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Psychology Assignment
Psychology Assignment
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Psychology Assignment
Supporting family members and loved ones is crucial in beating a cocaine addiction. In addition to staging an intervention and enrolling a loved one in rehab, there are numerous things friends and family can do to aid in the fight against cocaine addiction and maintaining sobriety. When someone you care about is addicted to cocaine, it is possible that they do not realize there is even a problem or that treatment is required, and as a result, they may not seek assistance on their own. Families may have to persuade their loved ones that they need help to turn things around. Cocaine and other drugs have been shown to interfere with the normal thinking processes of humans, making it difficult for such people to comprehend the need for change, not only for their own mental and physical well-being but also for the benefit of others in their immediate environment. A person’s loved ones and family members are in the ideal position to recognize when a person has an issue with cocaine abuse (Team, 2022). (Anything about John???? You need to talk about John in the introduction. Your main ideas are missing. What will you develop in the subsequent paragraphs?).
One of the most crucial things that John’s family members should remember to keep in mind when confronting John about his cocaine addiction is that they should remember to be sympathetic and compassionate. John’s family must make it clear to him that they will always be there to back him up in his efforts to beat his addiction and that they recognize and understand that overcoming addiction is a battle that will not be easy to win. Besides, John’s family should remind him that they will be there for him at every stage of therapy, even if he relapses while in treatment. John, who is abusing cocaine, would benefit much by hearing words of encouragement and having the weight lifted off his shoulders (Editorial Staff, 2022).
In addition, John’s family can deal with John’s issue of cocaine addiction by staging an intervention. An intervention is a gathering of a person’s friends, family, and loved ones that are typically prepared secretly without the participation of the individual battling substance misuse or addiction (Staff, 2022). During this meeting, family members generally bring up particular actions and events that illustrate how the individual’s drug misuse has impacted them personally. For example, the session may focus on how the individual’s failure to pay child support. An individual addicted to cocaine, or any other drug should be encouraged to voluntarily check themselves into a rehabilitation center as the primary objective of an intervention. Furthermore, John’s family can deal with John’s issue of cocaine addiction by trying to avoid using language that stigmatizes him or his cocaine addiction and not blaming him for his addiction. To the best of their abilities, they have to make an effort to communicate with him as if he were afflicted with some other disease (Editorial Staff, 2022).
Moreover, John’s family can deal with his issue of cocaine addiction by helping to prevent relapse into cocaine consumption by watching for warning triggers and signs that may have led to John’s consumption of cocaine in the past. John’s family should ensure that he stays away from old friends and activities that could have triggered him to start using cocaine. Besides, John’s family and friends may also help by ensuring that he attends all scheduled appointments (Staff, 2022). Also, John’s family can consider restoring a healthy family dynamic by considering family counseling and education, which will help to ensure that every family member understands their role in John’s recovery.
Conclusion
In conclusion, According to Editorial Staff (2022 Citation needs to be in APA format), addiction is generally accepted as a persistent form of brain illness that may sometimes relapse. Even if your loved one chooses to start using drugs on their own will in the beginning, it will be complicated for them to kick the habit once the changes in their brain take effect (Please reread sentence and rephrase). Therefore, family members should make it clear that they do not want to see their loved ones in pain and inquire whether they would be open to receiving assistance. If they disagree immediately, family and friends should not blame themselves; instead, they should give it some time and ask them again. Besides, when engaging with someone who could have a cocaine addiction, it is crucial to put your needs first and resist the temptation to let the drug take over your life. Seek quick, professional aid if a family member or close friend poses a threat to themselves or others. Your conclusion should be about John and you can extend to others in one sentence. You need to apply your knowledge to John.
References
Editorial Staff, A. (2022). How to Help Someone Addicted to Cocaine | Drugabuse.com. DrugAbuse.com. Retrieved 19 October 2022, from https://drugabuse.com/drugs/cocaine/how-to-help-an-addict/.
Staff, E. (2022). How to Beat Cocaine Addiction & Get Help. American Addiction Centers. Retrieved 19 October 2022, from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/how-to-help.
Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain (H&E)
Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain (H&E)
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Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain (H&E)
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) is the standard stain in histology. It is the main and general diagnostic method in histopathology laboratories and morphological evaluation. The stain has been the preferred choice for many years because it is compatible with various fixatives and clearly displays cell features. Features such as cytoplasm, extracellular matrix, and nucleus are clearly elaborated by the technique. Abnormal cells and tissues can be identified by only staining frozen or paraffin sections with perfectly executed H&E staining. In addition, most malignant cases are detected using this stain by determining morphologically changed cells that provide useful information for cancer diagnosis (Anderson, 2011).
Böhmer introduced hematoxylin stain in 1865 while Fischer introduced eosin in 1875. Schwarz came up with the idea of double staining technique by use of consecutive solutions of carmine and picric acid. In 1867, Wissowzky implemented the idea and proposed the combination of two independent dyes to carry out staining. He was the first to use H&E stain in laboratory experiments, in 1867. Hematoxylin is blue-purple in color and stains the chromatin in the nucleus deep purplish-blue making it easily visible. Eosin, by contrast, is a non-specific pink dye that stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix giving them an orange-pink color. Eosin is the counterstain that contrasts the purplish-blue nucleus to make other cell components such as erythrocytes, fluid, and cell membrane visible (Anderson, 2011). The red blood cells stain pink while the other components such as the cytoplasm assume different shades of orange-pink. Most cells and tissues are squishy, transparent, and colorless, and their features cannot easily be recognized without enhancement; thus, the need to stain them for clear identification.
Eosin is a negatively charged and acidic stain, which binds to the positively charged proteins in cells and tissue components. The stain has a pH of about 3.5, and the intensity of staining depends on the pH in that the higher the pH, the lower the intensity. Eosin is synthetic while hematoxylin is a natural dye obtained from Haematoxylon campechianum Linnaeus a logwood tree found in Central America (Brown, n.d.). It is not naturally basic and does not have staining ability, but acts together with a mordant that gives it a basic characteristic. Mordants are aluminum salts that bind to the tissue because the stain binds to the mordant. It is first oxidized to hematein, which when bound to aluminum, gains a positive charge. The hematein-aluminum compound binds negatively charged molecules in tissue components and cells such as the nucleus. The staining capacity depends on pH and the higher the pH, the higher the intensity.
In preparing 1000 ml of hematoxylin stain, the ingredients include 10 g commercially obtained hematoxylin dark crystals and 500 ml hot tap water at about 70-80°C. The crystals are thoroughly mixed with the hot water. In another vessel, 10 g potassium or aluminum alum is thoroughly mixed with 500ml of hot water. The two mixtures are mixed together, and thymol crystals added to prevent fungal growth. The mixture is then put in a translucent vase, covered with paper towel for air circulation, and placed at room temperature for a week. The solution is then transferred to an airtight dark bottle after a week, and placed in a dark room to mature for 3 weeks.
Preparation of 1000 ml of eosin stain involves the following procedure. 10 g of eosin Y crystals is added to 1000 ml of hot water, diluted and mixed thoroughly, then placed in a dark, airtight container. Neither maturation nor thymol is required for this stain. Alum solution, which is the mordant, is prepared according to the aforementioned steps. The two solutions are then mixed together to form the eosin stain. The alum solution can continually be added to replace the consumed hematoxylin stain in the dish. However, caution should be taken in order to maintain the staining qualities of the nucleus (Gill, 2010).
To prepare a tissue for staining, it is first embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and mounted on a slide before staining with H&E. It is then placed in a series of water, alcohol and xylene to give the cells affinity for the stain. Water is used for hydration, alcohol for dehydration, and xylene for clearing. Two methods are mainly used of perform the H&E staining technique. The common method is progressive staining where the prepared tissue slide is first placed in the hematoxylin for about 3 minutes. Secondly, it is rinsed in the first and second tap water baths, and then transferred to the eosin stain bath for about 5 seconds. It is then rinsed successively in tap water baths to remove the excess stain. Finally, the slide is dried in an oven and then mounted in mounting media for examination under a microscope.
The regressive method involves putting the tissues in a strong hematoxylin type called Harris hematoxylin. The hematoxylin is then removed from other cell components except the nucleus using an acid alcohol. It is stained with eosin dye, rinsed, dehydrated, cleared and cover slipped in a mounting media (August & Kaufmann, 1997). In some cases, hematoxylin dye can be used solely to perform immunohistochemical procedures as a counterstain. However, the drawback of this single staining is its incompatibility with immunofluorescence, and it is essential to use an immunofluorescence-compatible tissue when staining.
H&E stain has various advantages over other stains used in histopathology. The technique yields outstanding results that can easily be utilized for differentiation of cell and tissue structures. The stained slides can be examined under low microscopic power because of the detailed and easily viewed sections. Another benefit is the ready-to-use reagents that are readily available. The staining procedure is also user friendly because it involves direct, simple steps, and low-cost equipment such as a microtome and light microscope. H&E stain is also certified and tested according to DIN EN ISO 13485 standards. In addition, the stain is also economical and timesaving because it takes only a few minutes to execute the procedure.
A main drawback of H&E stain is the fact that conventionally, it is prepared using alcohol and xylene solvents, which are flammable, toxic and hazardous. However, there is an alternative way of preparing xylene and alcohol free stains using hot tap water, which has quality staining characteristics for use in cytological procedures, in the laboratory. Xylene and alcohol free stains have advantages such as being nonflammable, nontoxic, and easily disposable. Another disadvantage of H&E stain is that components grazing the edges of the nuclei may be mistaken for nuclear fragments giving false results (August & Kaufmann, 1997).
In most pathology laboratories, H&E stain is the most common in differentiating cells and tissue components as either pathological, normal, degeneratively altered, or inflamed. The stain is popular because it yields excellent results, easy to use, and time effective. The benefits of this stain greatly outweigh its drawbacks, explaining its popularity in histopathology laboratories.
H&E stained sectioned biopsy of uterine cervix with marked dysplasia (precancerous changes) ×100 (Gill, 2010).
A cross-section of the medulla showing various structures; H-Nucleus, C-Cytoplasm, T-Connective tissue (Brown, 2002).
References
Anderson, J. (2011). An introduction to routine and special staining. Leica Biosystems. Retrieved on 18 Oct. from http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/an-introduction-to-routine-and-special-staining/
August, J. T. & Kaufmann, S. H.E. (1997). Apoptotis: Pharmacological implications and therapeutic opportunities. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Brown, H. S. (2002). Hematoxylin & Eosin. Sigma-Aldrich Cooperation. Retrieved on 18 Oct. from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/img/assets/7361/Primer-H&Emay04.pdf
Brown, H. S. (n.d.).The science and application of Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University. Retrieved on 18 Oct. from http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/research/docs/cores/mhpl/HandE_troubleshooting.pdf
Gill, G. W. (2010). H&E staining: Oversight and insights. Connection (Chapter 13). Retrieved on 18 Oct. from http://www.dako.com/08066_12may10_webchapter13.pdf
The growth of domestic slave trade in the United States was induced after the official end of the African slave trade in 1808
Douglass
The growth of domestic slave trade in the United States was induced after the official end of the African slave trade in 1808. Slaves were considered a piece of property and a source of labor, especially in the Southern cotton fields. The slave could be bought and sold like an animal. He or she was allowed no stable family life and little privacy. Law prohibited the slave from learning to read or write. Frederick Douglass was one slave who successively escaped the institution of slavery, and fought for freedom and equality for blacks. “Frederick Douglass wrote his narrative, hoping that it may do something toward throwing light on the American slave system, and hasten the day when his brethren in bonds may be free” (Douglass 162). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave portrays many values of the south during the nineteenth century. In reflecting democratic and egalitarian values, the slave had no voice as to the way they were governed or the way they were treated socially. Equality was not a word used in the south. “There was no answering back to a white person; no explanation was allowed a slave, showing himself to have been wrongfully accused. ‘It was better that a dozen slaves suffer under the lash, than that the overseer should be convicted, in the presence of the slaves, of having been at fault.’” (Douglass 45). The slaves were not given nearly enough provisions. They were given a monthly allowance of food; a yearly supply of clothing which consisted of two shirts, two pair of trousers, one jacket, and a pair of shoes; and no bed, but a coarse blanket. Slaves were worked till exhaustion. The thought of the south was that the slave was put there for their disposal. Douglass’s Narrative illustrates his views on evangelical Protestantism. “Evangelicalism grew into the religion of ‘respectable’ slaveholders as well as the faith of their slaves and poor neighbors” (Ayers 28). To Douglass, religion of the south was concealment for the most appalling crimes. It was a shelter under which the deeds of slaveholders found protection (Douglass 110). However, he is not opposed to all religion. Douglass is strictly against slaveholding religion, which has no reference to Christianity. “Frederick writes, ‘The man who robs me of my earnings at the end of each week meets me as a class-leader on Sunday morning, to show me the way of life and the path of salvation. He who sells my sister stands forth as the pious advocate of purity. He who proclaims it a religious duty to read the Bible denies me the right of learning to read the name of God who made me. The warm defender of the sacredness of the family relation is the same that scatters whole families leaving the hut vacant, and the hearth desolate”’ (Douglass 156). Douglass could think of no one worse to be a slave of, than a religious master. Southern honor was recognized as a system of values within which you have as much worth as others confer upon you. Women, children, and slaves had no honor; only adult white males had the right to honor. Southern men responded passionately when their honor was questioned” (Ayers 13). They would rather suffer physical loss, and often did, rather than for public opinion of them to be negative. “The style of the American colonial slaveholding gentry is best understood in relation to the concept of honor—the proving of prowess” (Ayers 21). “Slavery generated honor. Slavery by its very nature dishonored all members of one class and bestowed honor on another. It seems certain that honor would have died in the South without the hothouse atmosphere provided for that culture by slavery” (Ayers 26). For a few decades, Northerners as well as Southerners fought on the field of honor, but by 1830, dueling and the South had become virtually synonymous (Ayers 15). “By the mid-nineteenth century, the Northern United States had generated the core of a culture antagonistic to honor. This Northern culture celebrated dignity—the conviction that each individual at birth possessed an intrinsic value at least theoretically equal to that of every other person” (Ayers 19). However, the white man did not treat women, slaves, and other minorities as equals. In a culture of dignity, people were to turn their heads to the same things Southerners would wage fights for. “The extension of dignity to previously outcast groups provided the impetus behind much of the reform impulse of the antebellum North. To many, the deepest horror of slavery was that it violated the slaves’ selfhood, destroyed their capacity for moral choices, made them less than human” (Ayers 24). Douglass was tired of Southern honor waging its violence against him, and escaped to the dignity of the North to become a free man. Free blacks were only technically free. In the South, where they posed a threat to the institution of slavery, they suffered both in law and by custom many of the restrictions imposed on slaves. In the North, free blacks were discriminated against in such rights as voting, property ownership, and freedom of movement, though they had some access to education and could organize. Free blacks also faced the danger of being kidnapped and enslaved. When Douglass first escaped to New York, he knew he was liable to be taken back and subjected to all the tortures of slavery. He adopted the thought ‘Trust no man’ (Douglass 143-44). Douglass was seeking to influence those who were blind as to the establishment of slavery. He meant to bring to light the wrongdoings of slaveholders of the south. “To Douglass the problems of social adjustment if the slaves were freed were nothing, the property rights of the masters were nothing, states’ rights were nothing. He simply refused to discuss these matters. As he viewed it, his function was to shake people out of their lethargy and goad them into action, not to discover reasons for sitting on the fence” (Douglass xxi).
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