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New Media Technology Impact of You Tube
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New Media Technology: Impact of You Tube
Introduction
The dynamism that has been experienced in the media industry in the recent past can be attributed to globalization that is increasing eroding the traditional barriers of both time and space. The technological innovations have also played a leading role in perpetuating the inherent changes. Notably, various social networking sites are being employed in this industry by individuals from different backgrounds. One of the main developments in this regard has been the creation of you tube, a virtual site that enables users to share videos and make commentaries accordingly. This has changed the mode of communications in this respect by increasing interaction during communication.
Unlike other sites where the information and content is determined by the owner, you tube gives the users a chance to generate the content of the same. In addition, this content is presented to the audience before being filtered. This implies that the users determine the content and therefore credibility of the site. Such changes have had diverse implications on the culture of the populations as they actively participate in media communication. This paper provides a critical analysis of the impacts of you tube on the cultural welfare of the current populations. It begins by providing a brief historical background of this technology before analyzing how it has impacted on different cultural domains of the population.
You tube is a website that allows its users to upload and share different types of videos with their fellow users (Miller, Agnes & John, 2009). It was created in 2005 by Steve Chen, Jawed Karim and Chad Hurley that were initially working for Pay Pal Company. Although the trio experienced various difficulties during its creation, they overcame this and it immediately picked up and currently, it ranks behind Google, Yahoo and Facebook. Later on in 2006, Google Inc bought You Tube from this trio and from then henceforth, it has been operating as a subsidiary of Google. In order for you tube to operate accordingly, the computer requires Adobe Flash Video. As indicated earlier, the information contained on the site is solely generated by the users and it ranges from music videos to movie and television clips.
Although most of this information is sourced from the user, some of the video clips are posted on the same by the media organizations who supposedly have established partnerships with you tube (Burgess & Joshua, 2008). It is also indicated that he choice of this name raised various controversies in the past because it was almost similar to that of HYPERLINK “http://www.utube.com” www.utube.com. IN this respect, Haythornthwaite (2002, p. 389) cites that the owner of the later filed a suit after being overwhelmed by individuals looking for the former. This led to the change of utube’s name to HYPERLINK “http://www.utubeonline.com” www.utubeonline.com.
Unlike traditional media, you tube has made it possible for individuals to upload different kinds of videos and share the same with the global populating within a short period of time. The only fundamental requirement is to have internet connection at one’s disposal. There are a wide range of topics that are shared on the site and which reflect various cultural ideals and values. Over time, it can not be disputed that this is increasingly changing to a single global culture that is assumed by the entire global population. This has led to loss of critical cultural diversity as more than ever, individuals are adopting the dominant cultural ideals that are presented by this media.
Numerous authors of whom Ramesh (2006, p. 491) is represented lament that the underlying principles of this technology has had adverse effects on social cohesion in different ways. Essentially, you tube advocates for broadcasting oneself and therefore users find it fundamental to upload videos accordingly. The posting of videos has become an intrinsic aspect of the broadcasting ideology to the extent that those who do not participate actively in this are shunned by the society. This has had negative impacts on social cohesion as vital bonds that maintain viable relationships have increasingly been broken. On the other hand, individuals and especially teenagers that use the technology more often have been cited to post videos that contain obscene acts in order to attract recognition by other users. According to Keen (2007), this has increasingly undermined the important moral and ethical values that define one’s culture. Furthermore, the urge to conform to the trends that are assumed by other users has been blamed for the current increase in crime.
You tube has also encouraged posting of wrong information about individuals as a form of making fun or ridiculing the same. Usually, this has adverse effects because of the fact that it impacts on the worth and esteem of the individual. In his study, Keen (2007) asserts that the worth of prominent personalities and politicians has in most cases been negatively impacted on by the tendency to post wrong information about other individuals on this site. Some of the implications in this respect have been lose of public trust and feelings of shame.
You tube has also encouraged the emergence of internet celebrities that comprises of persons whose videos are viewed and appreciated by a significant percentage of the population. The relative fame has in most cases been beneficial to the respective persons in unexpected ways. Examples of these include Broke Brodack whose comedy video landed her a development contract for NBC’s Carson Daly.
Although such celebrities post the videos for fun, this in most cases leads to special and incredible offers by individuals and organizations that appreciate their creativity. This creativity has not been confined to the movie industry alone; musicians from different cultural back grounds also post their music on this. This has played a leading role in the popularizing of local culture and making in known to the world within a short period of time. A classic example in this respect would be the Avenged artists who post their various concerts on the same. These are also uploaded by their fans who record their performances using various technologies and later upload the same. It has been instrumental in marketing their music across the globe.
Jarrett (2008, p. 142) points out that you tube has provided a basement upon which individuals can give various commentaries regarding to the mode of governance and leadership. At this juncture, it should be appreciated that politics is a very important aspect of a people’s culture. By providing a viable forum with which the subjects can voice their concerns regarding the mode of governance, you tube has been instrumental in enhancing vital changes in this regard and ensuring that justice and democracy are maintained. Apparently, various media agencies like CNN in some instances review these commentaries and channel the same to the relevant authorities for action.
Apart from debates on political issues, it is noteworthy that religious issues are also discussed and exchanged according on the forums provide by you tube. A quick search can result in different video interpretations of religious information. Persons from different religions have a chance to share their personal views regarding to various religious perceptions. For instance a Christian might post a comment that can be responded by the Muslim or atheists. In this regard, individuals are able to learn various religious principles beliefs and practices from other religions. Thus you tube enhances the populations’ freedom to air their religious views and beliefs and their respective opponents to post their rebuttals too.
At this point, it should be acknowledged that the freedom of speech has generated various implications that are both positive and negative. These have been manifested through incidences of copy right infringement, censorship and legal battles regarding privacy rights. For instance, mash up videos constitutes a collection of clips from various other videos that are then compressed in a single video. This is further given an eye catching title to attract the attention of the audience and improved with different type of background music. In most cases, it raises various controversies that are related to the infringement of copyright laws as the creator uses the original work of other individuals without appreciating their efforts (Lange 2007, p. 372).
Usually, you tube takes practical measures to remove the videos whose content violate the provisional copy right laws. However, this is done after the video has already been posted and the affected individual raised the complaint. Arguably, its content is likely to have reached a significant percentage of the global population. It is in this consideration that Lange (2007) asserts that filtering of the videos needs to be done before rather than after the video has been posted on the site.
Further, the process of censorship has been cited to be compounded by various complexities. In most instances, it relies on the information provided by the users, and not on objective reports generated by you tube employees. Various concerns have been raised in this regard with the most profound being the fact that some users are having their videos removed even when the content of the same meets all standards. Trends indicate that the most affected in this regard constitute videos with religious and or political information.
Nevertheless, the measures that have been taken by you tube to address copy right issue are commendable. In this regard, it is indicated that the company has recently developed and enforced a certain policy that has since reduced the incidences of copy right infringement significantly. An uploading technology is currently being employed in detecting any forms of copy right infringement before a full upload of the videos. Any upload that is found defective in this regard is rejected. However, despite having reduced related cases, this has not been effective in eliminating the problem completely. At this point in time, infringement on copy right laws has far reaching economic implications on the wellbeing of the original owner of the same (Chan, 2005). Therefore, it is imperative for timely and effective measures to be undertaken to prevent the same.
With regard to the role and status of the audience and the communicator, you tube has removed the boundaries that existed within these individuals. Traditionally, Jarrett (2008, p. 143) indicates that the power to broadcast any form of information was entirely assumed by the relevant media organizations. Notably, this has been challenged by you tube that accords all individuals in the population a chance to participate actively in broadcasting. In addition, unless it is compounded by copy right issues or other sensitive issues, this is not controlled and users are allowed to share any type of information.
Conclusion
From the analysis, it can be contended that you tube has enabled different types of individuals to interact with the global population accordingly. Individuals post the videos for various reasons that comprise of the need to educate the public, inform the population of a certain issue, entertain the same, and contribute to debates regarding various social issues and exhibit creativity through uploading different types of art. This has resulted in the emergence of internet celebrities, given the artists and musicians a chance to promote their respective works of arts, allowed the populations to express their religious and political concerns and made the artists to discover their talents.
Likewise, the characteristic broadcasting has also led to the rides of different controversies that are related to copy right issues and infringement on individual rights and privacy. As it has come out from the review, you tube has generally had various impacts on the social and cultural welfare of individuals. Thus as much as it has contributed to enhanced communications, it has also posed various challenges that need to be addressed in order to make the same more effective.
List of References
Burgess, J & Joshua, G 2008, You Tube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Chan, B 2005, Imagining the Homeland: The Internet and Diasporic Discourse of Nationalism, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 29, 4.
Haythornthwaite, C 2002, Strong, Weak and Latent Ties and the Impact of New media, The Information Society, 18, 5, 385-400.
Jarrett, K 2008, Beyond Broadcast Self: The Future of You Tube, Media International Australia, 126, 142-44.
Lange, P 2007, Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on You Tube, Journal of Computer Mediated Technology, 13, 1, 360-80.
Keen, A, 2007, The Cult of Amateur: How Blogs, My Space, You Tube and the Rest of Today’s User Generated Media are Destroying our Economy, Our Culture and Our Values. New York: Double Day.
Miller, P, Agnes, F & John, M 2009, You Tube: You Tube, Alpha Script, USA.
Ramesh, S 2006, Indigenous, Ethnic and Cultural Articulations of New Media. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9, 4, 496-520.
Psychology and Health
101614
Psychology and Health
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Spring 2020
Describe and Explain the Psychological Intervention that appears to be most effective in Treating or Managing Symptoms of Chronic Pain. Why is this approach more effective than others?
Chronic pain is an illness that is characterized by continuous pain that normally goes beyond 12 weeks of pain or pain that persistently lasts beyond the expected period for healing. Chronic pain may be caused by idiopathic, disease-related, or post-injury conditions. The prevalence for chronic pain range differently concerning community surveys; for example (musculoskeletal pain: 4-40%; headache: 8-83%; back pain: 14-24%; abdominal pain: 4-53%), this condition is generally higher in girls and increases with age (Hylands, Duarte, & Raphael, 2017). Further, research was done by Cohen, Vase, & Hooten (2021), revealed that over 100 million Americans are suffering from chronic disease, which is cause comes with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. This condition affects the body’s healing ability, prompting further pain, thereby effective the body and mind. One of the typical treatment options for chronic pain is psychological intervention. From this perspective, CBT appears to be the appropriate, effective psychotherapeutic intervention in treating the pain. Another is the use of drug therapy which has been found to relieve the pain with most patients opting for over-the counter treatment. Therefore, this report will discuss the medical treatment of chronic disease and then address the CBT approach for managing chronic pain. For instance, Sheikh, Brandt, Vinh & Elon (2021) argued that anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs are the typical treatment for chronic pain.
The most common treatment for chronic pain is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are more effective than the placebo for osteoarthritis pain. According to Wasef et al. (2020), just a few classes of drugs have been approved to be treating chronic pain. Currently, the typical treatment used in managing the condition has been provided for the treatment of chronic pain; however, anti-inflammatory is the most common drug for chronic pain as it is connected with other illnesses. For example, paracetamol relieves patients of osteoarthritis; however, it’s less effective than NSAIDs. Further, if paracetamol is taken in low dosage, the effects can be so adverse than placebo; an overdose can cause the risk of liver toxicity (hepatotoxicity). Therefore, anti-inflammatory is more effective than paracetamol and have been used since the 1970s (Roper et al., 2021). The drug tent to act actively within the body within the nervous body, and it can cause negative effects within the digestive system, which can result in serious bleeding. Therefore, to reduce these dosage risks, NSAIDs have been improved to reduce the adverse effects within the lower dosage and the lower dosage to a desirable dosage, thus increasing the anti-inflammatory characteristics; the COX-2 inhibitors. Moreover, another typical treatment for chronic pain is Opioids, which concerns the potential abuse with cancer patients. Therefore, the treatment might not be more effective in treating chronic pain due to the risks involved in using the typical treatment for managing chronic, including the lower, higher dosage and the risk health implications involved. This uncertainty calls for psychological interventions like CBT to treat chronic diseases.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a psychological intervention for treating chronic pain that many studies have supported. The therapy is measured based on the parameters of pain, symptoms, disability, and functionality of nerves, plus the physical patient confidence regarding the pain before and after the therapy was administered. According to Sil et al. (2021), the administration of CBT in chronic pain patients consists of three basic therapeutic approaches, including patient’s education based on the related expected goals of chronic pain therapy intervention, assisting the patient’s self-regulation in response to stress with behavioral management approaches, and managing the maladaptive thinking process in line with cognitive coping techniques. These three CBT therapeutic components aim to independently help self-regulation and efficiency improve pain management (Van et al., 2021). The administration of CBT to chronic pain patients is based on the theory of cognitive thinking; negative thought patterns that contribute to the higher level of stress, depression, and anxiety can be managed by teaching the patient how to challenge negative thoughts. Åkerblom et al. (2021) suggests that teachings majorly aim to form new ways of thinking and promote decreased levels of pain, anxiety, and depression. Achieving this will meet the goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which is to change the way a patient thinks about the pain so that the body and mind can respond better to pain. Therefore, through the application of Cognitive theory, a chronic patient is advised to look for a cognitive therapist to get administered with the skill to learn how to replace the negative thoughts patterns with more positive, realistic and harmless thoughts that might increase the level of pain.
The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy highly relies on previous studies aiming to prove its application and effectiveness depending on the response of the selected chronic pain patients. According to Kuner, and Kuner, (2021) the derivation of chronic pain from neural pains makes it complex to understand the effects of chronic pain, pain management, and cognitive behavioral therapy. In another study, Åkerblom et al. (2021) found that cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective because of how it alters an individual’s perception about pain. Gerdle et al. (2021) highlighted that selected groups used intervention and a control group, linking the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy to being more active as a therapy strategy. Additionally, Kremer et al. (2021) conducted research to relate chronic pain and depression which showed the distinctive effects that depression alleviated in chronic pain. Finally, Van et al. (2021) agree with the assertion that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in the control of chronic pain as it helps individuals to adjust gradually using physical activity and other improvements. Therefore, a majority of previous studies point towards the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain.
By contrast, Kupari et al. (2021) found the cognitive-behavioral therapy to be ineffective in addressing chronic pain. In another study, Wasef et al. (2020) summarized the findings of a study to mention that cognitive-behavioral therapy was only significant in affecting mood and not addressing chronic pain. Grace et al. (2021) provide insight from a qualitative study of chronic patients, including those who had gone through surgery, finding a need to supplement cognitive-behavioral therapy with other pain regulation medical interventions. In a different study, Huck et al. (2021) observed that cognitive-behavioral therapy was not a superior strategy for addressing pain and mood outcomes. While this is still under contention, Pardos-Gascón et al. (2021) added that cognitive-behavioral therapy has negligible benefits for disability posttreatment. Heapy et al. (2021) found that the older group with weak body functions showed no change after the intervention after 3-6 months. Although most chronic patients benefit from CBT, not everyone will respond positively; thus, it can go either way. In the end, a lot of these studies present some element of weakness in cognitive-behavioral therapy as it relates to the management of chronic pain.
The results obtained from the comparison of various studies indicate the general effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for people with chronic pain. While some weaknesses are pointed out, it is worth noting that they only relate to single aspects of the approach. cognitive-behavioral therapy is the current prevailing psychological approach for people with chronic pain. According to Phelps et al. (2021), looking at physical functionality, pain intensity, stress pressure, level of tiredness, and disability sheds light on the need to continue using cognitive-behavioral therapy. The studies concluded the cognitive-behavioral techniques mixed with other therapy methods increase the physical functionality of the patient. Besides, Åkerblom et al. (2021) found CBT intervention to effectively alleviate stress in younger people after 3-6 months of intervention. The effectiveness of the CBT can be answered by answering how effective the intervention works. According to the research conducted by Pardos-Gascón et al. (2021), CBT is the most effective treatment intervention for those trying to cope with depression and anxiety. According to Kremer et al. (2021) the research confirmed that CBT alone is 50-75% effective for overcoming depression and anxiety after 5-15 modules. Therefore, CBT is the most effective psychotherapy to treat pain because it rapidly helps patients identify and cope with specific challenges; it has allowed fewer sessions than other types of therapy and it is conducted in a more structured manner.
To sum up, this report has comprehensively discussed chronic pain and Cognitive-behavioral therapy as its best psychological intervention. The cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for chronic pain delivered in the method of non-modern CBT, Phone-based CBT, learning how to cope with the therapy skills, and CBT- based physical intervention. According to the discussion, cognitive behavioral-based self-control is the most effective approach and can be applied in the management of chronic pain. Based on this report, CBT provides greater benefits for improving physical function, especially when combined with other forms of modalities in treating chronic pain.
References
Åkerblom, S., Perrin, S., Fischer, M. R., & McCracken, L. M. (2021). Predictors and mediators of outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain: the contributions of psychological flexibility. Journal of behavioral medicine, 44(1), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00168-9
Åkerblom, S., Cervin, M., Perrin, S., Rivano Fischer, M., Gerdle, B., & McCracken, L. M. (2021). A network analysis of clinical variables in chronic pain: a study from the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP). Pain Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa473
Cohen, S. P., Vase, L., & Hooten, W. M. (2021). Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. The Lancet, 397(10289), 2082-2097. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00393-7
Grace, P. M., Tawfik, V. L., Svensson, C. I., Burton, M. D., Loggia, M. L., & Hutchinson, M. R. (2021). The neuroimmunology of chronic pain: from rodents to humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(5), 855-865. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1650-20.2020
Gerdle, B., Fischer, M. R., Cervin, M., & Ringqvist, Å. (2021). Spreading of pain in patients with chronic pain is related to pain duration and clinical presentation and weakly associated with outcomes of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation: a cohort study from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP). Journal of Pain Research, 14, 173. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s288638
Hylands-White, N., Duarte, R. V., & Raphael, J. H. (2017). An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatology international, 37(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-016-3481-8
Heapy, A. A., Tankha, H., Higgins, D. M., Driscoll, M., LaChappelle, K. M., Goulet, J. L., … & Krein, S. L. (2021). Incorporating walking into cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain: safety and effectiveness of a personalized walking intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00193-8
Huck, N. A., Siliezar-Doyle, J., Haight, E. S., Ishida, R., Forman, T. E., Wu, S., … & Tawfik, V. L. (2021). Temporal contribution of myeloid-lineage TLR4 to the transition to chronic pain: A focus on sex differences. Journal of Neuroscience, 41(19), 4349-4365. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1940-20.2021
Kremer, M., Becker, L. J., Barrot, M., & Yalcin, I. (2021). How to study anxiety and depression in rodent models of chronic pain?. European Journal of Neuroscience, 53(1), 236-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14686
Kupari, J., Usoskin, D., Parisien, M., Lou, D., Hu, Y., Fatt, M., … & Ernfors, P. (2021). Single cell transcriptomics of primate sensory neurons identifies cell types associated with chronic pain. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21725-z
Kuner, R., & Kuner, T. (2021). Cellular circuits in the brain and their modulation in acute and chronic pain. Physiological Reviews, 101(1), 213-258. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00040.2019
Pardos-Gascón, E. M., Narambuena, L., Leal-Costa, C., Ramos-Morcillo, A. J., Ruzafa-Martínez, M., & van-der Hofstadt Román, C. J. (2021). Psychological Therapy in Chronic Pain: Differential Efficacy between Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(16), 3544. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163544
Phelps, C. E., Navratilova, E., & Porreca, F. (2021). Cognition in the chronic pain experience: preclinical insights. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.001
Sheikh, F., Brandt, N., Vinh, D., & Elon, R. D. (2021). Management of Chronic Pain in Nursing Homes: Navigating Challenges to Improve Person-Centered Care. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(6), 1199-1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.029
Sil, S., Woodward, K. E., Johnson, Y. L., Dampier, C., & Cohen, L. L. (2021). Parental psychosocial distress in pediatric sickle cell disease and chronic pain. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(5), 557-569. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa130
Van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Lo, L., Bartholomaeus, J., Kopsaftis, Z., Carey, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w
Wasef, S., Mir, S., Ryan, C., Waseem, R., Bellingham, G., Kashgari, A., … & Chung, F. (2021). Treatment for patients with sleep apnea on opioids for chronic pain: results of the OpSafe trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(4), 819-824. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9064
New literacy versus old literacy
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NEW LITERACY VERSUS OLD LITERACY
To begin with, literacy is the ability to read, evaluate and interpret information critically. Literacy is classified in two-folds, that is new and old literacy. New literacy involves the ability to evaluate and interpret information in multiple formats, a phenomenon commonly possible with computers. Old literacy on the other hand is being able to understand and interpret information in single formats (Pool, Carolyn R 1997).
It is very true that old literacy involves only the ability to read and write while new literacy is more than that. This is true in the sense that in the old days, the pupils especially at the elementary level of education were regarded literate if they were in a position to read and write their names, the names of objects, animals and even write numerals. Secondly, a pupil is also said to be literate in the old ages when they can understand at least one second language. On the contrary, with technological advancement and invention of computers, literacy is nowadays defined digitally as discussed below.
One is said to be literate if he or she is able to understand and use computers well in the current age. In my opinion, the argument in question is very true since to be literate in the digital era involves being able to do calculations using computers rather than manually as in the old analogue age. Similarly, being able to write using computers and not by using pens and pencils as in those days is part of new literacy. Several people of late use virtual library to do their work including research, data analysis and presentation using computers rather than having to read from actual library. Similarly, teaching is nowadays supplemented by computers. The work of teachers has been made easier with the digital age as they don’t have to use chalks and boards while teaching. They instead use computers (McDonald, David S. 2004).
In a nut shell, the argument that new literacy entails basic computer skills while old literacy concerns ability to read and write is factual and there is no doubt about this as discussed in this excerpt.
References
Pool, Carolyn R. “A new digital literacy a conversation with Paul Gilster.” Educational Leadership 55 (1997)
McDonald, David S. “Computer literacy skills for computer information systems majors: A case study.” Journal of Information Systems Education 15.1 (2004)