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Nikes Advert
Nike’s Advert
Introduction
Advertising or marketing, in general, has been at the heart of the business world. Indeed, it has been recognized as one of the fundamental aspects in the world of business and has a bearing on the profitability, as well as sustainability of the business both in the short-term and the long-term. This is especially considering that it determines the number of people who know about the business entity or even its products, not to mention the image that is created of the same. Needless to say, advertising and marketing strategies are primarily based on perception or rather the image that they depict both about themselves and their audience or potential customers. Indeed, a large number of adverts especially for women beauty products are primarily aimed at creating the impression that the women audiences have less than perfect skins or bodies, but can reach that level of perfection by buying or using the products being advertised. While adverts do not necessarily have to ride on the creation of images or ideas of imperfection in their audience, they almost always have to ride on the possibilities that abide through the use of the products being thus advertised. This is the case for Nike’s “Find Your Greatness” advert.
The advert campaign was primarily concentrating on the athletic greatness that was taking place in the varied “Londons” all over the world, rather than just the ones occurring at the 2012 Olympics in London. It shows Londoners in Jamaica, the United States, South Africa, Nigeria and many other countries that are shown in the one-minute television commercial. The incorporation of Londoners from different parts of the globe was aimed at igniting conversations pertaining to the manner in which athletes all over the world find their own greatness.
Like other adverts, the Nike advert was aimed at creating some ideas about the world in which the audience lives. First, it aims at opening up the mind of the audience to the possibilities that abide for all people irrespective of age, race, or even country of origin. Indeed, the narrator states that “Greatness is not a strand of DNA” and that any person can achieve greatness. This is complemented by the showcasing of everyday athletes from across the globe competing, playing and training, with the universal thread being that the featured locations are all known as London. The advert starts with the scene at a “London Gym” in which a man is working out, before proceeding to a rugby match occurring in East London, South Africa, in which a boy hands off an evidently larger opponent (HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg). A woman is seen in a scene from Little London, Jamaica, working with consummate precision and skill, after which a focused, young baseball player is seen in London, Ohio catching the ball and throwing it in a seamless action to first base. As much as every athlete has his own definition of success and his or her own goals, they share a unifying sense pertaining to the definition of greatness to them and the possibility and potential that each of them holds in achieving it.
In addition, the key message revolves around the interconnectivity of individuals across the globe irrespective of their location. This is especially considering the timing of the release of the advert. Indeed, the advert was released around the same time that the 2012 London Olympics were kicking off, an event that brought almost all the countries of the world together. This is essentially complemented by the incorporation of the London cities in different parts of the world, with people of different colors and races. Of particular note is the extent by which individuals can identify with the people incorporated in the 1-minute clip. Indeed, all the people incorporated in the varied scenes seem perfectly common rather than superstars. This clearly sends a message about greatness being within everyone’s reach and not being restricted to particular people. It is complemented by the statement that “Greatness is not in one special place, and it’s not in one special person. Greatness is wherever somebody is trying to find it” (HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg).
Like every other advert, the Nike advert is primarily aimed at persuading people to check out and buy the company’s sporting products. Adverts persuade people in this respect through the use of ethos, pathos and logos. The use of logos underlines the crafting of the message in such a way that it appeals to the rationality or logic of the audience (Martinez 12). Indeed, the advert appeals to the logic of people especially considering the period at which it was crafted. It is worth noting that the advert was made at a time when lifestyle diseases such as obesity are at their highest. Indeed, they have attracted considerable attention and concern from all quarters with individuals trying to look up for ways in which they can change this trend and live a healthier life. In essence, the logos of the advert revolves around the necessity of individuals of all ages, races and even origin realizing their greatness and capabilities, so as to allow for the reversal or elimination of the epidemic. It is noteworthy that the commercial targets individuals of all lifestyles, ages and genders, irrespective of their level of activity or inactivity. It aims at imbuing in the individuals the fact that they bear the capacity to achieve success and become great. Of particular note is the 12-year old kid (named Nathan), who is running in an effort to reduce his weight. Essentially, the message is that no obstacle would be too large and that individuals would not need to have special capabilities to achieve greatness.
In addition, the advert is dependent on the pathos aspect to underline its persuasiveness. Pathos, primarily, revolves around the use of words and other aspects to appeal to the emotions of the audience. Indeed, scholars have noted that a large percentage of consumers make purchase decisions based on emotions rather than logic or rationality (Martinez 13). Emotions may include pity, fear, anger or even happiness that triggers a desire in an individual to take a particular action. In the case of the commercial, the emotional appeal is evoked by the simplicity with which the advert is crafted as it triggers feelings to the effect that the audience can literary do or accomplish anything on which they set they eyes and focus. In addition, one would examine the pace at which the voice in the advert speaks. The man speaking in the advert is speaking at a relatively moderate speed while defiantly allowing the audience to ponder about the things that he says. On the same note, his voice is not too loud as make it difficult to hear, yet it is not too loud, which attracts the audience and pushes them to listen carefully so as to capture all that has been said.
Moreover, the advert uses ethos to persuade people as to the appropriateness of Nike’s products. This revolves around the use of an individual who may be considered to have authority in certain matters. In this case, the image, character and knowledge of the individual would imbue some credibility into the statements being made. While the individuals used in the advert may not be particularly famous, the advert uses Tom Daley, an Olympic diver, as the narrator. The use of an Olympic athlete underlines the notion that Nike would be incredible for athletes, thereby encompassing all the bases. Indeed, the popularity of the narrator and the fact that he has been in the tracks makes everything that he says believable. The audience would have no trouble believing that greatness is not more distinctive to human beings “than breathing” and that it is not a distinctive “DNA strand”, rather all individuals need would be the capacity to work at it. On the same note, the use of seemingly common people in the advert is bound to connect the audience to the advert and, consequently, the products being advertised. These are individuals who know what being common is all about and have their own imperfections, in which case they are better placed at indicating how greatness can be achieved by relatively common people. The combination of these people and the message delivered by the accomplished athlete would not only elicit emotions but also create the notion that they are authorities with which the audience can reckon.
Works cited
O’Rourke, Ryan and Ponte, Alberto. Nike: Find Your Greatness. YouTube retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hEzW1WRFTg
Martinez, Pepe. The Consumer Mind: Brand Perception and the Implication for Marketers. London: Kogan Page, 2012. Print.
The History of Abortion and Abortion Law in the United States
The History of Abortion and Abortion Law in the United States
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The History of Abortion and the Abortion Law in the United States
Introduction
In all known societies around the world, not just in the United States, people have employed abortion as a way of reproduction throughout history, irrespective of its legality. In America, leaders did not allow abortion until the mid-1800s. From the colonial days until the first laws were formed, abortion had become a regular part of women’s lives. Common law had allowed abortion until the quickening stage, which is when an expectant mother feels fetal movement at around four months. Because surgical procedures were rare, newspapers and medical literature in the late 1700s and early 1800s regularly called medications and herbs as abortion-inducing methods. Reproductive care at the time was highly unregulated and was provided by skilled nurses, midwives, and other women health care providers that were not licensed.
Before the Existence of Abortion Laws
During colonial America and early republic days, no abortion laws existed at all. Worth noting, church officials opposed and frowned upon the practice; they generally treated it as evidence of premarital or illicit sex rather than murder. At the same time, some localities prosecuted abortion cases. For example, in the 1740s, Connecticut tried both a man and doctor for a misdemeanor in relation to the passing of Sarah Grosvenor, that had died following a botched abortion. Although the case focused on the role of the man in her death and not abortion per se, such prosecutions were rather rare. As a matter of fact, historians posit that at the time, first–trimester abortion was very common. The reason is partly because of society’s understanding of life and conception. Many historians generally agree that at the time, there were no reliable pregnancy tests, and as a result, abortion was not condemned or prosecuted until the point of quickening. As a matter of fact, women did not calculate their due dates until they felt kicks which take place as late as the 20th week in the second trimester. This was when a fetus became generally recognized as a person or a baby.
How Early Abortion Took Place.
During this era, women that did not wish to stay pregnant had numerous options. Herbs such as tansy, pennyroyal, and savin were accessible in kitchen gardens. They would concoct and administer it to themselves to cause menstruation and clear obstructions. Although reasons for terminating a pregnancy varied, the most common reasons were dangers of childbirth, the disgrace of having a child out of wedlock, and the lack of reliable contraception. Although birth rates were at an all time high in 1835, the average woman gave birth over six times in their lifetime. Most women wanted to reduce the number of times they would carry a pregnancy and deliver a child. It is estimated that up to 35% of pregnancies that happened in the 19th century ended up in abortions (Assis & Larrea, 2020). For women that were enslaved, abortion had even more tight regulation seeing their offsprings were seen as property. Historians posit that most slave-owners were paranoid of abortions taking place in their farms. Historian Liese Perin documents at least one enslaved woman whose privileges were taken from her for being suspected of inducing a miscarriage. Some enslaved women were known to chew cotton roots, take abortifacients, or ingest dangerous substances such as turpentine or calomel. In the 19th century, the upper and middle-class women had an upper hand in detecting and treating unwanted pregnancies.
How abortion was Criminalized.
At the time, it was viewed that home and reproductive issues were a woman’s realm so women are the ones that passed down information about pregnancy and childbirth and not doctors. This gave them space to make informed reproductive health decisions. However, this would slowly cease to be the case as the first abortion laws were formed. Most laws focused on abortions and unregulated patent medicines that were pursued after quickening. In 1821, the first abortion law was codified in Connecticut that punished individuals that provided or took poison or other destructive substances with the intention of causing a miscarriage (Wilson, 2021). Patent medicines were especially concerning; they could be accessed without prescriptions and manufacturer made them from any ingredients they wanted and advertized them as they liked. Most of the medications were abortifacients and were marketed as such which was of concern to doctors. As the physician profession advanced in the mid-19th century, they increasingly argued for having licensed male doctors and not female midwives caring for women in the reproductive cycle. This was the beginning of denouncing abortion. In 1857, a year after Gynecologist Horatio Storer joined the American Medical Association, he pushed the team to explore what he termed criminal abortion (Barkan, 2013). Storer posited that abortion was immoral and led to derangement in women as it interfered with the natural process. Storer lobbied the association to view abortion not as a medical act but as a serious crime that reduced diminished the occupation as a whole. Storer gathered his colleagues into a crusade named the Physicians Campaign Against Abortion. The public stance of doctors served as a justification for the rising number of criminal statutes. For opposers, abortion was a social evil as much as a moral one. The growth of cites, end of slavery, and influx of immigrants prompted fears among the natives that white Americans were not giving birth so as to diminish the dominance of groups deemed undesirable.
A Country of Outlaws
By 1900, the United States had transitioned from a country that did not have any abortion laws to one where abortion as being legally prescribed. After ten years, all states had anti-abortion laws, many of which incorporated exceptions for pregnancies that put the mother’s life in danger. With the assistance of a U.S Postal inspector known as Anthony Comstock, accessing the once-common information about how to end a pregnancy became difficult to access. The Comstock Act made it illegal in 1873 to pass across obscene materials, including information about contraception or abortion across states or through mail (Marcus-Delgado, 2022). At that time, Americans began to understand that birth control and abortion went hand in hand. A combination of criminal statutes, anti-obscenity laws, and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 made it unlawful to make, transport misbranded medicines or drugs. This made it increasingly hard for women to access safe abortions. The legal repercussion of abortion put in place at the time had a chilling effect, and yet despite this, women sought after the practice just like 100 years ago. Towards the dawn of the 20th century, under-the-table medical abortions were common. They were discreetly performed by physicians that advertised their services using word-of-mouth to those that afford them. The women that could not afford the services took old herbal recipes and drank creative concoctions. The concoctions would be douched with substances such as Lysol while others attempted to get rid of the fetus on their own. The people that advocated for birth control had used abortion as an argument for legal contraception. How frequently women sought abortion services in the 20th century and how they succumbed to self-induced or botched abortions remains debatable. In 1942, Bureaus of the Census chief statistician noted that despite inaccurate reporting, abortion remains one of the biggest issues that are yet to be met in reducing the country’s maternal rate.
The Current Debate over Abortion
In 1967, abortion was considered a felony in almost all states. However, there was a provision for the instances where the life of the mother is in danger or pregnancies resulting from rape. However, all that changed after the 1970s. States across the United States started reconsidering their laws and eased restrictions on matters of abortion. In 1973, the Supreme Court seemed to have settled the question with two renowned landmark rulings; Rose v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, which made pregnancy termination a legal right across the nation. Ever since, the country has continued to debate the merits of the ruling. Fifty years later, generations of women do not know life before Rose v. Wade. The landmark ruling was a game-changer in terms of abortion availability, safety, and efficacy. Only time will tell how the abortion landscape would shift if Roe v. Wade could be overturned.
Conclusion
In closing, abortion has existed in many societies irrespective of whether they were legal or illegal. Women have always turned to alternative ways of eliminating pregnancies whether self-induced or those that are surgically executed. Other women have gone to the extent of creative concoctions in an attempt to induce menstruation and induce abortion. Even after 50 years of relative stability, the future of abortion remains uncertain. While some states allow abortion, others have criminalized it. The future of abortion law in the United States hangs in the balance. While it is possible for the 1973 decision in the Roe v. Wade to be overturned in the future, this shows there is a possibility that in the future, people might lose the right to terminate pregnancies across all states. Nobody knows whether abortion procedures will become illegal tomorrow or in decades to come. Even states that do not have abortion laws might in the future decide to institute abortion laws. However one thing is certain that new laws will not prevent abortions from taking place. Just like the women from centuries ago, women will continue to seek the services regardless of medical and legal risks involved. As such, it is better to come up with abortion laws that guarantee the safety of women and safeguard their sexual and reproductive health rights.
References
Assis, M. P., & Larrea, S. (2020). Why self-managed abortion is so much more than a provisional solution for times of pandemic. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(1), 1779633.
Barkan, S. E. (2013). Social problems: Continuity and change. Boston, MA, USA: Flat World Knowledge, Incorporated.
Marcus-Delgado, J. (2022). The Politics of Abortion in Latin America. In The Politics of Abortion in Latin America. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Wilson, J. C. (2021). Abortion and the Law in America: Roe v. Wade to the Present, by Mary Ziegler.
Hispanic American Literature Thomas, Weaver. (ed.). Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the US Anthropology.
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Hispanic American Literature: Thomas, Weaver. (ed.). Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the US: Anthropology. Houston: University Press, 1994.
Introduction
The immigration of the Hispanic community in the United States led to a rise of various social and economic concerns. Most importantly, it contributed to multiculturalism that then led to the rise of a host of concerns with regards to social issues. Essentially, this stemmed from the act that the population was treated in an unequal manner. Historical evidence ascertains that generally, the White population was accorded a more preferential treatment than other races. The inherent social discrimination on basis of race disadvantaged the non White races as they were deprived of different opportunities with which they could use in attaining the American dream. Nonetheless, the conditions have changed significantly and currently, racism has been made illegal and all races are given an equal chance to further their welfare. It is against this background that this paper provides an explicit analysis of Weaver’s Handbook of Hispanic Cultures from a multicultural point of view. In order to enhance a harmonic consideration, the paper will also underscore the various factors that triggered this Hispanic American author to evaluate the issue of racism and the contribution that this book has made in the multicultural studies.
Thomas Weaver is cited to have co edited various books and articles that address the issue of racism and multicultural studies in general. In this edition, he has collaborated with Nicholas Kanellos and Claudio Esteva in ensuring that the content of the book is credible, and that the information contained therein is factual. In this regard, it is worth noting that inclusion of the point of views of other equally competent actors in this field of specification enhances a sense of objectivity. His previous studies on racial segregation in the United States were partly influenced by the painful experiences that the non White population was going through and partly influenced by the need to provide a succinct account of the historical movement of the Latino population. Having a strong educational background in ethnic studies further enabled the author to integrate vital and credible ethnic information in this.
In his review, Gordon cites that the editing of the Handbook of Hispanic Culture in the United States was triggered by the need to integrate the vital information in a single edition and enabled the audience to have access to rich information that was previously fragmented (67). Furthermore, it is indicated that this was further influenced by previous implications with regard to loss of credible primary data. Notably, electronic storage devices had not been invented and therefore storing different primary data posed significant challenges. Further, it is indicated that constant editing and revision of primary information generally compromised the credibility of the same. Introduction of illustrations in this made it difficult for the then authors to maintain the original content of the respective information. This was further compounded by the fact that the editing was being done by authors that did not fully understand the cultural aspects of this community. Fundamentally, his compromised the process and increased its vulnerability to misinterpretations. It is for this reason that it became imperative to develop a single but comprehensive volume that would address the underlying issues with ease. The comprehensive nature of the text also made it possible for the audience to have easy access to voluminous information that was stored in a single text.
Generally, it cannot be disputed that the information contained in this text is indeed anchored on a clear understanding of the experiences of the Hispanic Americans in the United States. The fact that the author assumes a multifaceted approach in this increases the credibility of the text. The book begins by underscoring the different Hispanic cultures that are currently found in the United States. It gives a distinct analysis of the different cultural aspects that pertain to this population. In particular, the author highlights the aspects of language, marriage and religion and shows how these influenced the welfare of the Hispanic American in the United States. At this point, it is worth appreciating that regardless of having assumed the American ideals and values, the cultural aspects still influenced the way of life of the Hispanic Americans. Furthermore, the author highlights the concerns related to the health of these individuals. In this regard, Estarada notes that the health of the Hispanic Americans was influenced by a host of factors with cultural norms and beliefs being inclusive (58).
For instance, their eating habits were different from those exhibited by the Native Americans and therefore influenced their health in different ways. The fact that the American culture laid emphasis of refined foods had massive implications on the American Hispanics and affected their health in various ways. This is because it also affected the availability of certain foods in the market. In almost all sectors, the White population was given preference and therefore, foods that were not consumed by this population were rarely found on the markets. Furthermore, the inherent social prejudice that compounded the American health sector made it difficult for the Hispanic Americans to enjoy good health. The language barrier further undermined the ability of this population to access effective health care. Specifically, Boswell and James contend that they in most instances misinterpreted the doctor’s instruction and prescription because of the fact that these were not availed in their native language.
The book also provides useful insights pertaining to the role of religion in influencing the inherent social disparities. In this consideration, Weaver argues that since a significant percentage f the Hispanic population was assumed Catholicism, they in some instances experienced rebellion from the American population that was mainly for Protestantism. Although this was on a lower scale, the implications were far reaching. Further, the fact that the two populations had differing ideals with regard to arts, literature and entertainment made it difficult for the two populations to mingle. Social research indicates that arts and entertainment provide a viable platform from which the population can interact with each other. Notably, the Whites resented the Hispanic culture on the premise that it was not westernized. This blocked off the opportunity for the two populations to interact through this means.
Then, Weaver provides an implicit evaluation of the Latino legacies in light of their geographical borders. In this respect, it is worth acknowledging that up to date, certain geographical segments of the United States such as Florida tend to have a higher population of the Hispanic Americans as compared to other sections. This can be attributed to the fact that respective geographic areas were inhabited before the rest. Also worth mentioning is the fact that they acted as migratory routes for Hispanic entry in the United States. The impacts of racism to these sections were significant. Historical evidence shows that they were not accorded utmost attention with respect to national governance. According to Weaver, this movement perpetuated cultural boundaries that enhanced racism and social prejudice. Ethnicity has been implicated for contributing significantly to social segregation that was related to migration and movement of the Hispanic Americans in America.
The author also provides an evaluation of the technological welfare of the Hispanic American population. Different traditional technologies were held in high regard by the Hispanic population because of the implication of the American technology. The American population was dominant and more sophisticated as compared to the Hispanic technology. As such, it was given preference by the population as it was more effective. Other forms of technologies were disregarded and considered to be crude by the entire society. Traditional Hispanic population was undoubtedly of great value to the respective population. It not only reminded them of their roots, but it also accorded them a unique identity and preserved their culture. The technology also played a critical role in animating cultural festivals and practices that the population undertook on a regular basis. The conventional arts and crafts of the Hispanic population are still employed by the population for decoration purposes.
However, Jordon and Loster indicate that the White population was not appreciative of these practices and instead considered them to be primitive and an indication of lack of civilization (94). The fact that the American values and culture were ingrained in the education system made it difficult for the Hispanic population to have access to cultural knowledge pertaining to technology. American history considered this uncivilized and discouraged its use at all levels. As such, their continued use for various purposes was compromised. This has had adverse effects on the cultural wellbeing of this population. It has made it difficult for the Hispanics to pass on its culture. Emergent social research indicates that currently, this population perceives the American culture to be of superior value to their own. This has been perpetuated by the education sector that emphasizes on the American values and instills the same in the individuals. Perhaps the dominant nature of the White population has also made it difficult for other cultures to enhance their wellbeing.
Further, Weaver cites that ethnicity and the need to maintain class also had adverse effects on the Latino population. Essentially, it is indicated that the American population is socially segregated along economic lines. The wealthy assume top positions in the social arena while the poor are at the bottom of the ladder. According to Estrada, social classification is greatly influenced by race and ethnicity. In this regard, it is contended that dominant populations in a given society are often considered to be superior to the minorities. Thus the White population perceived itself to be superior to the Hispanics.
The interclass relations in the American society were compounded by various complexities. This was because of the fat that the lower class was dominated by the Hispanic Americans that are considered to be inferior to the rest of the population. The White population in most cases refrains from mingling with other racial groups on the pretext that the latter are intrusive and ‘foreign’ in this country. During historical times, it is indicated that this made it difficult for the Hispanic population to have access to resources that would enable them to improve their quality of life and realize the American dream too.
In his consultative study, Weaver also ascertained the inherent racial disparities that stemmed from the fundamental aspects of employment and levels of income. In this regard, it is ascertained that comparatively, the Hispanic Americans had lower income than their White counterparts. This is because they were not given equal employment opportunities in the economic sector. In most instances, they worked in manufacturing industries as manual laborers. This experience denied them a chance to access high profile jobs that would enable them to have a high income. As such, they also lived in poor neighborhoods that did not have adequate social services. Their level of income did not allow them to afford good housing that could enhance their quality of life. The characteristic insecurity and drug use and abuse in poor neighborhoods made it difficult for the descendants to have a quality life. Of great reference is the fact that the low income levels denied them access to fresh and healthy foods that would improve their health. In this respect, Bean and Marta assert that most Hispanic populations depended on canned foods as well as fast foods that were not nutritious (82). As such, they suffered frequently from nutrition ailments that further impoverished them.
The low levels of income can be attributed to the low levels of education that this population had. Usually, the schools found in their neighborhoods did not offer quality education as compared to those found in the White residential areas. This was because the financing of education was depended on the on the amount of taxes that the given neighborhood contributed. Since neighborhoods that Hispanics resided did not make significant tax contributions, they were accorded a smaller percentage of the national budget to finance their education. Further, it is also worth appreciating that lack of sufficient resources did not allow the respective parents to finance for their children’s higher education. In this regard, it can not be disputed that the education offered in higher learning institutions is fundamental as it enhances job prospects. In particular, it gives an individual sufficient skills and knowledge that is basic for attaining high profile jobs.
The inability of the American Hispanics to get credible employment was also contributed to by their illegal immigration status. The implications of illegal immigrations included deportation as well as imprisonment. Since most well paying jobs required that the individuals provide legal documents, the Hispanic population refrained from applying for such jobs. Thus they preferred seeking for low paying jobs that did not require an elaborate legal identification. Nonetheless, Dominguez maintains that in most instances, the Hispanic population was denied access to well paying jobs on racial grounds (36). The White population in such instances was given preference and accorded high profile jobs, regardless of their having equal skills as their Hispanic counterparts. Even when the Hispanic Americans were given the jobs, they were rarely considered for job promotions and salary increments. The resultant frustration compromised their performance. As a result, they were more liable of being dismissed on the premise of poor performance than White employees.
Likewise, Weaver provides a conclusive analysis of the social problems that the Hispanic population has grappled with through time. Essentially, these stem from the racial discrimination that they are accorded by the American society. They have significant negative effects on the holistic functioning of this population because of different reasons. For example, factors such as racial profiling by the criminal justice system according to Gordon place the Hispanic population at a disadvantage (81). In such instances, they are more probable of being caught on the wrong side of the law than the White population. Such methodologies are still employed regardless of the statistical evidence that ascertains that the White population tends to break the law more frequently than any other racial groups.
Weaver also explores the implications of social labeling that has made it difficult for the Hispanic populations to rise above their social problems. For example, they are considered by the white population to be alcoholics, drug abusers and to participate in criminal gangs. Notably, this has contributed to rebellion and the Hispanic Americans have resorted to assuming the labels. This according to weaver greatly compromises their ability to refrain from illegal activities. The economic and political status of this population has also been affected negatively by the racial discrimination. During historical times, this population was denied the ability to participate actively in politics through voting. Regardless of the fact that they have been accorded this right, they still do not participate actively in the same. In his research, Jordon indicates that participation of this population in politics could have exposed the population to innumerable opportunities that would have enabled the same to attain an elevated position in the society (99).
The lack of adequate representation in politics also makes it difficult for the respective needs of this population to be addressed in an effective manner. Usually, political leaders play a significant role in presenting the views of the population at the national level. This makes it possible for the populations to be considered in resource allocation. Poor representation at this level has undermined the holistic welfare of the Hispanic Americans as they have been not been accorded consideration during resource allocation. For instance, if their needs were presented in the healthcare, it would be unlikely that they would be refraining from seeking the same on cultural grounds. Furthermore, their services would be effective as they would be provided in a language that they would understand. Most importantly, they would be given equal chances to work in high profile positions and boost their level of income.
Conclusion
From the preceding analysis, it is certain that Weaver has successfully evaluated the various social concerns that the Hispanic American population struggle with on a daily basis. Notably, these stem from the racial prejudice that is practiced by the dominant White population. Regardless of the fact that this has over time been shunned by the society, research ascertains that it still affects the welfare of the society. As it has come out from the study, the production of this edition was contributed to various factors that range from the need to address fragmentation of information to the need to accredit the previous primary sources. Of great importance was the need to prevent misinterpretation and compromising of the quality of the information through continuous editing. At this juncture, it can be ascertained that the comprehensive edition is factual and objective because it has integrated different perspective from varied authors. Due to the fact that it is written by an intellectual and well informed Hispanic American, it can be posited that the information contained therein is factual.
Annotated Works Cited
Bean, Frank & Marta, Tienda. Population of the United States. USA: Sage, 1987.
In their study, Bean and Marta provide a precise account of the historic movement of the Hispanic population in the United States. Further, they also highlight the various challenges that the population in America faces. They assert that the current social disparities that his population is facing can be attributed to the geographical boundaries.
Boswell, Thomas & James, Curtis. The Cuban American Experience. USA: Rowman & Allanheld, 1994.
This review underscores the experience of the Cuban Hispanics in America. The authors agree that his population faces widespread discrimination on the basis of race. In addition, they indicate that this has compromised their ability to participate normally in societal activities. More importantly, they compare their experience with the experiences of other American Hispanics.
Dominguez, Virginia. From Neighbor to Stranger. Yale: Antilles Research program.
In his review, Dominguez outlines the experience of the Hispanic Americans in America. Using a wide range of social researches, he ascertains that racial prejudice can be implicated for their current social problems. In particular, he cites education, employment and housing to be the worst affected sectors.
Estrada, Leobardo. The Changing profile of Mexican Americans. USA: Tomas Rivera Center, 1985.
Estrada evaluates the impacts of immigration on the welfare of the Hispanic American. He highlights that the American society has eroded their value system as well as their entire cultural wellbeing. This has made the population loose their identity and assume the American ideals. He concludes by indicating that racial prejudice played a leading role in this scenario.
Gordon,Milton. Assimilation in American Life. Oxford: University Press, 1990.
Just like Estarada, Gordon asserts that the assimilation of American ideals by minority populations can be attributed to the oppressive value system that is provided by this population. In particular, the fact that the American society does not appreciate the cultural welfare of these populations makes it difficult for them to maintain their cultural identity.
Jordon, Terry & Lester Rountree. The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography. USA: Harper & Row, 1986.
The authors explore the relationship between immigration and social problems that the Hispanic Americans face. In particular, they evaluate how cultural prejudice has been influenced by the geographic location of the population. They assert that minority populations are often exempted from active participation in governance because of poor representation. As such, their needs are not addressed accordingly.
Jordon , Terry. Ecology and Development of the Border. Mexico: ANUIES
The author provides useful insights that pertain to the geographic boundaries of the population. He indicates that the immigration of Hispanic Americans has contributed to the social problems that they are facing. This situation has been contributed to by formation of boundaries that determine the amount of resources that such populations are given by the government.
Weaver, Thomas. (ed.). Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the US: Anthropology. Houston: University Press, 1994.
Weaver provides a holistic and comprehensive review of the challenges that the Hispanic cultures are facing in the current society. He contends that these stem from the historic social prejudice. Further, he notes that the implications on the welfare of this population have been massiv.