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The Green Festival experience.
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The Green Festival experience.
Last Saturday was a great day where I got to attend an event dubbed the Green Festival in New York City with two of my classmates from my American Sign Language (ASL) class. ASL is a language used by the deaf for communication using signs primarily made by hands (Sternberg 1981). Before we purchased our tickets for the events we had earlier emailed the ASL representative for the festival so that we could at least be certain of a place in the event’s presentations.
On the material day of the event, we arrived and went to the ASL booth to sign in on the presentation that we would attend. We noticed 4 to 5 other people who were also signing in for different presentations which were also offering ASL interpretation services. We proceeded to the counter where we found a lady doing the registration of the people who had come to attend the various presentations. We made ourselves known to her and also informed her that we had emailed a lady by the name Deanna earlier to inform her about our attendance of a presentation that was also offering ASL interpretation services. Amazingly, it so happened that the lady we were talking with was the same lady we had emailed.
Deanne informed us that there was an organic beauty product presentation that was going on in theatre B and she directed us to the place using ASL since the venue of the whole event was fairly large and there were a number of activities going on simultaneously. Initially as she was directing us she was too fast and we had a problem following up but luckily another user of ASL noticed that we were not keeping pace with Deanne and asked her to slow down. It is then that she realized she was a little bit too fast for us and apologized that she forgot we were ASL students. She continued to direct us slowly and we understood what she said.
We afterwards headed to theatre B as we had been directed and found that the presentation had just begun. We noticed 2 interpreters and about 4 to 5 deaf people who attended the same presentation. I found myself learning a lot of vocabularies some of which are, strawberry, beauty products, brown sugar, white vinegar, coconut, melt, plastic, body lotion, sun burn and so on. I also realized interestingly that I understood the translation with ease and that I was able to follow questions that were raised by the deaf people. The communication was very clear to me.
Another interesting experience was that my 2 classmates and I decided that we shall not communicate in English but we shall use ASL from the beginning of the event till we left the event. The most amazing thing and that made it a great experience was the fact that we were communicating with ASL in real life and we were able to learn from one another. We could easily explain terms to one another that were relayed using ASL instead of English.
Works Cited
Sternberg, Martin L. A.. American sign language: a comprehensive dictionary. New York: Harper & Row, 1981. Print.
New Drug Development For Mediterranean Anemia Associated Iron Overload
New Drug Development For Mediterranean Anemia Associated Iron Overload
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Part 1: Mediterranean Anemia
Introduction
In the need to develop an orphan drug for any disease, several critical factors need evaluations. These factors include the epidemiology factors and previous limitations faced in the development of a drug to treat the same condition. In the United States, Mediterranean Anemia is one the most important orphan disease affecting only 1000 individuals. However, Mediterranean Anemia treatments with contemporary medicines such as iron chelators have been known to cause an iron overload. This has necessitated the need for development of a new drug that will counter iron overload challenge.
Mediterranean Anemia
Mediterranean Anemia can also be called the β-Thalassemia Major or Cooleyanemia. Thalassemia Major is a division of thalassemia . It is a genetic complication affecting the generation of hemoglobin through the defective β. This hemoglobin chain causes the emission of damaged hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to be damaged. A blood transfusion is necessary in overcoming the problem. The red blood cells number in the blood decreases. This condition is not healthy for the normal operation of the body system. This means that the normal functioning of the red blood cells is affected by the complication (NHI, 2014). The blood is not capable of picking up the right amounts if oxygen from the lungs for the supply to the other body parts. The damage to the red blood cells is so intense that the coordinating effect of the blood constituents is affected negatively. The patients develop a complication that makes it difficult for their breathing patterns to be maintained. The oxygen that is available for intake by the blood is ignored. The different purposes for oxygen is necessary in the body are left behind causing an abnormal functioning of the body system (Iron health alliance, 2014).
Thalassemia major diagnosis
The production of new drugs calls for an understanding and developing of the right diagnosis screening. The patients have small red blood cells and slow red blood cell counting. Thalassemia is diagnosed through blood testing and molecular testing. These procedures make it possible for the diagnosis to be carried out before birth (FDA, 2014). A careful screening of the blood comes up with a better understanding of the constituent components that have been negatively affected by the minimal red blood cells. The diagnosis needs to be carried out before the symptoms can be noticed because this advances the general procedures of determining the best corrective action.
In any medical complication, prevention is better than cure. The diagnosis perspective comes in with the right framework of procedures that are necessary in dealing with the complication at its early stages. The testing is carried out from time to time in an attempt to make an evaluation of the different signs that may be indicative of the condition’s development within the body system (Eugene, 2001). Thalassemia calls for an adequate understanding of the red blood cells counts in the blood system. Such a procedures creates a better evaluation of the right perspective in dealing with the other side effects. The diagnosis process facilitates the different strategies that are necessary in developing the scientific approach in dealing with the procedural aspects of the treatment procedures.
Thalassemia symptoms
Tiredness, weakness, inability to breathe, pale colorations, irritation, yellowing of the skin, bone protrusions on the face, low growth, swelling of the abdomen and Darkurine are the main signs. A quality understanding of all signs is useful in the development of new drugs and quality screening on the potential participants (NHI, 2014). The patients are not capable of carrying out their daily activities because the ability of the body to use oxygen in the normal function has been greatly affected. Those suffering from the complication are incapable of controlling their breathing patterns. The inability of the red blood cells to deal with the oxygen intake determines the rate at which an advancement of the productive ability of the body system is determined.
Β-Thalassemia treatment
Blood transfusion facilitates the replacement of the defective blood cells. This process needs to be carried out on a constant basis. Blood transfusion may result in iron overloading that is necessary in the establishment of new drugs for the treatment of iron overloading. The blood transfusion considers the at rate at which the patient’s body requires the red blood cells that are necessary in the oxygen uptake process (Iron health alliance, 2014). A professional approach in the transfusion process is necessary in ensuring that the right blood component are integrated into the patient’s system for an excellent performance of the blood to be realized.
Iron overload
The disease results in the production of more iron in the body and the constant blood transfusion. Extra iron in the body causes heart and endocrine system damages. Glands for the production of hormones for regulating body processes are damaged. A continuous intake of iron crates a condition that may not be favorable to the body system of the patients. A qualitative approach is necessary in ensuring that the different issues of consideration are taken into account before the final treatment procedure can be realized (FDA, 2014). It is important that the treatment procedure does not result in a additional complication in the body system. Doctors need to come up with a professional approach of dealing with the advanced procedures that necessary in dealing with the iron overload. Any given procedure in dealing with Mediterranean Anemia considers the bets clinical practices in administering the drugs.
Iron regulation
The intestinal absorption can be regulated. Mediterranean anemia patient’s iron level can be controlled through regulating the rate of blood transfusions. Blood transfusions need to consider the amount of iron that is required in the body systems of the patients. A thorough screening of the blood facilitates a consideration regarding the critical blood factors that necessary in maximizing the health of the patients. The intervals between the different transfusions are to be controlled through an evaluation of the iron requirement in the patient’s body. Different aspects of the transfusion procedures determine the ease with which the treatment procedures facilitate a better understanding of the patient’s conditions.
Iron chelators
Iron chelators have small molecules binding on iron ions. Different chelators can be manufactured. Transferring is a complicated protein from animals. Chelators have a iron ion bond that has chemical inertia. Chelators detoxify the metal irons that avoid poisoning. Iron chelators are useful in determining the rate at which the transfusion process is to come up with a conclusive approach in ensuring that Mediterranean Anemia is completely treated (Eugene, 2001). Through a prevention of the poisoning effect, the blood transfused functions in the normal way. The uptake of oxygen by the red blood cells is therefore maximized for a health life to be realized by the patient.
Iron overload drugs
A study an analysis of the current drugs is necessary in the development of new drugs.
Desferal® (DeferoxamineMesylate), Exjade®(Deferasirox), and Ferriprox® (Deferiprone) are common in treating iron overloads. A study of their regulatory helps in the development of regulation plans in understanding the complications that exist. Time and resources are saved in this entire process regarding the understanding of the current drugs.
1- Desferal®(DeferoxamineMesylate)
Approval Status: Approved May 25,2000
Route of Administration: Parenteral.
Main drawback: Injection, Renal and hepatic toxicity.
(Eugene, 2001)
2- Exjade®(Deferasirox)
Approval Status: Approved Nov 02,2005
Route of Administration: Oral
Main drawback: cause low blood count. WBC and platelets, renal toxicity
(Iron health alliance, 2014)
3- Ferriprox®(Deferiprone)
Approval Status: Approved Oct 14,2011
Route of Administration: Oral.
Main drawback: Blackbox warning(AGRANULOCYTOSIS/NEUTROPENIA)
4- HYPERLINK “http://reference.medscape.com/drug/kalbitor-ecallantide-999410″FerrokHYPERLINK hin
Approval Status: Under development
Route of Administration: Oral
Main drawback: Not yet officially established.
(FDA, 2014)
Prevalence
Studies indicate that that 30 out 1,000 people globally suffer from Mediterranean Anemia (Cooley’s anemia Foundation, 2014). The condition is more prevalent in Greece, Italy and the Middle East since 150 to 300 individuals out of 1,000 suffer from the condition (Cooley’s anemia foundation, 2014). Southeast Asia and Africa come in second and third respectively since 50 to 100 out of 1,000 individuals suffer from the condition in Asia; and 50 out of 1,000 individuals in Africa (Cooley’s anemia Foundation, 2014). Surprisingly, the United States has a significantly lower prevalence rate since only 3 to 5 out of 1.2 million people have the condition. In fact, out of the 313,121,421 people living in the United States only 783 to 1,305 have Mediterranean Anemia (Iron Health Alliance, 2014).
Figure 1.Global Mediterranean Anemia, by severity
Table 1.Global Mediterranean Anemia, by severity
number Region severity
1 Europe (Italy, Greece) 150-300/1000
2 southeast Asia 50-100/1000
3 African-Americans 50/1000
4 US 3-5/1,200,000
worldwide 30/1000
In the US, the disease is an orphan disease because only Mediterranean Anemia affects a small percentage of individuals (Table 1). On the hand, European countries such as Italy and Greece are characterized by high incidences (Table 1) (Thalassemia interntional Federation, 2014). Consequently, phase 2 and 3 can be done in Europe to take advantage of the high incidences in those countries notably, according to table 2, preschool-age children (pediatrics) are highly affected by the disease. This has made it imperative to develop the necessary measures
Table 2: Global Mediterranean Anemia, by number of individuals affected
PART 2: FICTIONAL NEW DRUG FOR IRON OVERLOAD TREATMENT
Fictional New Drug-Ferrara
The new drug to treat Mediterranean Anemia is known as Ferrara and it come in tablet and powder forms for adults and infants accordingly. The drug is administered orally once a day and it needs to be taken with food for safety and effectiveness. The drug is water-soluble and therefore it binds to iron molecules through creating chemical bonds. Ferrara is a mew molecular entity since it has not been yet marketed in the US since it has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, the drug is made from chemical synthesis process and like the rest of the iron chelating agents; the metal-ion attached to the chelator is chemically inert (NHI, 2014). However, unlike other agents the drug has a lower molecular weight.
CMC profile for Ferrara
The main goal of the new drug is to deal with the existing problems existing associated with contemporary iron chelators. The properties include Efficient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (Braunwald, 2001), Oral administration of the new drug and Tablet and powder Formulation
Efficient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (Braunwald, 2001)
For development purposes, we need to assume that this new drug will be a superior alternative to the rest of the contemporary drugs. One of the main problems associated with contemporary iron chelators is the efficiency by which they are absorbed by the body once they get into the gastrointestinal tract. For example, Desferrioxamine that is one of the most effective chelators is characterized by substandard absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that many contemporary chelators like desferrioxamine decreases the levels of iron-vitamin B complex and liver extract oral, which in turn reduces drug absorption from the intestines and stomach (Medscape Pediatric Thessalemia, 2014). In fact, the drug must be administered parentally through continuous intravenous infusion or continuous subcutaneous infusion. The medical apparatus for administrating desferrioxamine makes the treatment overly expensive and its availability in many parts of the world is quite tricky (NHI, 2011)
Oral administration of the new drug
The disadvantages associated with pumps that are mostly used in continuous intravenous infusion or continuous subcutaneous infusion is the fact that patients have to walk around with a needle inserted in their bodies in order to continually receive desferrioxamine dosage. Notably, patients are very indifferent to this apparatus due to its invasive nature (Cooley’s anemia Foundation, 2014).On the other hand, the development of an oral dosage is beneficial because it enhances absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Better absorption means that a patient will not have to constantly need additional dosage during the day once they take one pill.
Tablet and powder Formulation
Furthermore, the oral administration, which comes in tablet and powder, will save individuals who do not like having to deal with needles or constantly being fixed to the parenteral administrating device (Cooley’s anemia Foundation, 2014). The tablet and powder forms of the drug are very efficient in maintaining the stability of drugs. The powder form for pediatric use was chosen over the liquid solution since not only does the powder maintain the stability but it also gives the drug longer shelf life than the liquid solution (NHI, 2011). Unlike contemporary iron chelators, the drugs solid form maintains the stability in the chemical ion-bonds, which carry the effectiveness of the drug.
New Drug Development Phases
Pre-clinical development
One of the first pre-clinical stage concerns has to with blood volume. Traditionally, the test subjects for drugs have always been rodents such as rats and guinea pigs because they share 99% of the genes humans have (FDA, 2011). However, in order to properly evaluate the effect of Ferrara over the body’s iron concentration, the test needs to use primates. Primarily for pediatrics, the process involving selecting the animal to undergo the test needs to have an approximate weight range that compares to human infants in order to have a feasible estimate and prediction of the most effective dosage to be used by pediatrics (FDA, 2011). Several factors are important to note in the selection process such as the bioavailability, absorption rate, metabolism rate and protein binding of the primate’s body (NHI, 2014).
The first part of the clinical trial process would be to inject the animal with an iron overload in order to effectively match the degree which individuals with Mediterranean Anemia are affected (Clinical Key, 2014). One of the goals of this drug is to quicken the absorption rate for an iron chelator. Therefore, time sampling is essential during the process because it will provide an estimation of the dosage regimen for both the humans and primates. Furthermore, the ion bonds might bind too quickly for the possibility of measuring so it is essential the serum level of the drug to be obtained (Clinical Key, 2014).
Phase 1 Clinical Development
The first phase of this clinical study needs that we use a small number of people ranging from about 10-20. Contemporary drug administration test for Mediterranean Anemia usually requires a small number of healthy individuals to take part in the study. However, the high level of toxicity involved with this particular profile will cause normal levels of iron to substantially drop which can lead to many complications (Orpha.net, 2014). In fact, the test subjects will only be individuals who are suffering from high levels of iron overload. Furthermore, the tests for our drug will take place in the United States and as a result, we need a solution to the problem of getting the enough participants in one place. Due to the country’s low prevalence rate, we have to fly in participants from all from all the country into one location in order to control and minimize costs, the oversight duties, and regulations, which will have to be dealt with if we were to set up testing centers all over the country.
The first phase will be also characterized with the initial stages of administering the dosage and it is crucial to begin by giving small dosages followed by keen observation relating to some of the expected side effects contributed by iron chelators. Some of the expected side effects include anaphylactic shock, blurred vision, cramps in the legs and stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, fever, hypertension, itching, visual disturbances and vomiting (Cooley’s anemia Foundation, 2014). Some of the more severe side effects that should be carefully monitored in the long term include kidney failure, liver damage or the loss of hearing.
Phase 2 & 3 Clinical Development
Unlike the first phase of this test, the second stage needs close to 200 volunteers to participate in the study (FDA, 2011). Therefore, that eliminates the option of conducting the clinical development in the United States due to its low prevalence rate. The ideal setting to carry out the study is in Europe particularly in Italy and Greece because high prevalence rate (Table 1 and figure 1). Consequently, not only do the countries have high prevalence rates of Mediterranean Anemia but also they have similar development regulations as those in the United States. The regulations involve subjects having to comply with regulations that govern clinical research. These compliance regulations in many countries can be quite cumbersome since they can require a lot of time and physical involvement through appearances (FDA, 2011). However, the United States and European countries only require individuals to submit their applications through the Electronic Common Technical Document.
Studies in the second phase of the clinical development are primarily focused on the effectiveness of a new drug and monitoring the safety aspect of symptoms and the degree to which they are either going as expected or deviating from expectations (Iron Health Alliance, 2014). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the test is going to be measured in comparison to other iron chelating treatments. The use of Placebo medication has always been a part of medical studies however, for Anemia that will be unethical due to the severity of the illness. Phase 3 is simply an extension of the objective of phase 2 however; the test involves close to 500 subjects in order to increase the random testing aspect of the study (NIH, 2011). To increase safety levels in the study is important to include a surrogate endpoint to the study protocol. A surrogate endpoint is way to predict the outcome of the study based on the intended results in terms of treatment or the severity of the expected side effects which can sometimes involve death depending on the complexity of the treatment in question (Braunwald, 2001).
Regulatory Consideration
The test study of Ferrara is going to be done in two different nations and it is crucial that we follow regulations not only according to FDA requirements but also according to the host country during phases 2 and 3. In the US, we are going to need an Investigational New Drug (IND) application and in Europe, we are going to need a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) (FDA, 2014). Such a study is going to require a lot of diligence because the slightest assumption that does not follow either the FDA or host country’ protocols can very well result in a rejection of our study. While the host country might accept the study is if completely follows their protocols, the FDA can reject it because their guidelines and regulations have to be followed if the drug is to be marketed in the US. To make sure the test study go according to protocol it is important that Institutional Review Groups (IRBs) are present in both countries to monitor the process (Braunwald, 2001). Once the research process is over and we have the FDA’s permission to market the drug, it is also important to also get a Market Authorization Application (MAA) to be able to market the drug in Europe.
Part III: Regulatory Time Line
Fast track designation.
There are few victims of Mediterranean anemia in America and northern Europe. The medical researchers have done little to fight against Mediterranean anemia and this is attributed to the small number of people who are not disease tolerant. However, quite a good number of the anemia patients die due to lack of personalized attention. Therefore, Mediterranean anemia can be an epidemic especially to those with a family history of the condition, which is caused by lack of iron. We intend to innovate a drug to cure this and we definitely require support. We are expected to give details about the new drug that we are about to develop to the FDA (Food and, Drug Administration) so that we can get it support to launch the drug (Braunwald, 29)
The drug that we are about to develop will be a solution to Mediterranean anemics since it will provide their bodies with iron. After clinical tests, it was established that the drug does not have any harmful effects to the body. Previously, the victims of this disease were reporting serious side effects as a result of administering some anemia drugs. Some of these side effects include vomiting, skin rushes and loss of appetite. The drug that we are about to make seeks to eliminate side effects that patients have been experiencing.
We have also identified that most patients diagnosed with Mediterranean anemia are subjected to drugs for a long time. It will be a different issue with this new drug since it will only be administered for a short time and the patient will be completely cured. Patients will feel the effect of using the drug in few hours after taking it. This means that the drug reacts very fast and begins to take effect before the patient’s condition worsens.
This drug is also highly compatible with other drugs. There certain cases whereby Mediterranean anemic are required to take more than one type of drug in the same duration. Due to the incompatibility of the drugs, there are situations where patients have to quit administering different kinds of drugs to avoid the related negative effects. With this new type of drug, there is no problem taking a wide range of drugs, which is necessitated by patient’s condition.
Accelerated approval
The objective of the accelerated approval is verifying that the drug actually helps to cure anemia. We intend to involve the FDA in order to determine the appropriateness of this new drug in administering Mediterranean anemia. Successful approval of this drug by the FDA, which is a requirement, will help us secure continued assistance from it (FDA, 2011). The new drug approval process will involve using clinical endpoints or surrogate endpoints, which can help to save time. The FDA can use the evidence based on the increased presence of iron in the patients’ body in a few weeks of administering the new drug, which is the beginning of the healing process, to approve the drug (Eugene, 2001 p. 83)
We are also looking forward to carrying out studies to confirm the clinical benefits that this new drug has to people suffering from Mediterranean anemia. These confirmatory trials, if successfully done, can help to eliminate the above requirement by FDA and still get its financial assistance. As mentioned earlier, patient do not administer this drug for a long time before they start feeling well. This means the patients will not be hospitalized for a long time hence go back to their daily routines in full health within a short period of treatment.
Pediatric indication development
Mediterranean anemia affects pediatrics patient’s more than adult patients. Therefore, a development plan that does not accommodate pediatric patients is meaningless (Table 2). It has been realized that prolonged use of this new drug can lead to iron overload. Young people (below 18 years) have a very high sensitivity to iron overload. If one does not get treatment in time, iron overload can lead to serious complications, for example heart attack (Eugene, 2001 p.54)
With this regard, various ways of preventing iron overload should be exercised to improve the lives of Mediterranean anemia patients. These include paying attention to duration of administering the drug and altering blood transfusion program. We are making efforts to ensure the right dosage for every pediatric patient and submitting information regarding this issue to the relevant agency like the Pediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) and the FDA (FDA, 2011).
29552902847340Pediatric indication development
accredited approval indication
Confirmatory study in case of accredited approval
Pediatric indication development
accredited approval indication
Confirmatory study in case of accredited approval
5664203155315Phase 3
Phase 3
30613351217295Orphan designation application
Fast track designation application
Orphan designation application
Fast track designation application
3462020295910Conducted in the US
Conducted in the US
6959601445895Phase 2
Phase 2
695960263525Phase 1
Phase 1
Figure 2:fictional new drug regulatory time line
References
Braunwald, E. (2001) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill
Clinical Key. (2014). Hermatology Thalassemia. Retrieved April 18, 2014 from
<https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/hematology/thalassemia.htHYPERLINK hml Retrieved April 18 2014>
Cooley’s Anemia Foundation. (2014). Retrieved April 18, 2014 from
< http://www.thalassemia.org/ Retrieved April 18, 2014>
FDA. (2011). FDA approves Ferriprox to treat patients with excess iron in the body. Retrieved April 18, 2014 from <http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm275814.htm>
FDA. (2014) September 12, 2013: Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement. Retrieved April 17, 2014 from <http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/Calendar/ucm364526.htm>
Iron health alliance (2014) Disease management. Retrieved April 18, 2014<http://www.ironhealthalliance.com/index.jsp>
Medscape pediatric Thalassemia (2014) Retrieved April 18, 2014 from
e http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958850-clinical. Retrieved April 18, 2014
NHI (2014) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Retrieved April 18, 2014 https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
NHI (2011) Cellular Hematology Scientific Research, See https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HL-98-022.html. Retrieved April 18, 2014
Thalassemia international Federation (2014). See HYPERLINK “http://www.thalassaemia.org.cy/”http://www.thalassaemia.org.cy/ Retrieved April 18, 2014
Orpha.net (2014) Meditation Anemia See Orpha.net, Retrieved April 18, 2014
Eugene, B. (2001) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill
FDA (2014) September 12, 2013: Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement,
See Retrieved April 17, 2014
Iron health alliance (2014) Disease management, Retrieved April 18, 2014 from
HYPERLINK “http://www.ironhealthalliance.com/index.jsp”http://www.ironhealthalliance.com/index.jsp
NHI (2014) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Retrieved April 18, 2014 from
HYPERLINK “https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/”https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
The Greeks and romans shared predominant mythologies that were handed down from one generation to the other
The Greeks and romans shared predominant mythologies that were handed down from one generation to the other. They had their gods that gave them help whenever they had a problem and used to communicate with them whenever they wanted help from them. The Greek people believed on those gods as they provided solutions to many challenges. All these gods and goddesses had different functions to perform as ordered by their king god. Although they had different functions, they had a common objective, and that is to help the Greeks and Romans
According to Greeks mythology the gods and the goddess were divided, and that division in Greek and Roman gods and goddesses came after the introduction of new religion and culture. These new cultures and beliefs that came is Christianity and some people turned away to worship other gods. Many people started to believe on new cultures and religions as they turned away from their gods.
There were twelve gods and goddess that lived in the mountain Olympus; these gods and goddess were known as the gods of Olympia. The twelve gods performed different functions get to be assigned by their chief god who was called Zeus. Zeus lived in mountain Olympia with his gods, and it is belief that he owned that mountain. There were other gods such as Poseidon, who was believed to be the creator of horses, and he was the god of droughts, earthquakes, floods, rivers and oceans. Hestia was the god of chastity and earth; Hera was the queen of women, birth and marriage. Hermes was a god of trade, writing and animal husbandry; Hephaestus was the god of fire crafts and blacksmith. Hades was the king of the dead; Demeter was the god of fertility, harvest and agriculture, Dionysus was a god of madness and festivals; Ares the god of bloodshed and war; Athena the goddess of wisdom, tracts and skills; Artemis was the god of wilderness and hunting; Aphrodite was the god of beauty and love and finally was Apollo the god of prophecy healing, music and poetry.
Romans were initially agriculturist, and they believed in spirits. Romans had a strong belief on developing a great city and the rise of a human being. They were later persuaded by the Greek into the worship of gods that the Greek were worshiping. Later on they were turned away from their beliefs and started worshiping the Greece gods and even named the gods Greek names. They also believed in the beliefs and the ways of the Greeks.
The Greeks also had their mythology in which they believed on their rituals and cults. The Greek mythology is firmly anchored in their arts more especially the paintings. Their myth occupied with explanations on heroes, heroines, gods, goddesses and the origin of the world. The ancient Greece myth was termed the Greece literature at the present times.
The romans religion was full of traditions, rituals, taboos, superstition, cults among others. Their religion was purely spiritual rather than having a relationship with those gods. It based on the beliefs that those spirits were to provide an answer in any problem that came later. The romans also believed on the beliefs of the Latin and Etruscans tribes. The two tribes of the Latin and Etruscans believed in a deity to become the gods of the Greek or its equivalent. Therefore, the roman religion was a mixed religion borrowed from different tribes.
Christianity begun and it created a lot of confusions more especially the romans whose beliefs were shaken more pointedly. Part of the romans said that Christianity was purely private issue but not public. Many romans never believed on foreign religions as they regarded Christianity; they thought that the religion’s bearers were likely to practice that and not romans.
The romans started to pour jokes on the new religion arguing that it had beliefs as those of pagans. It rumored all through citing that the new religion was to lead people astray and there it was not supposed to be done in Rome. They were rebuked with anger when they refused to worship the gods that had brought them that far. Their arguments that that those gods appeared long time before the coming of Jesus were brushed away with rejection.
The coming of Jesus Christ posed a political threat as many rulers of the world feared that Jesus was going to rule the whole world as it been alleged. It was early prophecies by the prophets that the fifty kingdoms are coming, and they attributed it to Jesus Christ. After his birth rumors spread that the king was born, the king will be a ruler of the whole world. They attributed him to politics rather than spiritual one. His reject in roman was a clear testimony that indeed they never wanted to hear anything about him. When Jesus was born every identified him as the messiah.
Although Jesus was the messiah, he was born in an amble Jewish family. When the Jewish gave the good news of the messiah the Romans developed hatred towards them. The romans fought the Jewish up to the point where they banned Jewish from entering the city of Jerusalem. After this war that the romans won, it stood out clear that the romans where the fifth kingdom which was prophesied by the prophets to come and rule the world. They argued that if Jesus was indeed the messiah he would have saved them from that fight with the romans. The Romans viewed Jesus that he was going to save the Jewish in the war. They thought Jesus was going to save their clansmen in the battlefield.
Many witchcrafts and sorcerers from Rome believed that it there powers was more than that of Jesus Christ. Therefore, they claimed to be the most powerful than God, who the Jewish claimed to worship. On the contrary, the Jewish also claimed that one of them being the messiah of the world they were going to win the war. It meant them to have disbelief on Jesus since they thought he was going to protect them in the war. They never understood that Jesus was the messiah of the whole world, and he didn’t come to be might in the world but a heavenly kingdom.
Jesus rejection by the Romans was partly agitated by the gods they were worshiping. They were content that whatever their gods said was possible more especially the win in the war against the Jewish. The Roman-Greece gods had feared a defeat from Jesus because they knew that powers of Jesus Christ were more than that of theirs. The roman administration remained adamant to allow Christianity within their territories or to recognize Jesus as the messiah.
The Romans started to look for Jesus and be subject to jail for claiming that he was the messiah. They saw it was an offence for one to call himself a king and yet there were kings in power furthermore he claimed to be the son of God. They accused him of blasphemy and treason thus a criminal. Therefore, his arrest warrant was released to be judged by Pontius Pilate. Under the authority of Pontius, Jesus was charged with a criminal offense and was executed and sentenced to be crucified on the cross in Golgotha. The king found him not guilty, but the public demanded him crucified. They wanted to kill Christianity since they were all aware that Jesus was their leader.
The Romans again started to mock the Jewish that the king they claimed they had been subjected to execution and was powerless. They again believed on their gods saying they were powerful. They abused the son of God saying he was powerless and if he was powerful he would have saved himself from Pilate soldiers. Mockery over Christianity again spread all over, and many Christians suffered a major setback as they their messiah. The medicine men claimed that their prayers were answered as they believed they had overthrown Christianity. The plot to crucify Jesus Christ was organized by the Roman medicine men and sorcerers and leaders who were likely to be declared powerless.
The fifth kingdom which was led by Jesus Christ came to an end when he was crucified and killed on the cross. After Jesus resurrection, he met the 12 disciples and promised them that he will come to take them to his heavenly kingdom. He organized to share with them a divine meal; Christians are still doing the same to share the love of Jesus Christ.
The refusal of the Jewish to worship the Roman gods made brought hatred between the two tribes. They mocked the Christians on grounds that they claimed that their God was alive that he gave His only son to the world to save the Christians, but he was subject to crucify and killed. They fought hard to disband the Christian religion, but all went into vain.
Jesus left his disciples and ascended to heaven with a promise to prepare them a place where they will be living with him. He left them with a helper who was the Holy Spirit to help the in crusading the holy gospel of God. He anointed and appointed leaders and apostles such as Paul to continue with his work of preaching the gospel. Disciples started preaching the holy gospel, but they were rejected by the romans again after even Jesus has defeated death.
Paul was one of the oldest leaders who were preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ not only for the Jews, but also to all people of the world. It is interesting that Paul wrote only two facts about Jesus Christ which implies that they were not together for a long time. Paul set Christianity as a Greek friendly dogma and therefore joining Christianity was an important step one can make in life. Paul represented a good picture of a Christian more than the Palestine, who had early presented Christianity to the Jews. Paul claimed that Christianity was for the Jewish and not anybody else. It was a plot that Paul used to move people away from worshiping idol they made to themselves and worship the true God. He crusaded against the worship of the idols and condemned the act. He urged them to start worship that was alive and able to save human beings.
The Roman authorities were confused on the new cult that was introduced to them known as Christianity. They hesitated to talk about because Christianity was talking about one god and yet their people believed that they had their gods that had protected them and their ancestors. Most of the Christian crashed with the officials of the Caesar administration citing they wanted freedom and to be allowed to worship their own God. Some Christians boycotted the worship of Caesar saying that they were disloyal to them, and people should not be forced to worship earthly gods.
Many Christians were persecuted due to the failure of worship the gods that the king was worshiping. The persecution started with a Christian known as Nero, who was killed for other Christians to see and turn away from Christianity. This incident made Emperor Nero to make an inquiry about the death of Nero and try to ascertain whether there was justice in the Caesar leadership. He discovered that Christianity had taken roots and therefore the death of Nero was likely to render the Caesar administration unpopular because Christianity was no longer a small sect.
During the first century, Christians severed a lot, and they established Judaism independently to worship God. Christianity remained unknown to the roman authorities as they never recognized to give the Christians freedom of worship. Rumors spread all over about the new cult known as Christianity; some alleged the new cult for cannibalism incest and child sacrifice.
During the second century, many Christians were persecuted because of the failure to pay reverence to the king’s gods. They were forbidden to meet in secret places to since The Caesar administration assumed that they would have to conduct their worship in those places. Many Christians lost their lives after being persecuted, and the king issued a decree to ban officially off the cult of Christianity because he claimed his people were going astray. Despite all that happened to them, the onset of Emperor Trajan seemed to bring hope to the Christians. Hope started mounting on Christians since he started defending the and claimed they should have a chance to worship.
AD111 was the time Nithynia, governor Pliny the Younger wrote a letter to Trajan also emperor seeking him to give guidance over the issue of Christianity because he claimed that the Christians had given him a lot of trouble about fighting for freedom of worship. Pliny expressed those troubles and admitted that the killings that had been done were to render him unpopular. Trajan in his wisdom he wrote back to Pliny informing him punishes them those who were brought to him in cases of Christianity. He advised him to punish those who claimed to be Christians because they had gods to worship. He further stated that Christianity was not to be allowed to lead their people astray from their gods. He continued by saying that those who repented were to be free on grounds that they have desisted the Christianity religion.
Hadrian, who was the king of Rome at that time, continued with his policy of persecuting the Christians. At this point the Romans had started understanding the ways of Christianity, many of them had joined Christianity, others went away to make themselves gods.
In AD 165-180 under Marcus Aurelius, there was a massive persecution of the Christians worse than that of Nero. Christianity was figured as the religion of the poor and slaves because even the royal family was worshiping the gods that they made to themselves. Later it emerged the concept of sacrifice as in the Christians wanted to die intentionally by worshiping a new faith. During this era of martyrdom, Christians was separated from those who worship the gods with the king.
However, this never shaken the Christians instead they were charged to remain faithful in God. Christians built temples and started a worship and praying God from such temples. Martyrdom reappeared again when the church began to rise again spiced by differing opinions about the church and the congregation. Christians were urged to practice piety of faithfulness as God commanded and what Jesus Christ was doing in this world. Jesus thought his disciple love and faith in the last super and commanded them to continue with the same after he had gone to heaven. They were also aware of the problems they were going through that time because it was the long time prophesied. Scriptures and testimonies by those who saw Jesus Christ ascending to heaven also gave them hope that one day in the second coming of Jesus Christ they will inherit the kingdom of heaven.
There was a movement comprising of the Jewish community whose main focus was on the scriptures. They opposed the truth claiming that it was devoid of the truth and therefore Christianity was a waste of time. They especially questioned and ignored that Jesus was the son of God, and yet he was born in the world. They termed Judaism as a blind truth and the Judaic community as hostile to Christianity. There was also “forthright critical comment on the life of Christ, with the claim that he was subject to condemn as a deceiver” (Deuteronomy 13:1-5).
Christianity despite the rejection it received the in the past day when people of Good were under tyrannical leaders. It has so many followers across the world, and it was given respect because it follows the footsteps of Jesus Christ and Christians have hope that Jesus will come to the world in the second time. He told the Christians not to lose hope but continued believing in him
Those who rejected Jesus Christ and termed him as just a human being like any they came to believe that indeed he was the son of God. Some refused to acknowledge that he was extraordinary and that no human being can ever compete with God. Some came to accept that Jesus was indeed the son of God after which he crucified and killed. Those who rejected him more especially the romans turned away from their gods and goddess after witnessing the resurrection of Jesus.
Many romans got converted, and they threw away their self-made gods and goddesses they were defeated by the power of God. Most of the Greeks and romans are stingy Christians are especially Catholics as they discovered later that indeed Jesus was the son of God.