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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The microorganism chosen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. This is an opportunistic gram-negative bacterium found mainly in soil and water. This pathogen is known for causing a wide range of severe chronic and acute infections, mainly among patients with a compromised immune system. Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows well between 25°C and 37°C, and its capacity to survive 42°C assists in distinguishing it from most Pseudomonas species (Castro et al., 2021). Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been of particular interest since it is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. It is also among the main nosocomial infections that affect hospitalized individuals and is resistant to a variety of antibiotics (Moradali et al., 2017). This microorganism profile paper comprehensively describes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its virulence factors, and the defenses that protect individuals from infections caused by this pathogen. It also outlines the infectious disease information of the microorganism, epidemiology, and prevention mechanism for infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other areas covered include the treatment for infections caused by this microorganism and the clinical relevance of this microorganism.
Description of the Organism
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative and opportunistic bacterium used to study bacterial social traits and virulence. The bacterium is monoflagellated, asporogenous, slender, and rod-shaped, and it measures approximately 1.5 to 3.0 μm long and 0.5 to 0.8 μm wide (Diggle & Whiteley, 2020). Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-capsulated bacterium, some strains possess a slime layer. The cell envelop of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa comprises three layers: the outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and the inner/cytoplasmic membrane (Tavares et al., 2020). The outer membrane comprises protein, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phospholipid. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal 3 types of colonies. The natural isolates from water or soil are a small and rough colony. On the other hand, clinical isolates are a smooth colony, and sometimes they appear to have a large and smooth fried egg appearance with an elevated appearance and flat edges (Wu & Li, 2015). Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a complete nucleotide sequence of the single-stranded RNA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa comprises relatively large circular chromosomes that carry about 5500-6000 open reading frames and other times plasmids of different sizes depending on the strain. Usually, Confocal Laser Scanning (CLS) microscopy is used to view Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Virulence Factors
Virulence factors are the molecules that help bacterium to invade the host, avoid host defenses, and cause diseases, thus colonizing the host at the cellular level (Sharma et al., 2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes several virulence factors that facilitate successful infection and colonization across a broad spectrum of environments. One of the virulence factors is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lipopolysaccharide is a crucial surface structural component that poisons host cells and protects the exterior leaflet. The endotoxicity of the lipid A in LPS facilitates attachment, the damage of tissues, as well as identification by the receptors of the host. LPS is also associated with biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance. These biofilms impede phagocytosis, confer the capacity for long-term persistence, and protect Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surrounding environmental stresses. Another virulence factor is Out Membrane Proteins (OMPs), which contribute to antibiotic resistance, nutrient exchange, and adhesion. Exopolysaccharides including Pel, alginate, and Psl are other virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and facilitate biofilm formation and impair bacterial clearance. Other virulence factors include the different types of secretion systems: pili (T4SS), flagella (T6SS-associated), and multi-toxin components type III secretion system (T3SS). These help in adhesion, host colonization, swimming, and swarming as they respond to chemotactic signaling (Qin et al., 2022). Additional virulence factors include toxins, adhesins, and hydrolytic protease, which cause tissue damage, enhance bacterial attachment, and induce immune responses.
Immunity
Collagen-containing lectins called surfactant proteins (SP), which is primarily used for pulmonary alveolar immunity and homeostasis is also employed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa immune response (Noutsios et al., 2017). By encouraging AM phagocytosis and controlling the lung’s inflammatory reaction, SP-A and SP-D improve pulmonary clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ujma et al., 2017). The body’s immune response includes SP-A and SP-D, which control the actions of macrophages and other host defense cells. Engaging with T cells and antigen-presenting cells also regulate adaptive immune response, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection pathogens can erode the host’s countermeasures, then adjust and grow inside the host to survive (Faure et al., 2018). In chronic infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s relations with the host are extraordinarily complicated because they involve a variety of host cell types and bacterial components.
Infectious Disease Formation
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in individuals whose immune systems are compromised or people with cystic fibrosis (Waters & Goldberg, 2019). This bacterium is mostly known for chronically colonizing and infecting the lungs of people in advanced stages of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and those suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Chronic lung infections cause airflow obstructions and persist for many years. Also, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) such as urinary catheter-related infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line-associated bloodstream infection, and transplantation/surgical infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also causes acute infection of the soft tissue in open wounds, burns, and post-surgery patients. It also causes diabetic foot ulcers and chronic suppurative otitis externa and media (Morin et al., 2022). If Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is left untreated, it enters the bloodstream and deteriorates pulmonary function. Eventually, it causes respiratory failure leading to death (Cantin et al., 2015).
-262393216010Patient 1 is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
00Patient 1 is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4381169128546Patient 2 is not infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
0Patient 2 is not infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Epidemiology
left8255Portals of Exist
Mouth
Airways
Urethra
Anus
Damaged skin
00Portals of Exist
Mouth
Airways
Urethra
Anus
Damaged skin
46674158697Portals of Entry
Skin
Urinary tract
Respiratory system
Open wounds
00Portals of Entry
Skin
Urinary tract
Respiratory system
Open wounds
1407381210848Cross Transmission from P1 to P2
00Cross Transmission from P1 to P2
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4500438265651001431235173880Environmental Reservoirs
00Environmental Reservoirs
230588278627004547761463830065995827862700158115095250Infected Medical equipment
Water points (sinks and taps)
Wet surfaces
00Infected Medical equipment
Water points (sinks and taps)
Wet surfaces
4427527250511Cross Transmission
00Cross Transmission
-413468311204Cross Transmission
00Cross Transmission
1033531161207Hands of Nursing staff
0Hands of Nursing staff
-238539216590Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
00Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Since most P. aeruginosa infections are acquired in the hospital, the above diagram presents the transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital setting. Most Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are transmitted through cross-transmission from patient to patient through the nursing staff’s hands or through the environmental reservoirs in the hospital setting. The portals of exist of Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganism include the mouth, airways, urethra, anus, and damaged skin. These microorganisms are then transferred to an healthy person through the nursing staff hands or through environmental reservoirs such as water points (sinks and taps), mops, and infected medical equipment such as respiratory equipment. The transmission process is shown in Figure 1 below.
Prevention
Despite the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen, no vaccine against this bacterium has come to market (Johansen & Gotzsche, 2015). Since there is no vaccine for the infection, a number of measures are put into place to avoid infection. The main technique is to ensure that hands are clean for both the patient and the caregiver. They should use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer or wash their hands with water and soap after cleaning patients’ wounds. Clean hands will aid in reducing the chances of getting sick or spreading the bacteria. All medical devices should also be sterilized and kept clean after use (Hoang et al., 2018). Medical practitioners and caregivers should ensure that the rooms occupied by the patients are cleaned on a regular basis. Water management policies that assist in guaranteeing water quality and reduce the likelihood of exposure to dangerous microorganisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be implemented in medical centers.
Treatment
In medical care, antimicrobial chemotherapy continues to be the backbone of pseudomonal cure. Being inherently MDR, P. aeruginosa may have been successful in being among the most prevalent nosocomial pathogens. Different antibiotics for instance penicillins and cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, monobactams, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides can often eradicate environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (Horcajada et al., 2019). Ever since the 1980s, the quality of care for treating viral illness caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been the intravenous compromising of piperacillin or ceftazidime with an aminoglycoside, but the occurrence of bacterial resistance, specifically in the case of critical care or prolonged perseverance in defenseless sickly demographics, has prompted the need for other solutions (Ibrahim et al., 2020). The use of old medications colistin and polymyxin B, which had been discontinued for several years due to their substantial toxicity and harmful impacts, has been one method for treating MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Horcajada et al., 2019). The creation of compounds that combat -lactam antimicrobial resistance has been a substitute tactic.
Clinical Relevance
Despite having an inherent resistance to many antibiotics, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsive to a small number of medications, including certain -lactams like ceftazidime and imipenem and aminoglycosides like amikacin and tobramycin (Benthall et al., 2015). Modern research has revealed that a number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have evolved and are spreading widely despite being immune to these medications. Persons mostly at risk of being exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa are mostly in health care settings. Patients who are on breathing machines, medical devices such as catheters, and those with wounds from burns or surgery are at more risk. The medical practitioners or caregivers should ensure hygiene to avoid contracting the infection in case the patient is already affected (Hoang et al., 2018). Four recent antibiotics have good efficacy against MDR strains. They include ceftazidime-avibactam (Avycaz®), imipenem-cilastatin/relebactam, cefiderocol, and ceftolozane-tazobactam (Zerbaxa®) (Yusuf et al., 2021). This is despite the fact that many endorsed and pipeline antibiotics have an action against wild-type P. aeruginosa but were not as effective.
Conclusion
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that causes life-threatening acute and chronic infections in hospitalized patients. The bacterium is resistant to antibiotics and has been reported as one of the principal causes of mortality and morbidity among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This organism is asporogenous and monoflagellated. It is also non-capsulated, although some of its strains contain a slime layer. It also possesses a complete nucleotide sequence of the single-stranded RNA. The virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa include LPS, OMPs, pili, flagella, T3SS, toxins, adhesins, and hydrolytic protease. These virulence factors cause tissue damage, enhance bacterial attachment, and facilitate biofilm formation and antibiotic tolerance. Biofilms protect the bacterium from identification by host receptors. Surfactant proteins are employed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s immune response. If Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is left untreated, it deteriorates the pulmonary function, causing respiratory failure. Eventually, this leads to death. So far, a vaccine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa has not been introduced to the market to help prevent the infections caused by this pathogen. However, nurses and other healthcare professionals who attend to hospitalized patients can prevent such infections by maintaining hand hygiene. Also, sterilizing medical equipment and keeping them clean can help prevent infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Colistin and polymyxin B medications have been used for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. However, these medications have been discontinued due to their toxicity and harmful impacts. Since Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics, more treatment methods and prevention efforts such as a vaccine need to be introduced.
References
Benthall, G., Touzel, R. E., Hind, C. K., Titball, R. W., Sutton, J. M., Thomas, R. J., & Wand, M. E. (2015). Evaluation of antibiotic efficacy against infections caused by planktonic or biofilm cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Galleria mellonella. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 46(5), 538-545.
Cantin, A. M., Hartl, D., Konstan, M. W., & Chmiel, J. F. (2015). Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathogenesis and therapy. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 14(4), 419-430.
Castro, M. S. R., da Silva Fernandes, M., Kabuki, D. Y., & Kuaye, A. Y. (2021). Modelling Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces and controlling through sanitisers. International Dairy Journal, 114, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104945Diggle, S. P., & Whiteley, M. (2020). Microbe Profile: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: opportunistic pathogen and lab rat. Microbiology, 166(1), 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000860Faure, E., Kwong, K., & Nguyen, D. (2018). Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic lung infections: how to adapt within the host?. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 2416.
Hoang, S., Georget, A., Asselineau, J., Venier, A. G., Leroyer, C., Rogues, A. M., & Thiébaut, R. (2018). Risk factors for colonization and infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients hospitalized in intensive care units in France. PloS one, 13(3), e0193300.
Horcajada, J. P., Montero, M., Oliver, A., Sorlí, L., Luque, S., Gómez-Zorrilla, S., … & Grau, S. (2019). Epidemiology and treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Clinical microbiology reviews, 32(4), e00031-19.
Ibrahim, D., Jabbour, J. F., & Kanj, S. S. (2020). Current choices of antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 33(6), 464-473.
Johansen, H. K., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2015). Vaccines for preventing infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (8).
Moradali, M. F., Ghods, S., & Rehm, B. H. (2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: a paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 7 (39). 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcimb.2017.00039Morin, C. D., Déziel, E., Gauthier, J., Levesque, R. C., & Lau, G. W. (2021). An organ system-based synopsis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Virulence, 12(1), 1469-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21505594.2021.1926408Noutsios, G. T., Willis, A. L., Ledford, J. G., & Chang, E. H. (2017, September). Novel role of surfactant protein A in bacterial sinusitis. In International forum of allergy & rhinology (Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 897-903).
Qin, S., Xiao, W., Zhou, C., Pu, Q., Deng, X., Lan, L., … & Wu, M. (2022). Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1Sharma, A. K., Dhasmana, N., Dubey, N., Kumar, N., Gangwal, A., Gupta, M., & Singh, Y. (2017). Bacterial virulence factors: secreted for survival. Indian journal of microbiology, 57(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12088-016-0625-1Tavares, T. D., Antunes, J. C., Padrão, J., Ribeiro, A. I., Zille, A., Amorim, M. T. P., … & Felgueiras, H. P. (2020). Activity of specialized biomolecules against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics, 9(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060314Ujma, S., Horsnell, W. G., Katz, A. A., Clark, H. W., & Schäfer, G. (2017). Non-pulmonary immune functions of surfactant proteins A and D. Journal of Innate Immunity, 9(1), 3-11.
Waters, C. M., & Goldberg, J. B. (2019). Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: A chronic cheater. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(14), 6525-6527. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902734116Wu, M., & Li, X. (2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In Molecular medical microbiology (pp. 1547-1564). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00087-1Yusuf, E., Bax, H. I., Verkaik, N. J., & van Westreenen, M. (2021). An update on eight “new” antibiotics against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Journal of clinical medicine, 10(5), 1068.
Healthy Grief
Healthy Grief
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Healthy Grief
Grief is a normal and natural response when human beings experience loss. It is triggered by a number factor such as death of a close friend or family member, end of a relationship or even disappointment that is brought about by an anticipated success that suddenly closes. It is thus necessary. Therefore, health grieving results in the ability to remember the importance of losses but with a new sense of peace. However, when people allow others to help them confront their grief, they are able to keep a balance of life. People can have joy even when experiencing health grief by integrating joy and sorrow in their lives.
Elisabeth Kubler- Ross came up with different methods to support and counsel people when they are in trauma, distress, grief and grieving connected with death losses (Kübler-Ross & Kessler, 2005). She came up with the ‘Five Stages of Grief’ model. According to her, the grief cycle is the change model to aid individuals understand and counsel personal reaction to trauma not only in death.
The five grieving stages as classified by Elisabeth Kubler Ross are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. When the above five stages are compared with Job in the Bible, he is seen to have gone through some of the stages (Boyer, 2009). Job was a faithful friend of God, who endured a loss due to Satan’s medalling.
Denial is the first stage in which an individual fails to accept the situation. They use it as a defence mechanism, which is a natural reaction. Unfortunately, some are unable to unlock themselves out of this. In Job’s case in the Bible, we see that at first he denied the situation and kept his faith in God though the situations seemed worse and not working out. His faith kept him going.
The second stage is anger. The person is either angry at themselves or other people. This is meant to help keep detached and failing to judge when in anger. We see Job being angry with his friends in the Bible. “He burned with anger also at Job’s three friends because they had found no answer, although they had declared Job to be in the wrong” (Job 32:3 English Standard Version).
In the bargaining stage, people involved with death try to negotiate with God, whom they believe in. When the grief is less complicated, they negotiate or even try and compromise. This negotiation rarely offers a solution. While Job had tried to keep his faith, we see a situation where he starts to complain and bargain with God. He was a man who went through grief complaining, lamenting and questioning God and friends without pretence that all was well. He was afflicted right from the ownership of property to losing his children and finally his own body was afflicted. He considered himself of little importance but demanded to know from God where he had gone wrong.
In the case of depression, which is also referred to as preparatory grieving, a person seems to accept though emotionally grieved. They become unhappy and uncertain. We see Job being uncertain about the future. He becomes depressed since everything had been taken away from him.
The last stage of healthy grief which is acceptance, it varies from one person to the other. The person detaches from the challenge emotionally. People dying enter into this stage before the ones being left. Comparing to Job in the Bible, we later on see him wondering whether God was just, since He had taken too long to respond. He became sad and lamented so much. In the long run, Job seems to be in the last stage. He eagerly waited for his grave. He wanted to die.
The second religious story with the stages of grief is the story of Naomi. Naomi, in the Bible also experienced grief. After the loss of her husband and sons, she went into denial she could not believe that she had lost her sons and husband. She regretted having gone to Moab, which is a clear indication of anger. She starts bargaining with God and her daughters in-law. She tells her daughters the she is not in a position to give birth to other sons to make them husbands. As she kisses them good bye she cries and moans, definitely expressing the depression that had been gnawing her heart, finally she accepts her situation when she tells people back in Bethlehem “Don’t call me Naomi, … “Call me Mara, because the Almighty has made my life very bitter (Ruth 1: 20. English Standard Version).
When grief is compared with joy, one has no joy or happiness when they are in health grief, although we can grief and be happy (Moore, 2010). With time, people discover that grief and joy can be carried together for their good, and they appreciate grief since God created emotions. People should be allowed to grief and in time the grief becomes lighter and they are able to be happy again. Some end up saying that, after all, grief worked out for their good. The research has, however,changed my own way of thinking since I have learned that we can have joy amidst our grief.
Grief is a common occurrence in human life. When people encounter a loss, they go through a grieving period. During this period, they go through various stage of grieve and then fully recover. Grieving has also been captured in religious texts. The story of Job’s pain is a timeless example. Grieving is the opposite of joy since people experience no joy during their grieving period.
References
Boyer, M. C. (2009). Job’s grief: Bargaining and despair. Retrieved from http://www.gsbchurch.com/Sermons/2009_10_18_JobsGriefBargainingDespair.pdf
Kübler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. A. (2005).On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Moore, Lori A. (2010). Missing Andy: The journey from grief to joy.Tate Pub & Enterprises Llc.
The Great Fight to Win the Vote
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Introduction
Using Elaine Weiss’ narrative, I aim to give the theses argument on the reason why some women advocated for women’s being granted the right to vote while others opposed; the reasons why some men advocated for women’s right to vote whereas others opposed; and the way the 19th Amendment advanced the equality of women in the eyes of their supporters. The Woman’s Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote by Elaine Weiss is The Woman’s Hour by Elaine Weiss is a striking, multifaceted account about the major personalities (women and men) at the focus of the drama during the tense weeks in Nashville. In this narrative, Elaine Weiss gives an account of the nail-biting peak of the highest political battles in America’s history and the sanction of the constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote. It is an American narrative and, consequently, about the legacy of the Civil War, about power and race, and about the wounds that are not forgotten or healed in the south. The author gives a summary of the struggle to endorse the 19th Amendment, which centers on the ultimate frontier. The narrative narrates the fight battled between the Antis in Tennessee and their counterparts called suffragists. However, the person who reads this narrative might sometimes get impatient with the quantity of time Weiss takes to set the point, her detailed result into the climax that is worth it.
Reasons Why Some Women Advocated For Their Right to Vote While Others Opposed
Some women advocated for their right to vote, while others were against this constitutional right. Women had an expectation that after the Civil Warfare culmination, they will also be considered to vote just like men. They had the expectation that all the disenfranchised classes: Black women, Black men, and white women, would be allowed to vote. They were miserably disillusioned when they were told after the warfare that the nation-state could not handle two great restructurings at once. It would be another 50 years they would have to wait. Because of disappointments, a lot of early suffragists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton opposed the 15th Amendment, which provided only black men the right to vote but excluded women and, in specific white women (Weiss, 233). In 1869, Susan B and Elizabeth established the National Woman Suffrage Association. They alluded to the point that white women were more educated than Black men; thus, they deserved the right to vote more. On the other hand, forces that were powerful were organized against ratification in Nashville, fearing that providing women the permit to vote would dilute their social power, elevate blacks to equality with whites under the South’s social hierarchy, and hurt their business desires. It is a surprise that some of the toughest opponents were women who projected the defilement of their sex and the demise of the family by political activity.
The suffragist who advocated for the rights of women to vote in reference to Elaine Weiss’ narrative urged that providing them with the right to vote would enable them to be better mothers and wives. According to them, allowing them to vote would bring their domestic expertise and moral superiority issues of public concern. Susan B., a strong and outspoken advocate of women’s rights, demanded that the 14th Amendment be a guarantee of the vote for women and African-Americans men (Weiss, 250). Women wanted to be treated as individuals and not dependents of men. Additionally, they wanted more opportunities and education. They wanted the option to speak in front of Congress, to run for office, and vote. Some women opposed the advocacy of their rights to vote. Not all of them believed in equality for all sexes. Those who supported traditional gender roles argued that voting rights for women were improper for them. Some claimed that voting rights would make them grow beards. The challenge to traditional roles represented by the struggle for social, political, and economic equality was a threat to several women. Anti-suffragists contended that they did not want to vote because they took care of their children and homes. They claimed that they did not have time to stay on political updates or vote. A number of them urged that women did not have the mental capacity or expertise to provide useful viewpoints concerning political issues.
Reasons Why Some Men Advocated for Women’s Right to Vote While Others Opposed
Those men who advocated for women’s rights to vote believed that women too had the potential to impact politics. They reasoned that giving them the right to vote would better society. These men aided to support the women’s movement by speaking, signing petitions, writing, voting in favor of suffrage, and providing project funds. These men were important to the achievement of the women’s suffrage movement (Weiss, 395). They reasoned that since women were citizens, the citizens of America’s privileges included the right to vote. Those men who opposed women’s rights to vote were cultural, religious, and social conservatives who had a fear that women’s voting would result in an intense and unhealthy shift in gender roles. According to them, this would endanger the American family and lead to the nation’s moral collapse.
The Ways the 19th Amendment Advanced the Equality of Women in the Eyes of Their Supporters
The 19th Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920. It gave the right of all citizens of the United States to vote. The amendment granted women the right to vote and represented the climax of the women’s suffrage movement. The 19th Amendment advanced the equality of women in the eyes of their supporters. Through lobbying and public relations campaigns, they won the vote for several states. After being passed in the congress and approved in 35 states, the fate of women’s suffrage rested in Nashville, Tennessee. Through the 19th Amendment, women could freely vote and campaign in front of their supporters freely and fairly.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the women’s suffrage movement gave them more political rights and property rights. According to Weiss’ narrative, the movement helped society perceive women as strong and hardworking individuals. This story by Weiss concerns a suffrage movement split over strategy and tactics, with one party playing within putative confines. Simultaneously, another, which was the more drastic group, was tired of waiting for men to do the right thing. This narrative by Weiss provides the results of Women’s suffrage, eventually attained in 1920, a sense of urgency and uncertainty. From The Woman’s Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote by Elaine Weiss, it is evident that women can now freely vote and give their views in politics.
Works Cited
Weiss, Elaine. The woman’s hour: The great fight to win the vote. Penguin, 2018. 1-432