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PUBLIC VS PRIVATE SCHOOLS

PUBLIC VS PRIVATE SCHOOLS

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All protocols observed I will be presenting about public and private schools within the United States of America, how they relate, their similarities and differences as well as the views of researchers in trying to compare which school is better than the other.

According to (Buddin, 1998), private schools are the schools that are highly considered especially by first-class families. These kinds of families choose private schools for their children because they provide a good environment for the development of the child into a grown-up who can think critically as well as use the resources around them in a good manner and serve humanity in the best manner possible. Private schools are defined as schools that do not get financial assistance from the government in any form and therefore purely or partly run from the finances collected in form of school fees.

On the other hand, public schools are defined as the schools which are funded by the government in most of their financial needs. Therefore the main difference here is the source of income to run the schools. K-12 schools are the schools that run from grade 1 to grade 12. These schools are also referred to as primary level or elementary because they have both primary school and secondary school education.

The private schools in America mostly depend on the school fees paid by the parents, guardians, or other people in charge of the students who are in those schools learning. Therefore it is an indication that the school fee of any private k12 school is higher than the public k12 school. The school fees paid by those in charge of the students are used to pay the teachers their salaries, to maintain the school and all the other financial needs of the schools.

The quality of education in private schools is generally considered to be better than the quality of education in public schools (Berliner, 2014). This is because the private schools have more qualified teachers as well as better resources and this translates into better grades and performance. The school fee of a private school is generally higher than any public school.

The funding of public k-12 schools is carried out by the government through the department of education. The federal government contributes 8% of school fees and funding to the schools while the rest is left for the different states and the local governments (Boatman, 2006). The quality of education in public schools is considered to be lower than that in private schools by many researchers. Even though this is considered a myth by some people it is true. The school fees the parents and the guardians of the students are supposed to pay are always very little as compared to the amount of money paid in private schools.

Some of the similarities between public schools and private schools are discussed below.

The testing of the public and private school is standardized. The standardization of testing enables learners to have a common ground for success and therefore be productive. Another similarity is that there is a variety of choices of what to eat during lunchtime. The variety of food choices makes it easy for the students to have healthy meals. One of the major differences is that public school teachers must receive certification while it is not mandatory for private school teachers. Public school gets their funding from the government while private schools rely on paid school fees. While private schools can be selective on who they choose to join their school public schools do not have a choice but to admit all students.

In conclusion therefore parents choose either public or private schools depending on various factors like financial stability, aims, and goals of the parents for their children among others. This is to means that a financially stable parent will probably choose a private institution over a public one.REFERENCES

Berliner, D. C., & Glass, G. V. (Eds.). (2014). 50 myths and lies that threaten America’s public schools: The real crisis in education. Teachers College Press.Boatman, A., & L’Orange, H. (2006). State Tuition, Fees, and Financial Assistance Policies for Public Colleges and Universities, 2005-06. State Higher Education Executive Officers.

Buddin, R. J., Cordes, J. J., & Kirby, S. N. (1998). School choice in California: who chooses private schools?. Journal of Urban Economics, 44(1), 110-134.

Daddona, P. (2013). Writing across the K12 Curriculum. District Administration, 49(2), 33.

Loeb, S., Darling-Hammond, L., & Luczak, J. (2005). How teaching conditions predict teacher turnover in California schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 80(3), 44-70.

Miron, G., Shank, C., & Davidson, C. (2018). Full-Time Virtual and Blended Schools: Enrollment, Student Characteristics, and Performance. National Education Policy Center.Styron Jr, R. A., & Nyman, T. R. (2008). Key characteristics of middle school performance. RMLE Online, 31(5), 1-17.

Hilton Storage and Hilton Chain of Hotels

Hilton Storage

Introduction

Food and beverages form an immensely significant part of a hotel’s business and business existence in general relies on sale of these products to customers. It implies that quality of the products must be outstanding to ensure that there is uniformity, consistency in quality without compromising the profitability objective. A hotel must therefore critically consider all the processes the foods and beverages pass through from in-bound logistics to storage before arriving at customer contact centers. With these points in mind, this paper analyzes food and beverage control process in the workplace with a specific focus on Hilton Chain of Hotels.

Overview of Hilton Hotel & Resorts

Founded in 1919, Hilton Hotel and Resorts boasts of a long history of operation and transformation that spans over 90 years (Hilton 2014). The hotel is a chain of hotels and resorts with presence globally and which also offers franchise opportunities in the international hotel and resort industry. The hotel chain has more than 540 branded hotels operating in about 80 countries all over the world. The hotel chain deals in hospitality and tourism industry with hotels and resorts serving holiday makers (Hilton 2014). Actually Hilton targets customers in diverse market segments although it is generally considered to be a provider of premium pricing products and services. With reference to age in terms of segmentation and market targeting, the hotel chain does not target customers of particular age group. However, its segmentation is basically focused on income, family life-cycle, occupation and socio-economic group without looking at the age, race, religion and gender of target market.

Storage and control methods relating to health and safety

Safety and health management is a critical aspect of business operation and this does not just apply to the hotel industry alone but all industries (Meiselman 2001). However, in the hotel industry there is an additional concern for stringent health measures given the fact that the foods and beverages processed and prepared are served to humans (Lindoe & Olsen 2004). Given the extent of international operation of Hilton and Resorts that covers a global scale; it is not without expectations that the hotel chain encounters various storage and control measures relating to health and safety that are extremely diverse depending on the country of operation. For instance, in the 2008 recommendations for safety and good ergonomic performance of waiters and waitresses by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in Canada in conjunction with the Canadian Ministry of Manpower, the guidelines are based on the understanding that while waiters and banquet servers regularly carry trays of dishes that routinely call for bending and reaching distances to clear or wipe tables, repetitive lifting, carrying or awkward positions can compromise the health and safety of the employees and their customers.

This means that Hilton Hotel & Resorts branches in Canada have to adhere to the standards and guidelines about the above highlighted issues. On its part, Hilton Hotel & Resorts has an employee training program and safety measures that ensure employees get the knowledge on how to make sure that minimum standards on health and safety are met at all times and during all processes (Mathews et al 2001). The hotel trains employees on proper lifting when employees are using manual lifting and also proper use of trolleys and workplace equipment such as gloves to prevent sustenance of injuries and strains to the employees or third parties.

Storage and control methods relating to quality control

Looking back at the training issue, Hilton hotel uses employee training as a way to improve quality and ensure total quality management through effective training plans that transmit information to the employees and demand assessable performance improvements that match predetermined goals relating to quality control measures (King & Cichy 2006). While the main of these training and development programs is to boost effectiveness and bolster competitiveness among employees, it works perfectly by ensuring continuous quality improvement (Middel et al 2007). This in turn allows Hilton Hotel to achieve its minimum quality control standards and aim higher in terms of the quality of food and beverages served or stocked. In order to bolster the aspect of total quality control at Hilton Hotels & Resorts, the hotel chain ensures that there diverse categories of training and development plans that are generally grouped as either formal or informal and which aim at creating a healthier-performing workforce.

When employees demonstrate any sign of deficiencies in their performance, the hotel’s management organizes for remedial training to correct this (Ottenbacher & Harrington 2009). This can be achieved in several ways including training through the Hotel’s internal training staff, training through the department that deals with employee management (the human resources department section dealing with employee training programs) or by contracting external training organization. Ramdeen et al (2007) offer great support to the training plans in the hotel industry by arguing that if a hotel does not provide training for its customers and benchmark minimum standards to ensure consistency in quality of food and beverages then that hotel is likely to encounter highly dissatisfied customers and employees that consequently leads to costs of attracting new customers due to many non-repeat customers. In addition, the hotel will have to grapple with the consequence of high employee turnover that include high training costs, especially training of new employees. This is in addition to supporting views from Kincaid et al (2010), who argue that customers and hotel patrons are held to the hotel by the tangible quality the hotel creates and maintains. In fact, Kincaid et al (2010) provide proof that repeat-customer in the hotel industry is increased by maintenance of consistent quality standards and they do this by carrying out a case study on what brings customers back in the restaurant industry. These realities will then compound and lead to high costs of operation for the hotel.

Another aspect that Hilton Hotel uses to ensure that quality is consistently maintained is the adoption of ISO 9000 certification and other working standard quality systems. This step taken by Hilton in adopting a standard quality system is supported by Karapetrovic and Willborn (2001), who provided a summary of the benefits that accrue to putting into operation a successful quality system. The authors provide a point showing that doing this allows Hilton Hotel to garner increased confidence in the quality services, gain from lessened paper work and red tape, and gain from improved training of employees with higher morale being realized and assured job security (Manning et al 2006). They further show that an organization that implements a successful quality system stands to have added value hence rating higher in the industry and gain from minimized quality costs hence maximized revenues (Karapetrovic & Willborn 2001). There is also the aspect of improved operational control since a similar task can be performed in exact similar way by anyone and get similar products following similar procedures that are laid down. According to Oakland (2003) adoption of the quality standards helps organizations to be competitive, have an enhanced company image and attract new customers. The last part shows that adoption of the quality standards by the Hilton Hotel and Resorts helps the hotel chain to cut costs by cutting down on costs of customer retention and costs related to attracting new ones (Longart 2010).

The Hilton Hotel chain has a quality control measure, which ensures that there are standard recipes and procedures for all foods and beverages. This not only ensures consistency in quality but also ensures that operational procedures are streamlined by removing all non-essential procedures. In addition, Oakland (2003) adds that having standard recipes ensures better total quality management since anyone can produce the same quality of the products. To guarantee quality consistency, Hilton Hotel has a standing rule that directs chefs to use the same ingredients, same operating equipment and same procedures in the exact way each time they prepare food. In addition, they have standard recipes to follow. The recipes also provide all details beginning from preparation to service for every food item prepared and served in the hotel.

Minimum regulatory standards for quality control stipulate that a control target needs to be established for each vital control point that has been recognized or acknowledged. The critical points established should now enable the hotel to set controls that should be monitored regularly to ensure that the minimum standards requirements are not being flouted. Hilton Hotel sets frequency of checks for every identified control and it also measures critical points each time a critical step is performed. Other steps that are not so critical are subjected to checks at regular intervals. Another important aspect of Hilton Hotel food and beverage storage in respect to quality control is the record keeping of whatever measures are taken and all aspects of the activities taken. Keeping of records is a good step that is highly recommended in most food safety and quality control guidelines. For example, in the UK Food Safety and Quality Control Guidelines, even though the guidelines do not put it mandatory for keeping of records when it comes to performing checks on control points, the guidelines recommend that it would not only be an added advantage to do so but it would be appropriate to conduct checks at intervals and also keep records where necessary (CHADWICK 1995). With reference to these points, Gadelrab (2010) points out that keeping records relating to quality control check points is important and significant to the hotel’s quality control objectives because these records act as reference points and may help in identifying any step that was not conducted correctly.

Meanwhile, in respect to quality measures in the hotel industry, initial study by Kimes (2001) had established that hotels generally evaluated their quality through inspections that may either be internal or external; as well as through customer feedbacks that touch on product quality. Customer feedbacks are typically gathered via customer comment drop-boxes, surveys or customer interviews among other methods. All these necessitate keeping of records for follow-ups and reference.

Storage and financial control methods

Businesses operate with at least an expectation that profit should be realized at the end of the entire process. It would be surprising to find that Hilton Hotel does not attach any financial control measures to its operations with respect to food and beverage storage and financial control methods put in place. The Hilton Hotels and Resorts has an internal audit department that carries out audit tasks that review established financial controls, operational controls and testing of compliance risks across the hotel chain’s global portfolio that comprises all the business units and hotels of the chain. Besides ensuring that there is efficient execution of assigned projects as included on the hotel’s departmental risk-based internal audit plan, the internal audit departmental engages in regular testing of key financial controls, which are based on the company’s US Internal controls on financial reporting (Hilton 2014).

The internal audit department at Hilton Hotel also conducts autonomous and goal-driven assessments of internal controls, evaluation of financial results corporate processes, operations of the hotel and assessment of it compliance requirements. The department is also tasked with partnering with management of the hotel to come up with action-based corrective plans to appropriately respond to every Internal Audit observations and succeeding follow-ups to guarantee closure (Hospitality 2014). The department has another task that makes it a requirement for it to regularly interact with process owners and senior management and this allows it to establish any possible quality issues beforehand. Hilton Hotels also contracts independent auditors by a regulation established in its audit charter (Audit Charter 2014).

Summative Conclusion

Based on the assessment of Hilton Hotel and Resorts with focus on its food and beverage storage quality, it has been established that the hotel chain has put in place very standards that are backed by adoption of several successful working quality systems such as ISO 9000, ISO 9001 and it has put in place measures that ensure quality control at all levels. With respect to storage and controls methods relating to food and beverage quality control, the hotel has directives for monitoring of refrigerated foods and beverages to ensure constant temperature monitoring (Manning & Baines 2004). The training programs availed by the hotel for all its employees are also another important way of ensuring quality maintenance. To ensure constant monitoring, the hotel has an internal auditing department that carries out continuous audit of all processes for quality maintenance and control purposes.Reference List:

Audit HYPERLINK “Charter. (2014). Audit Charter. Media Corporate Files. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/88/88577/corpgov/auditcharter.pdf” Charter. (2014). Audit Charter. Media Corporate Files. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/88/88577/corpgov/auditcharter.pdf

CHADWICK (1995) Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995: Industry Guide to Good Hygiene Practice. Chadwick House Group Ltd.

Gadelrab, M. A. (2010) Managing Food Quality in Hotels: Integrated Quality Approaches to Food Production. Cardiff School of Management University of Wales Institute,

Haktanir, M., and Harris, P. (2005) Performance measurement practice in an independent hotel context: A case study approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No.1, pp.39-50.

Hilton HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Worldwide. (2013, December 4). Senior Internal Auditor. Hilton Worldwide. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://jobs.hiltonworldwide.com/en/error-handler/?cntry=singapore

Hospitality online (2014) “Senior Internal Auditor” Accessed online from http://www.hospitalityonline.com/jobs/505557-senior-internal-auditor on 1 March 2014

Karapetrovic, S., and Willborn, W. (2001) ISO 9000 Quality Management Standards and Financial Investment Services. The SRVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL, Vol. 21, No. 2,, April, pp.117-136.

Kimes, S.E. (2001) How Product Quality Drives Profitability: The Experience at Holiday Inn. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 25-28.

Kincaid, C., Balogu, S., Mao, Z., and Busser, J. (2010) What really brings them back? The impact of tangible quality on affect and intention for casual dining restaurant patrons. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 209-220.

King, J.H., and Cichy, R.F. (2006) Managing for Quality in the Hospitality Industry. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.

Lindoe, P.H., and Olsen, O.E. (2004) Implementing quality and health/safety systems in the hospitality industry. A comparison with the Aluminium industry in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 154-172.

Longart, P. (2010) What derives word-of-mouth in restaurant? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 121-128.

Manning, L., and Baines, R.N. (2004) Effective management of food safety and quality. British Food Journal, Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 598-606.

Manning, L., Baines, R.N., and Chadd, S.A. (2006) Quality assurance models in the food supply chain. British Food Journal, Vol.108, No. 2, pp.91-104.

Mathews, B. P., Ueno, A., Periera, Z. L., Silva, G., Kekale, T., and Repka, M. (2001) Quality training: findings from a European survey. The TQM Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 61-68.

Meiselman, H.L. (2001) Criteria of food quality in different contexts. Journal of Food Service Technology, Vol.1, pp.67-84.

Middel, R., Fisscher, O., and Groen, A. (2007) Managing and organizing collaborative improvement: a system integrator perspective. Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 37, No. 3/4, pp. 221-235.

Oakland, J.S. (2003) Total Quality Management: text with cases. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Ottenbacher, M.C., and Harrington, R.J. (2009) The product innovation process of quick-service restaurant chains. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 523-541.

the Hip and Knee Movement Analysis

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Hip and Knee Movement Analysis

Running is one of the basic innate activities done daily as a form of exercise or defence. It is aimed at building strong bones, strengthening of muscles, improving cardiovascular activities as well as burning calories therefore improves overall health of the body. It utilises both the skeletal, nervous and muscular systems. Running is a forward forceful movement that involves bending of one knee to a nearly perpendicular angle followed by extension in front of the body, and landing on the heel underneath the body, with simultaneous backward vertical flexion of the other limb at 120 degrees.

The major joints involved during the entire process of running are the hip and knee joints. The hip joint is a diarthrosis joint classified as a ball and socket joint, with the greater trochanter, which is the convex hemispherical femoral head articulating with the pelvic acetabulum that is a socket-like depression. The main hip movements involved are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation. During running there is backward flexion of the knees with a 120 degree flexion of the hip joint. The knee joint is a synovial joint that is hinge-like consisting of articulation between the surfaces of the patella, femur and tibia, referred to as the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articulations. Movements permitted by the knee joint during running are extension, flexion and rotation.

Some of the muscles of the lower limb act in an opposite manner during movement with some flexing as others extend, thus the reference as agonists for contractile muscles and antagonists for muscles that relax or lengthen during motion. During extension of the leg while running, the superficial gluteal muscles act as antagonists to the hip flexors. The gluteal muscles comprise of 3 muscles, gluteal maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus that eccentrically contract. Gluteal maximus originates from the back of the sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament with its insertion into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity, gluteal minimus originates from the middle part of the gluteal surface of the ileum and inserts onto the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter and the gluteal minimus originates from the anterior part of the gluteal surface of the ileum and inserts on the anterior part of the greater trochanter. The hip flexor muscles consists of 5 muscles that concentrically contract and are responsible for flexion of the hip joint: sartorius originates from the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts onto the medial aspect of the tibia, pectineus originates from the superficial pubis ramus and inserts onto the posterior aspect of the femur, the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa and attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur, the psoas major originates from the 12th thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae and inserts onto the lesser trochanter, and the rectus femoris (A branch of the quadriceps femoris) originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine and inserts onto the patella to the tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament.

The hamstring muscles are flexor muscles that function through flexion of the knee joint and extension of the hip joint. They that act as agonists to the quadriceps muscles and are found on the posterior part of the thigh: semitendinosus, semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. The semitendinosus and semimebranosus both originate from the ischial tuberosity with the former inserting on the medial part of the tibia and the latter on the medial condyle of the tibia. The long head of the biceps femoris originates from the ischial tuberosity and the short head from the linea aspera with both inserting onto the fibula head. The hamstring muscles eccentrically and concentrically contract during motion. The quadriceps femoris muscles function concentrically and are responsible for the extension of the knee joint. However during running down a slope, it will eccentrically contract to prevent collapse of the knee joint. It comprises of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis that originate from the posterior part of the femur and vastus intermedialis from the anterior shaft of the femur with their instertions onto the patella to the tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament.

The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are superficial posterior muscles that are agonists to the tibialis anterior. The 2 agonist muscles act through plantar flexion of the ankle joint with the gastrocnemius muscle originating from the lateral condyle of the femur and inserting on the posterior aspect of the calcaneus bone and the soleus muscle originating from the shaft of the fibula and tibia and inserting onto the same region. It’s concentric in motion. Tibialis anterior contracts eccentrically and acts through plantar flexion of the ankle joint and inversion of the foot. It originates from the proximal lateral surface of the tibial shaft and interosseous membrane and inserts on the medial cuneiform bone and the ventral aspect of the 1st metatarsal. It eccentrically contracts during running.

Reference

Sports Training Village, (2020) How to Run Properly. YouTube. https://youtu.be/_kGESn8ArrU