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Comparing the Management Functions Planning and Controlling
HAS 320-1401B-02
Phase 1 DB 2
Comparing the Management Functions Planning and Controlling
Managers that are effective as well as efficient are valuable assets to an organization and participate in the success of the organization. Managers have the responsibility of following not only the values and principles set forth by their organization, but also teach fellow employees those same values and principles. Managers successfully fulfill this role by knowing the different roles within the organization and how the management functions are executed in these different roles. Management functions consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling CITATION Hea12 l 1033 (Healey & Marhese, 2012). Each of these functions are a critical component in how managers can efficiently and effectively carry out the organization’ values and principles.
The planning function is where the organization can identify and select the goals that are more pertinent for the organization’s success. This function also allows the organization to develop a course of action and strategy to achieve these pertinent goals. There are essentially three goals in the planning function CITATION Hea12 l 1033 (Healey & Marhese, 2012). The first being that the organization needs to prioritize the goals that want to be pursued. The second goal is the adoption of a plan in how these desired goals will be pursued. The third goal is to determine in how resources will be allocated in the pursuing of the goals. Planning allows organizations to become more productive because employees of the organization know what the plans of the organization are. Planning can involve tasks that require the organization to do a SWOT analysis to determine goals for future growth or to determine where more resources are needed. Years ago, I worked at a telemarketing company called Rain Soft. While there, I retained the position of Assistant Manager. The goal was to set up potential clients to have their water tested for free and at the same time a sales representative of the company would sell them a water purification system, or at least try. We had daily goals that needed to be reach and in order for those goals to be reached I would create a schedule that allowed for my top performers to work at the peak hours of contacting clients. This for me meant planning so that the daily goals would be met.
The controlling function relies on the managers to evaluate how well an organization has achieved its goals and to take any necessary corrective actions needed to maintain or improve performance CITATION Hea12 l 1033 (Healey & Marhese, 2012). The controlling function allows the manager to be able to monitor employees, productivity, and resources. The ultimate goal of the controlling function is the ability to measure performance accurately and regulate organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The manager will need to have an image of the organizations goals that is clear and concise; in order to successfully guide employees the right direction. Managers are ultimately responsible for controlling and making sure that employees are following values and principles during the pursuit of organizational goals. Another difference is that the controlling requires constant evolving of processes so that the desired can be reached. The similarities these two share is that they feed off one another. Even though a goal may be set out in the planning function, the controlling function may bring to light that some fine-tuning may need to be done to the goals that were set during the planning function.
All the functions rely upon one another to make sure that organization is reaching the desired goal or goals. The main difference between these two functions is the fact that planning starts the process of goal attainment and controlling makes sure that goals are being reached in a manner that is effective and efficient. All managers on levels are involved in the management functions. However, the actual hands on or input level differs among the functions. Senior management will have more power during the planning function. They are the ones who ultimately decide the direction the organization must take to ensure the continued success of the organization. In my experience working at Rain Soft as an Assistant Manager, it was my responsibility to make sure that employees were working at their full potential and meeting the goals of the company. If I saw that an employee was not meeting work performance standards, it was my responsibility to give further training to the employee so they can meet work performance goals.
References
Christensen, K. (2014). Live chat presentation 1Management Functions [Chat]. Retrieved from Colorado Technical University
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Certo, S. (2014). The Role of Supervisors. Retrieved from McGraw-Hill: http://answers.mheducation.com/business/management/supervision/role-supervisors#planning-organizing-leading-and-controlling-
Healey, B., & Marhese, M. (2012). Foundations of Health Care Management Principles and Methods. San Francisco: Wiley.
Interview- Portrait Photographer (Annie Leibovitz)
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Introduction
This paper presents an interview with the famous portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz. The interview aims at gaining more knowledge about the photographer in terms of career, style and technique in photography, as well as, her perception about the current and future trends in portrait photography. Annie Leibovitz was chosen as the preferred portrait photographer for this interview, as she is one of the most sought after photographers in the industry today. Accordingly, her knowledge and professionalism in portrait photography makes her the most suitable candidate for the interview.
Interview with Annie Leibovitz
Interviewer: Tell us a little bit about yourself. Who is Annie Leibovitz?
Leibovitz: Annie is a third-generation American, coming from a homogenous Jewish Background. My late father worked as a lieutenant colonel, and my late mother as a dance
instructor. I come from a family of six children, I am the third born in the family, and I have three children, Sarah, Samuelle, and Susan (Somerstein 1). I am also a professional Portrait Photographer
Interviewer: Why and how did you become a photographer?
Leibovitz: I became a professional photographer because of my artistic interests that I first
discovered as a little girl. I took my very first photos during the Vietnam War, and since then I have been hooked on photography (Somerstein 1). I became a professional photographer back in 1970, when the Rolling Stones magazine looked at my work and decided to sign me on as their photographer.
Interviewer: What does Photography mean to you?
Leibovitz: Photography is more than just a career for me, it is a passion, a way to relate with
the world. Photography is my life. When I take a photograph, I feel an essence of communication between me and the person am taking the photograph of. It is a new learning experience for me every time.
Interviewer: How long have you been a photographer?
Leibovitz: I have been a photographer since I was born. But professionally, I have worked as
a photographer since 1970 to date. That equals to about 4 decades now (Somerstein 1).
Interviewer: Most photographers and artists claim that it takes quite some time before getting
their “Big Break”. How long did it take you to “make it” in the industry?
Leibovitz: I cannot give you the actual date for when I “made it” but because my first
publicly accepted photograph was that of John Lennon during my time at Rolling stones, it would be safe to say that I “made it” in the 1980s, which was ten years after I started working professionally. So it took me around ten years before I got my big break.
Interviewer: How would you define your photography? What kind of photographs do you
take?
Leibovitz: I define my photography as iconic photography (Somerstein 1). This is because I center on taking
portrait photographs of those considered as the rich and famous in society.
Interviewer: With all other photography options available, Why did you particularly settle for
portrait Photography?
Leibovitz: Portrait photography has always interested me from time in memorial. This is
because, when I like something or someone, I take a photo of them. To me portrait photography is the best way to get to know people better, to communicate with them, and learn more about them. Portrait photography is reality, which is what I want to experience when I take photographs
Interviewer: Who were/are your biggest influences?
Leibovitz: In terms of following my dream, my biggest influence was my family. In relation
to photography, photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Frank Robert were my biggest influence (Somerstein 1). They have a way of using their photography as a toll for personal reportage. The photographs they take are merely a report of what is, no additions, no subtractions, just a graphical representation of reality.
Interviewer: We all know that you have worked for famous magazines such as the Rolling
Stones magazine and Vanity Fair. They have all been big projects for you and you have executed each project remarkably. Now, am curious, how do you get work? Do your clients look for you? Or are you the one who looks for them?
Leibovitz: In the beginning, I had to look for clients, I had to sell my projects to the industry
and for that reason, I needed to gather as many customers as possible for my work. I still do up to date but at the moment, it is the clients who come looking for me. They say I am good at what I do and they want me to take a portrait photograph of themselves
Interviewer: Marketing is a great tool for business especially in this industry. I know that most
artists and photographers need to market themselves to their customers if they intend to sell their pieces of work. How do you market yourself?
Leibovitz: At the moment, I don’t really market myself because my work has become
familiar in the industry and most people now recognize my pictures from a distance. However, before I built a name for myself in the industry, I had to go out and market myself. Literally. I would walk up to clients, present my ideas to them, then wait for a phone call. Luckily I landed myself a job as a magazine photographer, and I did not need to do that anymore
Interviewer: You have been working as a portrait photographer for quite a number of years
now. You are one of the few photographers who have managed to keep themselves in the industry for a long time. What motivates and keeps you motivated to continue?
Leibovitz: My love for photography motivates me to continue working in the industry. Every
new photograph I take acts as an inspiration for the next photograph I will take
(Somerstein 1). When I look at my photographs, I am amazed at what I see, which, in turn, motivates me to take more photographs hoping that the next will be similar, if not better, than the previous
Interviewer: Having looked at some of your pieces of work, like the portrait of John Lennon,
portrait of Whoopi Goldberg and my personal favorite, portrait of Lance Armstrong, the multifaceted nature of your photography is evident. Some of your photographs appear hard to take with the basic camera. Do you mind telling us the kind of equipment you use during your photo shoots?
Leibovitz: I simply use a Camera. Nothing complicated
Interviewer: Do you have a studio? Where is it located? And how important do you believe
that having a studio for a photographer like yourself is?
Leibovitz: Yes I do have a studio, actually I have a number of studios in the states, New
York, San Francisco and the rest. Having a studio for a photographer is as important as having a hand calculator for the accountant. Much as one can calculate without it, the accountant still needs to go back to using it
Interviewer: Do you do more location or studio work?
Interviewer: Staying current has been an issue for artists, especially photographers and most
have found themselves phased out from the 21st century. The trends keep changing, for example, everything has gone digital nowadays. As a photographer who has been around for four decades, how do you stay current? And do you struggle at this?
Leibovitz: Yes I do struggle with staying current. Most people do not believe this, as they
claim that my photographs seem to meet the ‘current’ requirements. My strategy for staying current is quite simple staying true to myself. I care more about taking pictures than being current, and surprisingly, that make me current
Interviewer: How has Digital changed business?
Leibovitz: For some it has, and for others, like myself it has not. The biggest change that
digital has brought in photography lies entirely on editing. One can take a photography in the studio and edit it to look like they were in a desert. I am not a big fan of digital photographs and I believe that computer photography is not photography at all (Somerstein 1).
Interviewer: In conclusion, have you ever considered taking a self-portrait of yourself?
Leibovitz: I would love to do a portrait of myself but I think taking a self-portrait is very
complex and difficult (Somerstein 1). I am so used to being behind the camera and taking the photographs that being in front of the camera is a bit scary for me.
Work Cited
Somerstein, Rachel. Annie Leibovit: Life Through a Lens. pbs.org, 27 October 2008. Web. 21
October 2011.
Comparing the Effectiveness
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Rhetorical Situations in Articles
Introduction
Published in the Scientific American Blog Network, the article Hollywood’s Portrayals of Science and Scientists Are Ridiculous was written by Ushma S. Neil in January 2019. The article follows the portrayal of science and medicine in the media and particularly in movies. According to the author, various scenarios in the movies serve to highlight the level of disconnect that exists between actual physicians and screenwriters. Moreover, the article New Amsterdam Is a Medical Drama That Fails Doctors—And Viewers is a medical drama that highlights the healthcare system of the United States as is. Written by Brit Trogen, the article was published in the Atlantic in November 2018. New Amsterdam is simple and patronizing and it has an insidious effect on how the members of the public view medical practitioners and the healthcare system by extension. The purpose of this essay is to compare the rhetorical situations including the logos, ethos, and pathos employed in both articles. Compared to its counterpart, the article on New Amsterdam published in the Atlantic has stronger rhetorical appeals and is, therefore more effective in persuading the readers about the author’s stance.
The Use and Effectiveness of Logos in Both Articles
To begin with, the authors of both articles employ the use of logos to appeal to the audience. In the article by Scientific American, the author writes, “ I’d like to invite screenwriters and casting directors to spend more time with actual lab teams or to shadow clinical groups to get a better sense of who we are as professionals.” This statement points to the fact the screenwriters have been failing in how they portray doctors and scientists in films. The statement opines that if screenwriters took the time to interact with physicians and scientists, then they would write better films that portray them for who they are. Most films portray scientists using various stereotypes. Particularly movies always describe doctors as Caucasian with perfect teeth, a white coat, and designer clothes and nurses as black women who have seen it all. For such a noble profession to be portrayed that way when the reality is more varied, it points to the old fashionness of the screenwriters. They refuse to showcase physicians as the careful, methodical, and professionals that they are. The New Amsterdam article author also writes, Against this backdrop, distrust in physicians is rising, with only 34% of Americans now expressing confidence in medical leaders, down from 73% in 1966.” This statement uses facts to appeal to the audience. The statement proves helpful to the author’s cause in convincing readers that New Amsterdam does not paint a true picture of the medical profession. The statement evokes a reaction of shock to the audience. The fact that members of the public have significantly lost confidence in physicians over the years makes the reader sad. It opens their eyes to the influence that film has on the public’s perception. Although films are purely fictional, people tend to believe the message that is being communicated.
The Use and Effectiveness of Ethos in Both Articles
Secondly, both authors of the two articles also employ the use of ethos to pass across their claims. In the article published by Scientific American the author writes, “When reality is not congruent with what is shown on the film, audiences reinforce these hurtful stereotypes.” This statement seeks to appeal to the ethics and principles of the reader. The statement points to the fact that screenwriters are part of the problem because they fail to showcase reality in the films they create. In essence, whatever is showcased in medical films is nothing close to reality. They showcase doctors as models stuck in the 70s era fashion and scientists as capable of solving most problems which is not the case. The quote points to the fact that the stereotypes harm the medical profession as the audience always ends up subscribing to the perceptions displayed in the film. Further, in the New Amsterdam article, the author writes, “In a recent episode, he encourages physicians to defraud the hospital through downcoding—providing expensive and time-consuming care to patients, then lying about it in the medical record.” This statement proves effective in appealing to the audience as it speaks to the ethics and morals of Dr. Goodwin. Without a doubt, whatever he is doing is morally wrong. Directing doctors to the lie in the medical records is equal to defrauding the hospital and it can have a dire effect on the hospitals’ finances. Although he has the best interest of the patients at heart, it compromises the values of the profession.
The Use and Effectiveness of Pathos in Both Articles
Thirdly, both articles also use pathos as a rhetorical strategy to pass across their main points to the audience. In the Scientific American article, the author writes, “It was therefore particularly apt and cringeworthy when these tweets showed up about the lack of thought put forward who is often most critical on successful scientific and medical teams.” This statement appeals to the emotion of the audience by addressing the issue of diversity of ethnicities within the medical profession. The statement points to the fact that Hollywood productions are notorious for neglecting ethnicities including people of color from roles and that they only give most roles to white people. In most films, the role of the physician is mostly played by white people which give the assumption that certain people are the only ones that can be doctors in real life. However, this is not the case as even the most successful people doctors and engineers attain results by collaborating with other people. In the New Amsterdam article, the author writes, “That Goodwin also has cancer, which is revealed in the first episode, only adds to his zeal.” This statement discloses the fact that Dr. Goodwin is also struggling with his health. The statement evokes emotion and feelings of sympathy for the good doctor. It is evident that the doctor has good intentions for the hospital. From the way he handles situations including firing head departments, doing away with the waiting room, and even asking doctors to undercharge patients, it is clear that he is a good person. The doctor kept his illness a secret all while transitioning t a new job that was rather demanding. This statement is effective in passing across the author’s main message that the medical profession is not always represented as a true picture in films.
Conclusion.
Both articles highlighted employ the use of ethos, pathos, and logos as rhetorical devices to express the main claim to the audiences. Although the rhetorical devices attained their use in both articles, they were more effective in the article on New Amsterdam published in the Atlantic than in the article published in the Scientific American. The audiences are likely to resonate with and buy in the claims made by the author that wrote the article about New Amsterdam than compared to its counterpart. This text is insightful as it has set the record straight about the perceptions of the medical profession and particularly physicians and scientists as highlighted in media.
References
Neill, U., 2019. Hollywood’s Portrayals of Science and Scientists Are Ridiculous. Scientific American Blog Network. Available at: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/hollywoods-portrayals-of-science-and-scientists-are-ridiculous/
Trogen, B., 2018. ‘New Amsterdam’ Is a Medical Drama That Fails Doctors—And Viewers. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/11/new-amsterdam-nbc-show-physician-distrust-bellevue/576712/