the same position again . The composition of the Lower House of Texas differs from that of Florida. The Lower House of Texas comprises 150 legislatures who represent different districts, and the elected legislatures are elected every two years for two-year terms with no limits (“Florida House Of Representatives” n.p).
Also, the composition of the Upper houses of Texas and Florida’s legislative frameworks is different. Florida’s Upper Chamber (Senate) comprises 40 legislators. Citizens equally elect the senators during the general elections. Unlike the members of the Lower House, who serve a maximum of four two-year terms, senates in Florida serve a maximum of two two-year terms. The Upper House of the Texas legislation is made up of 31 members who represent various districts. The senators are usually elected every two years of the four-year without term limits.
Legislative Sessions
Legislative sessions include the different sessions held by the senate, where the legislative businesses, including taxes, resolutions, and bills, are discussed. Legislative sessions are intended for lawmaking and formulation of policies that are utilized in state governance. This process is conducted by the legislatures, mostly the senate, since they represent the people’s interests. There are two types of legislative sessions: special and regular sessions. The special sessions are the meetings called by either the Governor or the legislature. Only matters raised by the legislature of the Governor can be discussed during special legislative sessions. On the other hand, regular sessions are the meetings held yearly by various legislative branches of the different states, which differ in the duration in which they last ((NCSL, n.p).
According to the Florida constitution, the legislators convene the two types of sessions. Usually, the regular sessions in Florida assemble the First Tuesday of the month of March every year, in odd-numbered years, and on the second Tuesday of the Month of January in even-numbered years. In Florida, regular sessions are limited to sixty days except in cases where more than three-fifths of the Congress members decide to the extent it. Section 3 states that the convening of the special sessions can be done as per the provision of law or according to Florida’s Governor’s proclamation.
On the other hand, Article III of the Texas constitution establishes when the State’s legislatures should hold legislative sessions. Section 5 of Article III states that legislatures shall hold a meeting every two years by establishing the law. Contrary to the State of Florida, in Texas, the Governor is allowed to create as many legislative sessions as he pleases.
The Future Changes
Based on the various elements discussed above, various recommendations for future changes are recommended for both Texas and Florida legislative frameworks. To begin with, Texas should adopt an annual budget cycle and do away with its currently used biennial budget cycle. It is recommended that Texas adopts an annual budget since it will assist in ensuring a continuous supply of funds for the ever-increasing needs of the people and the State at large. The currently adopted biennial budget cycle in Texas seems to limit the State in handling emergencies due to the fixed budget, which they have to work with for a prolonged period of 2 years.
Secondly, in relation to constitutional amendments, both Florida and Texas should provide citizens with platforms in which they can freely suggest constitutional amendments for the better future of these states. Public participation in this way allows citizens to offer their thoughts and ideas, which have a better possibility of influencing changes to the constitution, which might improve the estate’s overall operations.
The legislatures of the State of Texas should also be given the authority to convene special legislative sessions. This is because, in certain circumstances, they are able to comprehend some of the emergency situations that come up. This will assist in guaranteeing that the different sessions are completed on time and that any issues that arise are dealt with peacefully and in accordance with the law.
Conclusion
Overall, this paper compares the legislative frameworks of Florida and Texas in terms of history, constitutional amendments, elections, budgeting, lawmaker structure and composition, ethics, legislative sessions, and future changes. In relation to history, Texas’ partisan makeup has shifted dramatically over time. Contrary, Florida’s partisanship has not changed much since 1992. Concerning constitutional amendments, Florida, unlike Texas, has a wide variety of ways of placing amendments before the public. In terms of elections, Florida has a total of 160 members of Congress, whereby 120 are members of the House of Representatives, and 40 are members of the senate. On the other hand, The Lower House of Texas comprises 150 legislatures, and the upper house comprises 31 legislators. The role of the House of Representatives in the state budget in both states is to pass balanced budgets, which show how taxpayer money is used in different functions of the government. However, Texas operates on a budget prepared on a biennial basis, while Florida operates on a budget that is prepared on a yearly basis. In relation to legislative sessions, in Florida, a convening of the special sessions can be done as per the provision of law or according to Florida’s Governor’s proclamation, while in Texas, the Governor is allowed to create as many legislative sessions as he pleases. Recommendations for future changes are that Texas adopts adopt an annual budget cycle. Also, it is recommended that both Florida and Texas provide citizens with platforms in which they can freely suggest constitutional amendments. Lastly, the legislatures of the State of Texas should also be given the authority to convene special legislative sessions.
Works Cited
“Florida House Of Representatives”. Ballotpedia, 2022, https://ballotpedia.org/Florida_House_of_Representatives.
“Florida State Budget And Finances”. Ballotpedia, 2022, https://ballotpedia.org/Florida_state_budget_and_finances.
“Signature Requirements For Ballot Measures In Florida”. Ballotpedia, 2022, https://ballotpedia.org/Signature_requirements_for_ballot_measures_in_Florida.
“Texas State Budget And Finances”. Ballotpedia, 2022, https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_state_budget_and_finances.
“Texas State Legislature”. Ballotpedia, 2022, https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_State_Legislature.
Abramowitz, Alan I., Brad Alexander, and Matthew Gunning. “Incumbency, redistricting, and the decline of competition in US House elections.” The Journal of politics 68.1 (2006): 75-88.
Bohac, Dwayne, et al. House Research Organization: Focus Report.
Bullock III, Charles S. “Regional realignment from an officeholding perspective.” The Journal of Politics 50.3 (1988): 553-574.
Doherty, P. C. “A Quodliet, a Mumpsimus, and the Rule of Infield Flies: The Unfinished Business of Term Limits in Florida.” Nova L. Rev. 18 (1993): 921.
Jameson, P. K., and Marsha Hosack. “Citizen Initiatives in Florida: An Analysis of Florida’s Constitutional Initiative Process, Issues, and Alternatives.” Fla. St. UL Rev. 23 (1995): 417.
Lienert, Ian. “Role of the legislature in budget processes.” The international handbook of public financial management. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013. 116-136.
Morse, Michael. “The Future of Felon Disenfranchisement Reform: Evidence from the Campaign to Restore Voting Rights in Florida.” Cal. L. Rev. 109 (2021): 1143.
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). “Special Sessions”. https://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/special-sessions472.aspx.
The White House . The State and Local Governent, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/state-local-government/U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1.
Lunch Discussions with the Experts on Urban Sustainability
Lunch Discussions with the Experts on Urban Sustainability
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Institution
Lunch Discussions with the Experts on Urban Sustainability
Urbanization has been a primary concern of the social scientists and environmental researchers for years. Urban developments started with the early civilization, and social scientists found out that it was a major issue in our ecological interactions. Man’s activities affect the environment in varied ways, both positively and negatively. One of the major undertakings of man is the development of urban centers for human settlement and business operations. As humans settle in their modern cities, they engage in activities that involve land use, extraction of resources and production of wastes that affect the ecosystem in one way or another. There are numerous choices on what to manufacture and on what to use for human consumption. All these bring about ecological changes that are so evident in today’s modern world (Alberti, 2008). The planners of our modern cities take into consideration various issues. Major scholars have also aided in this work through their persistent research. This discussion will point out the various factors that these social scientists have studied. It will also highlight how our architects have responded to these or where they have failed entirely.As for the purpose of this paper, I chose LA’s grand Park as the location for the discussion. I have engaged Marina Alberti _author of ‘Ecological Resilience in Urban Ecosystem‘(Linking urban centers to human and ecological functions). The other author is Herbert Girardet_ the author of ‘The Metabolism of Cities for Creating Sustainable Cities’.Student: Thank you all for having agreed to respond positively to my invitation. I commend you for your scholarly contributions in ecological issues that affect our world today. Your work has been of great help me. I am looking forward to a very fruitful interactive session with you. To start us off, what is the magnitude of this topic ‘Urban Sustainability?’Alberti: This is a crucial topic of discussion since it raises a serious debate across the world. In fact, it encompasses life. Various world agencies that advocate a peaceful co-existence between man and its environment are numerous. The fact that these bodies are international shows the magnitude of this matter. So many scholars have also contributed to this by carrying out researches and designing models for studying urban sustainability.Herbert: It is arguable that this is a serious matter. It entails human lives as well as that of the animals in the ecosystem. Treating our urban centers as ecosystems helps us understand the whole issue, and this is what most scholars have done in their various studies to show the Importance of creating sustainable or ecological friendly cities.Student: Thank you; you have put forward a wonderful introduction to this discussion. What do you scholars mean when you talk about a self-sufficient city?Alberti: When we speak about a ‘self-sufficient city’, we are simply referring to a sustainable city. The design of such a city is in a way that meets all the environmental factors. Here, we look at factors that might have negative repercussions on the environment. As such, we have waste disposal, water pollution, air pollution and land use. When designers make decisions on urban planning, they must consider the well-being of every group, well-designed systems of energy flow, resource management, and economic advancement and support for each. These factors work towards achieving resilience that modern cities require (Alberti, 2008).Herbert: In addition, most of our urban cities need to undergo some changes to meet these standards. Therefore, a self-sufficient city is that in which designers have quantified the energy flow and other valuable resources within it (Girardet, 2014).Student: That is very interesting. So what are the distinctive characteristics of a sustainable city?Herbert: A self-sufficient or a sustainable city is one that can supply its energy needs from sources that are renewable for instance wind power and solar power. These sources of energy do not cause serious pollution to the environment as compared to other sources. Secondly, a sustainable city is one that has a well-defined system of waste disposal. Wastes can be recycled so to minimize land pollution. This is one area where city managers have failed miserably. Major cities in the world face this challenge, and it is a grave concern although some still lack solution to it. Another key trait is the use of environmental friendly fuels that are free from carbon. This has been and will be a major challenge for our cities. Public transport system should have these types of fuels, or if this can be unachievable, citizens can minimize the count of cars on roads by turning to cycling. Cities like Copenhagen have significantly embraced this move (Girardet, 2014).Student: Just from your comment Mr. Herbert, what are some of the most evident challenges that bar the progress of urban sustainability in most of our cities or the in the world at large?Herbert: Many cities face various challenges as far as city planning and architecture are concerned. These challenges include constant changing political regimes, economic constraint and lack of enough land for a strategic location of new cities.Student: This takes us to the conclusion that most of our major cities have not met all the requirements of urban sustainability. In fact, our cities face various challenges but most of them have the potential. As scholars who have deeply studied ‘Urban Sustainability’, what are some of the indicators of a possible sustainable city? Is our city, Los Angeles, showing any signs of a possible Self-sufficient city?Alberti: First, let me agree with you that most of our towns have potential, and many of them are considering a move to creating self-sufficiency. There are key indicators that researchers have studied based on their scientific models for the city metabolism. Cities should embrace modern agriculture. City agriculture is a critical aspect of self-sufficiency. Some countries in the world reclaim unused land surrounding cities into farms. In some cities in Freiburg, Germany, there is introduction of solar panels on roofs or purely solar roofs for harvesting solar energy (Girardet, 1999). Most of these factors are evident in Los Angeles. For example, the city has embraced improved waste disposal mechanism, there is urban gardening and markets for farmers and new energy consumption measures like tree planting and use of 78F thermostat in work areas.Herbert: Yes, it may be evident that most cities show potential but as I have indicated before, there are still challenges to these. One of the problems that our city developers face is coming from the political governments. If the government does not complete its new projects, these may stall in case a new government fails to approve of them. A new government may not see the need for a certain project or may just fail to support it based on their manifesto. Economic constraints may also arise with time since different countries face various challenges in their economies. Therefore, this can lead to diversion of funds for a project in city development to other more important uses, leading to postponement or cancelation of the latter.Student: I see you have contrasting opinions hereHerbert: It may not be purely contrasting. I call upon and urge you to consider the situation from both sides because you are a student. In as much as we would say that the city has potential for developing into a ‘sustainable city’, we should also look at some challenges it might face. To be specific, these developments are gradual in Los Angeles. Seventeen percent of its inhabitants live below the poverty line. The city lacks enough funds to run its projects, tax and fees increase is probable, and there is also a growing divide. These challenges may make it a probable sustainable town in the long term (Association of American Geographers, AAG).Student: You have elaborated to me so much about urban sustainability. As a conclusion remark from the knowledge you have shared, every government must ensure that it works towards designing or improving urban ecosystems that meet resilience required for their future well-being. Since if our ecosystems would lack this, then it means that they would be more susceptible to any future stochastic occurrence that may cause changes in their stability.
References
Alberti, M. (2008). Advances in urban ecology : integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems. New York: New York, Springer.
Girardet, H. (2014). Creating Regenerative Cities. Routledge.
Herbert, G. (1999). Creating sustainable cities. Totnes Green Books for the Schumacher Society.
Association of American Geographers (AAG) website
Comparison between Current and Former School Experience
Comparison between Current and Former School Experience
Student’s Name
Institution
Comparison between Current and Former School Experience
Education is a necessity in human’s life and is fundamental to enhancing healthy growth and development humanoid behavior. Change is inevitable throughout the growth cycle as well as in the education field. It is evident that as one progress in the learning field there is an advancement and more likely things tend to be a bit complicated, and the number of responsibilities regarding student’s commitment tends to increase. There arises an enormous difference in the experience between the current school which can be regarded a tertiary level and the prior learning institution. It is a significant step that everyone is glad of to move from high school to college. The differences that arise between the two ranges from the tutors, the responsibilities to the number of work requirements among many other things. In this essay, the comparisons and differences between the college and high school life experience are discussed in greater context.
To start with, are the variances between the last and current school experience. The first difference regards the teachers who used to teach the former school and the professors who teach in college. The highs school teacher is not only more concerned about the student where-about but also the class attendance and performance which is contrary opposite with the college tutors. For instance, in the previous school, the teachers had the responsibility to make sure that every student is around the school compound and does not go against the stipulated school rules and regulations. In the present-day school thing are not the same as the professors will at not any time be concerned about the student’s where about and what they are doing is wrong or right (Crisp & Delgado 2014). An excellent example of this case is regarding following school program where in college no tutor will keep on following students to keep in touch to it while in the former school tutors had to make sure that all students are in the right place at the right time.
The other difference concerns the student’s responsibilities of the students. In the current school, the students possess self-control, and no one has to follow what one is doing. For instance, there will be no one to remind the pupils that it is time for attending a class or coming out for a break which was the case with the previous school. In consideration of class attendance and assignment submission, the college case differs from that of the last school. In college, it is upon the student to decide whether to attend the recommended classes or not even though there can be some repercussions of exceeding the maximum absentia and failure if one does not attend the lectures. While in the former school it was mandatory not to attend a single class unless there was a good reason and if one just forsakes appearing during the specific session the teacher has the right to punish that particular individual significantly. Regarding assignment submission, it was not a big issue not to submit an assignment on time at the previous school, while it is compulsory to submit assignment at the stipulated time in college (Thompson, 2015).
Secondly, are the similarities between the two learning institutions which are universal. The first similarity regards the method of testing the students understanding. Both the current and last schools, the student are assessed using assignment and examinations where at the end or during the teaching period. Furthermore, both the institution have rules and regulations which are applied regarding the students and tutors responsibilities and are strictly followed to enhance efficiency (Williams, et.al 2015). Also, in both learning institution students suffer significant repercussions such discontinuation if they do not abide by rules or meet the necessities regarding discipline and pass marks.
From the discussion above, it is evident that there are differences in the way of doing things regarding the level of learning institution. Students have to adhere and comply with the significant changes that one meets in the education path. There are useful and are there to shape individual behavior and ensuring that pupil has equipped the expected skills.
References
Crisp, G., & Delgado, C. (2014). The impact of developmental education on community college persistence and vertical transfer. Community College Review, 42(2), 99-117.
Thompson, M. D. (2015). Personality, transiency, and school experience between long-term English learners and former English learners (Doctoral dissertation, Trevecca Nazarene University).
Williams, R. M., Puetz, T. W., Giza, C. C., & Broglio, S. P. (2015). Concussion recovery time among high school and collegiate athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 45(6), 893-903.