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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a famous Russian scientist is commonly known for his contribution in the physiological field regarding mammal digestive system mechanisms. His work made him recognized globally and the positive impact on science made him a winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1904. Afterwards, he turned to the study of the laws of development of conditioned reflexes which is significant in the science of behavior commonly referred to as classical conditioning. It is a process of learning that occurs when two stimuli are provoked together repeatedly and eventually a response that was stimulated by first stimulus is stimulated by the second stimulus.
Initially on his study of classical conditioning Pavlov realized the signals that are triggered by the digestive phenomena such as salivating in dogs when they encounter meat. He first noted that dogs drooled without an appropriate stimulus especially on seeing the lab coats that the person who served them meat used to wear. Also, on striking the bell just before the dogs are served for a long while made them adopted to it and they would drool anytime the bell is rang. It come to a conclusion that animals generally adapt to stimuli favorable for their survival and food is an example of natural conditioned stimulus.
The important principle discovered regards extinction. It states that conditioned response decreases in intensity if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly elicited without the unconditional stimulus which in the dogs’ case is food. Conditioning is essential in the study of human behavior and it has been significant to commercial advertising. The aim of working out people to make connection between positive emotions and the reaction of a particular brand. Pavlov has played a vital role in physiology as the fore father of the classical conditioning knowledge which is essential not only in the science field but also in commercialization.
My White Cat
My White Cat
Ever since I was born, people have noted my disposition in humanity and docility.They always described me of having a tender heart which is actually very evident such that most of the children in the neighborhood always liked my company. I was also very friendly to animals to an extent that my parents bought several pets for me. I felt satisfied and happy when I spent time with my animals and especially when feeding, caressing and cleaning them. The peculiar character has since been with me and even as an adult, I still find more pleasure when dealing with animals. I still have some pets at home some of which are goldfish, birds, rabbits, dogs, a horse and a white cat.
My younger sister,however, hates animals with the heart and mind. She does not condone any animal in the house. She always thought of the cat as having terrible look as it was pure white with very sharp eyes. This made her feel scared and astonished whenever the cat entered the house. When she was asked to comment about the cat, she always referred to the notion that animals with that unique shiny color are for witchcraft. These made her even hate the creature more.
Raja was the name of the cat. It was my best and favorite pet and also a playmate. I always walked with him, fed him and he kept me company in the house and even on outings. It was very difficult for me to leave him whenever I went to the streets. People and friends wondered as to why I could walk to the streets with a cat. I even remember one incidence when I bonded a bus to town, and I held Raja in my arms. Women in the bus started screaming, and I had to walk out of the bus. I could not understand why they did this and, therefore, went for a curb.
From that day, I started hiding from him whenever I was to go out by bus.
Our relationship, however, went on for many years. However, my character and general temperament started changing. I started consuming alcohol which made me grow moody as day.I became highly irritable without minding about the feelings of other people and even could use bad language to my own sister. Sometimes I could even beat her up claiming that she is my wife and should, therefore, feed my pets in my absence.
This was also felt by my own pets as I started neglecting them, misused them and even beat them for no good reason. For Raja, I still had sufficient regard that made me not maltreat him. Whenever I was in stable condition and with no moods, I could see my donkeys, rabbits and horse look at me with very sorrowful eyes may be wondering why I was like this to them.
I, however, could ignore this and move on with my life. The disease went on to eat my good character as there is no other disease such as alcohol. This made me even attack my once most favorite pet, Raja. He had now begun to look ugly as he was growing old and had grey fur.
One day I went out very early and as usual had to hide from Raja. On returning home very intoxicated at night, I observed that the cat was trying to avoid me but was trying to track my steps. He hid under my bed, and as I lay slowly on my bed, he jumped and wounded my wrist with his sharp claws. I could not imagine this. The demon had possessed me instantly. I lost my mind completely, and my soul appeared to immediately take flight and I was astonished. I quickly jumped onto my drawer, got hold of a pen knife, pressed to open, got the beast on the neck and cut one ear and pierced the left eye.
I was so furious that I did not have time to think.In the morning, when I was able to reason and had forgotten the previous night’s fumes, I started experiencing half horror sentiments and feeling remorse of the committed crime, I started feeling guilty. This was, however, at best equivocal and feeble feeling. The soul, however, was untouched. I, therefore, went and grasped a drink of wine just to forget and cool my nerves.
The cat recovered slowly by slowly, but the lost ear and wound in the eye was a clear evidence of the fateful day. The wounds were no longer in pain, and he continued with life and moved around in the house as was his past.
He, however, fled in great terror whenever I appeared. My sister could observe this. Probably she could murmur words such as, “you did this to yourself, and you said he was your favorite pet. Now see what you have made him to be…” I tried as much as possible not to meet with her because she always seemed to have something to tell me.
Life became very difficult as I could have nightmares and very unwelcome dreams to theextent of seeing Raja try to skin me alive. I had my previous heart for the animal recovering. I, however, could do very little for the animal as I had gone to the extent of instilling marks of wounds in his body, which I could not forget.I thought of an idea to get rid of the animal so that I could forget it and avoid it tormenting me at night.
One day, I took a rope and tied its neck and hanged it. I went and tied the rope to a tree outside. I thought that a strange animal could come and feed on the same. I could not bury it myself. My mind was shouting that am doing the wrong thing by killing the animal and my soul could be jeopardized. But had to do it and avoid seeing it.On the night of the fateful day, when the cruelest thing happened, I was woken up by huge flames of fire. My house was blazing. The curtains and clothes in my room were in flames. I could not believe my eyes. My sister and I moved out of the conflagration with much difficulty.
Everything else was burnt into ashes. My treasure, my wealth was all swallowed by the fierce blaze. I was unable to seek the cause of the fire and walked away quietly. As I looked up, I met with a piece of rope that I used to hang the cat.
I got surprised and could not move, shout, utter or even close my eyes. I stared at it for a long time wondering where the animal went. What a shame. I had killed it. Probably, it could be the only animal alive now with me. My mind did not rest and I asked myself several questioned. Could it be the one that has caused this? Or does it mean that God has decided to punish me severely for the wrong mistake I did in the morning?
The day after, I visited the place the four walls had fallen. One wall was, however, still intact. It stood at the center of the house where my bed’s head was. The plastering done on this area had resisted the fire. This I attributed to the fact that it had been spread recently. Those examining the place used words such as “strange” “amazing” among others to express similar views. Down there, was a picture of the cat and another of the cat and I. They used to be on the head of my bed.
The strangest thing was that they also were not burnt. As the officers went on with their search, they saw a piece of rope which they pulled and to their surprise, it was a small animal. It was my Raja! I immediately had flashbacks of a funny ammonia smell when the fire was blazing which made me wake up and move out of the house. Probably the neighbors threw the animal in my bedroom with the aim of waking me up and sure enough it worked.
My Raja had saved my life. I knelt down and tears started flowing down my cheeks. I could not imagine that even when my Raja was dead, he still became useful in saving my life. He had been my companion, my friend and my playmate for a very long time in my life until I thought of seeking for another friend in the name of alcohol.
Who made my life a living hell; I forgot my sister, my pets and above all, my friend Raja. I hated myself. One evening as I rested outside on the lawn, my mind was distracted and drawn to a white object, which was on top of a hogshead of Rum that comprised of chief furniture in the house. I steadily stared at the hog’shead for quite some time and approached it. I touched the animal using my hands, and it was a large white cat the size of Raja.
I very much resembled Raja except that it had a black spot on the breast area. When I touched him, he responded positively and arose immediately, purred very slowly, appeared delighted and rubbed against me.This was the kind of animal that I was in need of. I looked around and saw a man cleaning the area. I thought he was the owner and approached him to purchase it. He, however, denied having seen it and said it was his first time to see it. I therefore, walked home with my new friend in my arms.
Sometimes it could jump and walk ahead of me as if curious to reach home. I, however, was worried what my sister would feel about it but to my surprise, she was happy for me and welcomed the creature.We named it Raja 2 in memory of our first cat and we were able to domesticate it. After a short while, the animal was able to adapt and soon we became great friends. My sister was fond of it more than I was and I got used to the same.
Days passed, and the cat got fond of me. It started disliking it as it once made me fall on the stairs as it got between my legs. Slowly by slowly I had feelings of annoyance and disgust which made me feel bitter. I tried to avoid coming into contact with the creature as I did not want a repeat of what I had done with the previous cat.
The memory of the other cat, the cruelty and shame, made me remain silent. This made me avoid physical abuse of the cat. For several weeks, I did not lay a hand on the creature. The reason as to why I developed hatred on the creature is because I had noted that,like my previous Raja, it had a scar on the ear. This made me think that it also had bad behavior. My sister, however, restrained me from doing harm to the animal.
Raja 2 continued the bad behaviors I disliked. The moment I sat on a chair, it would come under the chair, cover me with caresses and jump on my knees. If I dared to wake up and walk, it would very fast have a way between my legs making me almost fall down. Sometimes it could even scare me by fastening the sharp claws it had on my trouser. I tried to hammer it with blows though the memory of the other cat withheld my efforts. I felt ashamed as having brought it in the house. I however, had no alternative.
One fateful day, my sister accompanied me to our small piece of land where we used to cultivate crops after our property succumbed to fire. As we went down the stairs, the damn cat followed us. It had first climbed the roof, and we had not noticed that.
Raja 2 almost threw me down as it passed between my legs. This exasperated my mind to madness. I lifted the axe in my arms, forgetting the wrath of my childish dread in the earlier episode and aimed at the animal. My sister held my arm and shouted a loud NO. My hand went down, and as she released it slowly, I buried the sharp axe on his skull. He collapsed and died without a word.
Having accomplished this, I was relieved to see that I had gotten rid of the damn Raja 2. The creature was no more.
I was in a dilemma as I did not know what to do with the dead body. I could not throw it away in broad daylight as neighbors would see me. Again, I did not know what cover up idea I should tell the police.
On the next day, we buried Raja 2. As I went home from the cemetery, I could hear his voice barking. The voice was like a whisper coming from far. I could also hear the voice of my first dog Raja. This was like a dream. Probably I was thinking about them. I had got rid of the monster in the tomb. Therefore, despite the adventures we have had together, I was forced to accept that death is an inevitable fact of life. Therefore, despite my loss, I took it in with courage and hope for a better future. The monster was walled between four corners of red soil. Never to come back to life. My life changed a lot but I had to cope with it even with absence of my white cats.
My View of Adult Learning Prior to this Course
My View of Adult Learning Prior to this Course
It was my view that adult education is the method or process through which an adult learns, which I thought was different from the ways through which children learn. I thought that adult education was one thing that could allow the adult the primary focus on the process of learning as opposed to the content; the streamline that defines what is feasible or what can be achieved and what cannot. However, when I came to class and engaged myself with the course material my view of adult learning changed. For example, I was able to learn numerous, different factors that are the driving forces behind these individuals’ drive for education achievement. Additionally, I also learned about some of the many factors that can distract or affect negatively the process of adult learning.
It was clear from these course materials that adult learning is based on andragogical model of learning. This model is build upon the assumptions that adults have a need to know and learn adults also have a need to be learners who are self- directed and a need to have a self- concept that reflects that they are responsible for the decisions that they make. Therefore, adult learning programs are special as they are designed in such ways that allow them o set goals by themselves and organize their learning around the responsibilities each has as an adult. More specifically, I can relate my journey in education to the course content material of unit one.
I am an adult learner who just recently went back to school, and traditionally my daily routines and responsibilities would not have fit with my education program. This is because my education would have a conflict with my responsibilities such as taking care of my family, and eventually one of the two would be neglected. However, with such programs as online education, I am able to satisfy all of my responsibilities. I take control of my learning in such a way that other responsibilities in my life are not neglected.
The motivation I have for learning results from my need to have a better chance of getting a promotion at work. I have realized that the learning environments currently are shifting and changing from what used to be teacher- centered learning to student- centered learning mainly because of the fact that many adults are going back to school. Up to now, this unit has taught me that the many challenges that we face as adult learners are as a result of some of the factors associated with adults going back to school and taking up education once more.
My Current View of Adult Education
Much of the view and thoughts I have on adult education currently are derived from my course content of unit two. As I went through the assigned content for unit two, I was able to learn numerous things about adult education I did not know of, and I was surprised to find out that there are numerous theories on the processes through which adults learn. Before hand, I was only familiar with the theory on adult learning by Knowles called the Andragogy theory, and with my limited knowledge I had assumed that this was the only theory through which adult learners like myself and my colleagues learned through. To my surprise, I became familiar with other adult learning theories such as the theories by such individuals like Jarvis, McClusky, and Illeris.
All these theories were in one way or the other related to the processes and styles through which I was able to learn and also related to many of my learning style methods. However, I was able to realize that my learning style methods were more related to the McClusky model or theory more than the other theories. This particular theory argues that there is always a constant need for one to strike a balance between the energy they need and the energy that is available to them. I thought this theory was more related to me because I had many facets in my life that struggled for my attention such as my children, work, friends, church, and even my family. I was surprised to know that there is a theory and process that addresses the madness which is my life.
Now when anyone wonders and asks how I can be able to deal with everything that is going on in my life each day, I can confidently respond that the McClusky margin theory is of great help to me, because I am now familiar with it and how it operates. However, I have also noted that my learning model also relates to other theories of learning. For example, I have come to know that my online education is the kind of learning model which is self- directed. This characteristic of learning is usually associated with the Knowles’s theory of learning. As it follows, one can say that the two theories, that is Knowles’s and McClusky learning theories, apply to my type of learning model.
How my Thinking Evolved
Just like all of the other chapters in my education, unit three has of all units given me a new outlook and changed my view on how the process of learning is among the adults. In all of my imaginations, I had not expected my education to have any sections or any factors on spiritual life, as it was I was shocked to find that indeed we had such sections. The reason why I was surprised to find this section in my education was that I had not that spirituality had anything to do with my education. In my personal life, I enjoy reading the book of proverbs and it is one of my favorite books in the bible from which I draw so much guidance, and practical lessons in life, in my spiritual life, outside of my education, I learn numerous things among them how to be a better member of the society and I obtain a lot of knowledge and wisdom on how to live my life.
In my third unit, however, I found lessons on spirituality and the author of the content of the material I was assigned to read for the unit argued that spirituality should not be confused with religion as there is a significant difference between the two. One of the differences that the author cited between the two was that spirituality is personal and religion is about rules. Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2007, quotes Tisdell, 2002, by writing that religion is the faith of a community that is organized and that which has written codes and doctrines of regulatory behavior, meaning that religion is about a community and not an individual, and that it is guided by a set of rules and regulations. Spirituality, on the other hand, is shown as a belief that is more personal and more of an experience of a higher purpose or of a divine spirit, about how individuals construct or create meaning, and what they as individuals and as part of a community attend to and experience and honor in their lives as sacred (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2007). Learning is a process that is continuous, and it was clear for me after this unit that through religion I am able to learn about spirituality.
It was also clear that the two go hand in hand and that they cannot be separated as one without the other does not have any meaning. I found out that experiences can at times be personal, and that at times most individuals require more than one factor and strategies to be able to achieve a certain goal. This I say because I was not sure what religion had to do with my education, but with time I learned that learning how to be a spiritual person needed me to learn about religion, which was also part of my syllabus, and that without one of these my education would not be as complete. I also enjoyed narratives which some of our lessons were delivered in; learning through narratives was especially entertaining and more effective. It is through this class that I can appropriately describe in words many of the methods or processes through which I learned.
The Future
It is only fair to say that I enjoyed this class immensely. I found the course contents extremely informative and essential for my learning process. I was also able to get answers that lingered at the back of my mind. One of the sections that caught my attention was the part on socio- cultural factors. It was clear to me that socio- cultural factor contributed largely to the development of adults. I found out that race, gender, class, and sexual orientation are some of the factors that develop how an individual is affected by these socio- cultural factors in their development. I found that among the African American families that such factors as mental disorders, homosexuality and sexual misconduct were frowned upon or even considered as taboo. The course text Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2007 states that an individual’s class, race, sexual orientation and gender among other factors interact to affect or influence the development of that individual.
The way such things would be handled in my family would affect the way I react to or think about these common issues in life. The section on wisdom was also extremely interesting. It was clear that education revolves around life and its essence. The course text argued that wisdom is not a concept that is new and that it has been argued about over centuries by great theologians and philosophers (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2007). Through all this I was able to know that education has come from far and that it is still developing to further extends. It is my hope that it will develop to such extends that it will be able to address any challenge that affects adult education like some socio- cultural factors.