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PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT& POLICIES RISING COST OF INSULIN PRICES
PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT& POLICIES: RISING COST OF INSULIN PRICESRoberto Martinez
Tarleton State University
AbstractIn recent years diabetic people have found it more harder to be able to afford insulin , due to the rising cost of insulins prices. As many people do not know the cost to make an insulin vial is about six to 30 dollars while big pharma company sky rocket the prices from anywhere to six hundred to a thousand dollars. Effective methods have been used to help combat the rising cost of insulin prices such as setting up programs to help those who cant afford to pay it. Its gone as far some to go and cap the price of insulin such as Colorado to cap it at hundred dollars per month for a vial which is still expensive but will help the pricing reduction on the insulin cost.
PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT& POLICIES: RISING COST OF INSULIN PRICESPublic Health Issue
This issue of the rising cost of insulin argues with the idea of the life course model as it follows all five steps, first being the principle of life span it helps extend the person s life span and well being as it’s a vital aid for their health , the second being the human agency as they will not be able to make any coherent choices if they are unable to get their insulin. The third being the principle of timing if they cant afford the insulin then they can’t receive it and their health and well being degrades. The fourth is linked lives basically is their social networks such as having health insurance and being able to get cheaper insulin and fifth being the time in today society money is what runs everything its what’s keeps you alive to afford the rising cost of insulin.
Areas of public health
This issue falls in the category of policy and management, due to who keeps track and manages the cost of insulin? The big pharma company’s have the hand in the cost of it they don’t care if the person can afford it or not , all they care is profits and creating a supply and demand economy .
Interest
I like this issue a lot due to the reason I have family that struggles monthly to buy insulin , they sometimes travel to Mexico and go and buy the insulin which is a lot more cheaper but there is controversy that they insulin there could be ‘fake’ which why I prefer for them to buy it here. But even with their insurance they come out paying around hundred and twenty which is expensive for them. So I would like to make people aware of this issue.
Do you or yourself know someone who is diagnosed with diabetes and wonder to yourself ‘why is the cost of insulin so dang high?’ as studies have shown that insulin in the past years have sky rocketed prices as much as 300$ per vial whereas the insulin pen is almost up to 600$ that’s a lot for a lifesaving drug with this problem it leaves diabetic choosing between purchasing insulin or other necessities, leaving them to long/short term problems as many sometimes are forced to ration off their insulin till the next paycheck. Studies have shown most diabetics are well within the poverty/working class and struggle to buy the insulin. Most health insurances will not cover the insulin due to the fact you are administrating yourself unless you are using the pump , which is usually very expensive and many cannot afford it. The effects the high cost of insulin has on people is many resort to conserving and not using all their insulin which can affect their cognitive thinking this falls in the stages of life course model of public health. With the main idea it follows many steps such as helping the individuals health but when the persons decides to ration it , it affects them negatively secondly affecting their family and friends as they will see decline in their loved ones health and thinking. Third is the environment around them without the proper dose of insulin they will degrade and so will their world around them.How did insulin get so high ? big pharma companies have long stated that there is a ‘low’ insulin supply and the demand for it is high, but its been shown that this is a lie and there is not a low supply of insulin , they are doing this in order to create more profit as the cost production for insulin is around 20$ and over the course of 3 years insulin prices have shot up to 30 percent. They also use major loopholes and exploit health insurance users the general rule is followed as In if you administer yourself chances are it will not be covered by health insurance unless you have the pump which is very costly at times.
Some efforts are being made such as company made for diabetics that cannot afford insulin have made some that is hundred dollars or less and they’ve stated that they want to make it so its available for diabetics that cannot afford it their only true motive is to help out customers so they are not forced to ration it. As stated before insulin prices have been soaring and only for the worse , to profit ways we can change this in the public health industry is make people aware of whats going on and educate the health outcomes this has on diabetics. Many state governments have actually taken action into keeping the cost insulin low such as the state of Colorado which capped the price of insulin at hundred dollars making it one the lowest price of insulin in the states. Alternative efforts in order to get insulin cheaper are being used such as traveling to other country’s where its proven to be cheaper, my aunt is diabetic and struggle’s sometime to pay for her insulin so she has to resort to travel to Mexico to where she knows where she can get it as over there the cost of insulin is half the price of the US but an issue she faces is buying fake insulin which can severely destroy a persons health. And why is that she has to resort to going out of the country? because of the big pharma companies that exploit a health necessity of people for bigger profit gain. Currently they are politicians trying to get bills passed and make it unethical to increase the cost of insulin, it’s a tough battle because they argument is ‘is it ethical or unethical’ in my opinion I would consider it very unethical due to the main fact we are price gouging a necessity that diabetics need in order to survive and function efficient. Its estimated that insulin companies take home around four billion dollars from diabetic users while back then it was at about seven hundred and one million dollars in nineteen nighty one, makes you wonder why would they need to profit of it so much? .Over the last twenty years insulin prices have dramatically increased due to the supply and demand and creating this fake idea of low insulin supply. Which is creating a high demand for it causing major companies to mark up their prices and create a high profit margin . currently we are trying to find new way and methods to keep the cost low .
We the public health can take measurements to ensure this doesn’t proceed to happen in the near future by taking these steps , create programs where we can help struggling diabetics that need help in affording their insulin. Inform state governments of this trending issue and how they can help keep cost low and implement new policies that will ensure there is no loophole or price gouging. This isn’t just about making profits but saving people that need the insulin and make sure they are getting the proper doses they need.
References How Much Difference Will Eli Lilly’s Half-Price Insulin Make? (2019, March 10). Weekend Edition Sunday. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.zeus.tarleton.edu/apps/doc/A578008952/LitRC?u=txshracd2559&sid=LitRC&xid=087ce418
Skipper, N. (2012). On reimbursement reforms and stockpiling of prescription drugs: The case of insulin. Health Policy, 106(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.04.013
De Cristofano, F. (2019). PDB39 INSULIN PRICE FLUCTUATION IN THE USA BETWEEN JULY 2017 AND JULY 2019. Value in Health, 22, S579–S579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.09.921cohen, d., & carter, p. (2011). How small changes led to big profits for insulin manufa. Retrieved from https://www-jstor-org.zeus.tarleton.edu/stable/25766607?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents QANDA: INSULIN PRICE INVESTIGATION. (2019, October 25). States News Service, p. NA. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.zeus.tarleton.edu/apps/doc/A603832459/BIC?u=txshracd2559&sid=BIC&xid=44b97cf9
High Renaissance Art
High Renaissance Art
High renaissance art is described as the growth and ultimate maturity of Early Renaissance .It was composed of paintings of pictures from the city Florence and Rome in the fifteen and the sixteenth century. High renaissance that occurred in Italy was the culmination of this art between the year 1500 and 1525. It was regarded as sort of evolution in Italian Humanism refereed to as Umanesimo.
It was manifested by extemporary creativity .Paintings and artistic works reached their climax since they were technically composed with real imagination and perfect works of art. These were sometimes called gallant compositions. But the main characteristics of High Reinaissance paintings are synchronization and poise in their creation.
It all started in Italy. Italian High Renaissance artists are renowned for their ideal accord and balance in their artistic works. They were regarded as the best of the time. Their works were compared to those of ancient Greek or the Romans. Renaissance Classicism was a structure of painting that detached from detail and it showed the creative world the way it was created. The shades of paintings used, the colors and even the compositions of these paintings were handled with great care and control to achieve the level of compositions that they achieved at that time.
Among the great artists of that time includes gigantic Florence, the renowned Leonardo da Vinci and infamous Michelangelo. Others include the Raffaello Sanzio. Along with them includes the great legendaries Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese. All this great artists were recognized for their contribution to artistic works in Italy and all around the world. Among their artistic works includes , HYPERLINK “http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_3_1e.html” t “_blank”Madonna with a Flower (Benois Madonna), HYPERLINK “http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/O.html” l “anchor5764039″oil ,HYPERLINK “http://sunsite.unc.edu:80/wm/paint/auth/vinci/ginevra.jpg” t “_blank”Ginevra de’ Benci by Leonardo da Vinci, HYPERLINK “http://sunsite.unc.edu:80/wm/paint/auth/michelangelo/michelangelo.creation-of-sun-and-moon.jpg” t “_blank”Creation of the Sun and Moon by Michelangelo, Signorelli, Girlandaio, Madonna and Child (Madonna Conestabile) by Raffaello Sanzio, HYPERLINK “http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/titian/magdalen.jpg” t “_blank”Penitent Mary Magdalen,by Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) among many others .
Cinquecento is a term used in Italian high renaissance to entail the styles, designs and ways used by the artists to perform their artistic work, literature and even architecture. This is modes that were adapted by various artists in order to ensure that their expected level of artistic works were up to the expected standards and were of high quality.
On the other hand, Quattrocento was a term used to depict cultural and artistic events and activities conducted during the fifteenth century in order to remember, appreciate and honor exemplary works of art by the legendary artists in Italy. It is also refereed to as Italian art history.
The era acknowledged as the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissance” o “High Renaissance”High Renaissance symbolizes the culmination of ambitions of the former periods, specifically the precise depictions of statistics in freedom rendered with convincing suggestions in a properly correct style. The most famous painters from this time period are Leonardo da Vinci, and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarroti” o “Michelangelo Buonarroti”Michelangelo Buonarroti. Their descriptions are surrounded by a good number of generally acknowledged workings in the world. This includes Leonardo’s HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Supper_%28Leonardo%29” o “The Last Supper (Leonardo)”The Last Supper, Michelangelo’s HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling” o “Sistine Chapel ceiling”Sistine Chapel ceiling and Raphael’s HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens” o “The School of Athens”The School of Athens.
Patronage is the state of offering to sustain, back-up, privilege, or give financial relief by an association, group or individual on to another. In the account of historical art, patronage in arts means the support that rulers or popes made available to musical group, painters, and sculptors especially during the High renaissance period.
Since the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history” o “Ancient history”ancient times patronage of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts” o “Arts”arts was imperative in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history” o “Art history”history of art. Kings and very well-to-do individuals used patronage of the arts in order to sanction their political strife’s, aspirations, community point, and reputations .Art patronage was in particular central in the construction of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_art” o “Religious art” art considered to be religious. It should be noted that the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church” o “Roman Catholic Church”Roman Catholic Church in Rome and later HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism” o “Protestantism”Protestant collections funded art and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture” o “Architecture”architecture, as witnessed in cathedrals, House of God, Churches, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting” o “Painting”painting, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture” o “Sculpture”sculpture, and handicrafts. The nature of sponsorships changed or has now changed from churches or the pope to reputable charity organizations.
A number of foreign languages are still using the expression mecenate, a derivative of the title of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas” o “Gaius Maecenas”Gaius Maecenas, munificent acquaintance, encourager and counselor to the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor” o “Roman Emperor”Roman Emperor HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus” o “Augustus”Augustus (Cedric, 1998). Various patrons for example HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici” o “Medici”Medici of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence” o “Florence”Florence, used imaginative patronage to cleanse possessions that was supposed as wrongfully obtained through HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury” o “Usury”usury.
During the presently later fraction of the twentieth century the educational disciplines of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patronage_studies&action=edit&redlink=1” o “Patronage studies (page does not exist)”patronage programs began to progress, in the so called appreciation of central and over and over abandoned roles that the experience of support had greatly played in enlightening life of preceding centuries.
The renown HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liturgical_feast&action=edit&redlink=1” o “Liturgical feast (page does not exist)”liturgical feast of a Patronage known as Our Lady was foremost acceptable by laws of the doctrine known as the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites” o “Sacred Congregation of Rites”Sacred Congregation of Rites in the year 1679.In some other parts of the world it is approved, on the demand, for some Sunday in the month November. It is selected by common people. In numerous parts of the world the banquet of the Patronage is conducted with a supplementary designation name of Queen of All Saints
In Britain the some HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England” o “Church of England”churches refer, patronage as the commonly-used expression for the accurate presentation a contender for the remuneration of a picky HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish” o “Parish”parish.
HYPERLINK “http://arthistory.about.com/cs/namesdd/a/leonardo.htm”Leonardo da Vinci born in the year 1452 and died in the year 1519.He was skilled in a town known as Florence. He is best acknowledged as a artist, but he did absolutely the completely everything else .He did studies studied anatomy of the human beings , through analysis, and he used the information of such activities to lionize himself .He is thought simply in that which he was able to observe. Da vinci had a Duke stationed in the city of Milan as his original patron. He was infamous for doing works of paint on stunning women, a good number of who seemed to be benefit from secrets. He hated his fellow artist Michelangelo, but was to some extent of a teacher.
HYPERLINK “http://arthistory.about.com/cs/namesmm/a/michelangelo.htm”Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in 1475 and died in 1564: He acquired his expert in city of Florence. He is one of the finest known visual artist and sculptor even though he had efforts in structural design and wrote verses in poetry as well. He did research and studied anatomy of the human beings, through itemization and used the familiarity of such to exalt God. He believed profoundly and spiritually in God. He had Medici also known as Lorenzo as his earliest patron. He was known to be Painting women who seemed a lot similar to men with their breasts spanked on.
HYPERLINK “http://arthistory.about.com/cs/namesrr/p/raphael.htm”Raphael was also a legendary artist born in the year 1483 until his death in 1520.He was educated in town of Umbria although he studied in Florence where he is believed he to have selected his art of draftsmanship and make up skills by learning Leonardo and Michelangelo’s artistic works. He is paramount known as a watercolorist, but worked in design as well. He studied human structure barely to the degree that his facts were correct. He believed in existence of the almighty God. In addition, he did not alienate the group of individuals who were termed as Neo-Platonists. He had, as his primary patrons, persons who in point of fact wanted either Leonardo or the legendary Michelangelo but settled for him He is known to paint stunningly, gentle, tranquil women in a considerate manner. He adored Leonardo and dealt with to get along with Michelangelo.
In conclusion all this artists were great artists in their own profession producing stern beautiful art works but they required moral, financial and physical support from people termed as patrons in order to conquer their way to stardom.
Work citation
Cedric, C. Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England. Detroit, Way UniversityPress, 1993
http://www.4shared.com/dir/6GiKejtq/sharing.html
High Health Care Cost
High Health Care Cost
Author’ Name
Institution Affiliation
Answer to Question 1
In South Florida, healthcare costs are considered unusually higher than other regions in the U.S. This is based on high healthcare spending, which is attributed to health insurance coverage and employee Medicare coverage. Insured people value healthcare, and want to make the best out of their insurance/Medicare coverage, which triggers a high demand for healthcare services, especially given that they are able to pay for healthcare even at high prices (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). Skinner and Wennberg (2003) points out that, residents in certain parts of Florida, including South Florida, receive about $40,000 in Medicare benefits, usually over their lifetime. These Medicare benefits are precisely in excess of the amount they pay as taxes (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). The excess amount comes from taxpayers outside Florida and healthcare providers would definitely elevate healthcare prices in order to utilize the available Medicare coverage money given to residents through healthcare consumption.
Many physicians in the South Florida consequently search and recommend more health procedures to their patients to increase the total healthcare cost per patient (Skinner & Wennberg, 2003). This happens even when the physicians know that the procedures are not actually beneficial according to Skinner and Wennberg (2003). In most cases, healthcare professional in South Florida are said to make trade-offs between the quality of healthcare and income gains from healthcare. This implies that most health professionals are mainly after money instead of providing quality healthcare (Chang & Herald, 2014).
Generally, the statistics regarding the reasons for high healthcare costs are as follow:
Table 1: Statistics Healthcare Provision and Insurance in South Florida (Florida Health Insurance, 2014)
Description Statistics
Florida uninsured residents 20.17%
Insured residents 79.83%
From the table, the number of residents with health insurance is higher than those are without insurance. This can be presented in a pie chart as follows:
Figure 1: Insured v. Uninsured Residents
As abovementioned, insurance and employee Medicare coverage enhances the demand for better healthcare services. Together with the residents demand for healthcare, healthcare providers would do the best possible to benefit from such high percentage of insured residents to pay (Chang & Herald, 2014).
Answer to Question 2
The larger proportion of residents in South Florida affords the high cost of healthcare services available because they have full medical insurance cover. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) makes healthcare consumers in charge of their own health. In this case, patients are given the right to make informed choices about their health. This choice mainly involves health coverage through health insurance. Since the high prices in South Florida are chiefly induced by this factor, the ACA will mainly enhance Medicare coverage and medical/healthcare insurance cover among residents in the region. This could in return lead to increased healthcare costs because of increased healthcare demand as more people gain the ability to cater for the offered care prices (Gruber, 2011).
Low quality health services by healthcare provider taking advantage of the insured patients would however be minimized significantly since the ACA given patients the opportunity to choose the primary care doctors of their choice (Gruber, 2011). Besides, people would have more access to healthcare including preventive care services at no cost (Gruber, 2011). From a general perspective, the ACA will make the factor better.
References
Chang, D., & Herald, M. (2014, September 15). In South Florida And The Nation, Health Care Costs Often Are Shrouded In Secrecy. Retrieved from kaiserhealthnews.org: http://kaiserhealthnews.org/news/in-south-florida-and-the-nation-healthcare-costs-often-are-shrouded-in-secrecy/
Florida Health Insurance. (2014). eHealth Insurance – affordable health insurance for individuals, families & small businesses. Retrieved from ehealthinsurance.com: http://www.ehealthinsurance.com/florida-health-insurance
Gruber, J. (2011). The Impacts Of The Affordable Care Act: How Reasonable Are The Projections? National Tax Journal, 64, 893-908.
Skinner, J., & Wennberg, J. E. (2003). Exceptionalism Or Extravagance? What’s Different About Health Care In South Florida: Physicians’ behavior seems to outweigh patients’ preferences for care in South Florida, especially in the last six months of life. Perspective W3, 372-375.