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Can oil & gas operations cause earthquakes
Can oil & gas operations cause earthquakes?
ConocoPhillips Company, 2019, no author
Human activities such as construction, agricultural, mining and industrial activities can cause triggered or induced seismicity – or tremors in the earth.
Human activities such as construction, agricultural, mining and industrial activities can cause triggered or induced seismicity – or tremors in the earth. But such tremors are rarely a cause for concern given the mild nature of most human-caused seismic events. In fact most cannot be felt, being detectable only with sensitive instruments.
Tremors generated by oil and gas hydraulic fracturing – or “fracking” – are usually a million times weaker than the felt seismicity threshold, typically measuring minus 2 (below zero) on the Richter scale. This is why over two million wells have been fracture stimulated worldwide since the 1940s without creating earthquake hazards.
There have been instances of felt seismicity attributed to oil and gas operations. These were generally associated not with production or fracturing, but with wells that inject water into rock formations deep underground. Such felt seismicity has also been attributed to various industrial activities, as well as water impoundment behind large dams. Of more than 172,000 oil and gas-related injection wells in the United States, only a small percentage have been associated with felt seismicity. In these cases, modification of fluid injection activities mitigated the seismicity.ConocoPhillips and others in the industry are actively working with independent researchers to arrive at science-based conclusions and solutions that minimize the probability of human induced felt seismicity.
About Seismic Activity
The Earth’s crust is dynamic – meaning that its slowly migrating tectonic plates grind against each other, gradually building and storing energy. When the stress becomes great enough, the crust shifts along fault lines, releasing energy and causing earthquakes.Each year, approximately 100,000 of the millions of earthquakes that occur worldwide measure magnitude 3 or greater on the Richter scale – the level at which they often can be felt by humans at the surface. Only a few hundred are powerful enough to cause structural damage (generally magnitude 5 or greater). The Richter scale is logarithmic, with each whole number increase representing 10 times more ground motion and 32 times more energy released.
According to the article Overuse is one reason antibiotics are losing their punch by Mike Stobbe there is a great concern
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According to the article “Overuse is one reason antibiotics are losing their punch” by Mike Stobbe there is a great concern regarding overuse of antibiotics. The overuse of antibiotics has made infections very resistance to the drugs. Although antibiotics have been very useful in treating various infections, its abuse has enabled bacteria to gain resistance. Research shows that misuse of antibiotics would make bacteria stronger than the antibiotics. As much as the prescription for antibiotics is higher in some states than others, the fact remains that the general overuse of antibiotics is alarming countrywide. Some states such as Southerners however suffer more infections than others because of higher rates of obesity and diabetes that require use of antibiotics (Stobbe 2013).
This article is very important as it involves up to date information regarding healthcare sector. The article involves an overview of current global healthcare which provides a good resource for health professionals. In the rapidly changing healthcare system, this article provides an opportunity to address global health issue regarding antibiotics thus helping a learner with basic health perspective of health issues (Holtz, 2008). In addition, the article involves surrounding geographic as well as population characteristics which are very vital in studying healthcare matters. Bacterial infections are amongst the complex challenges and threats facing healthcare services yet this article tend to address issues relating to it (Holtz, 2008). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance to penicillin and other bacteria is a great concern in the healthcare sector especial amongst the scientists doing research and the entire healthcare profession.
Works Cited
Holtz, C. (2008). Global health care: Issues and policies. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Stobbe, Mike. (2013, April 10). Study shows overuse of antibiotics: Overuse is one reason antibiotics are losing their punch. USA Today. Retrieved http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/10/medication-antibiotic-overuse/2071899/
Can oil & gas operations cause earthquakes (2)
Can oil & gas operations cause earthquakes?
ConocoPhillips Company, 2019, no author
Human activities such as construction, agricultural, mining and industrial activities can cause triggered or induced seismicity – or tremors in the earth.
Human activities such as construction, agricultural, mining and industrial activities can cause triggered or induced seismicity – or tremors in the earth. But such tremors are rarely a cause for concern given the mild nature of most human-caused seismic events. In fact most cannot be felt, being detectable only with sensitive instruments.
Tremors generated by oil and gas hydraulic fracturing – or “fracking” – are usually a million times weaker than the felt seismicity threshold, typically measuring minus 2 (below zero) on the Richter scale. This is why over two million wells have been fracture stimulated worldwide since the 1940s without creating earthquake hazards.
There have been instances of felt seismicity attributed to oil and gas operations. These were generally associated not with production or fracturing, but with wells that inject water into rock formations deep underground. Such felt seismicity has also been attributed to various industrial activities, as well as water impoundment behind large dams. Of more than 172,000 oil and gas-related injection wells in the United States, only a small percentage have been associated with felt seismicity. In these cases, modification of fluid injection activities mitigated the seismicity.ConocoPhillips and others in the industry are actively working with independent researchers to arrive at science-based conclusions and solutions that minimize the probability of human induced felt seismicity.
About Seismic Activity
The Earth’s crust is dynamic – meaning that its slowly migrating tectonic plates grind against each other, gradually building and storing energy. When the stress becomes great enough, the crust shifts along fault lines, releasing energy and causing earthquakes.Each year, approximately 100,000 of the millions of earthquakes that occur worldwide measure magnitude 3 or greater on the Richter scale – the level at which they often can be felt by humans at the surface. Only a few hundred are powerful enough to cause structural damage (generally magnitude 5 or greater). The Richter scale is logarithmic, with each whole number increase representing 10 times more ground motion and 32 times more energy released.