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Communication and Conflict
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Summary
Chapter 10
Communication and Conflict
Conflict can be defined as an altercation between individuals or groups who hold different opinions on one subject and often aims to justify each party’s point of view. This chapter expounds on conflict matters in an organizational setting. The chapter also elaborates on several conflict styles that people can apply prior to finding other alternative options that third parties intervene in the process. Moreover, the chapter gives light on two detrimental forms of conflict that can arise in an organizational setting, usually on bullying and sexual harassment that involves coworkers.
Conflict may arise at various levels in institutions. Firstly, there is an intrapersonal conflict. Some of the day-to-day conflicts that people encounter in organizational settings are internally orchestrated based on varied expectations that people have on themselves. At times, those conflicts are subject to respective roles given to employees. The second level of conflict is interpersonal conflict. Antagonism between individuals stands higher chances of receiving much attention since they tend to be very visible. Interpersonal conflicts may involve conflicting individuals either in the same department or group. Thirdly, the intergroup conflict that usually involves group altercations, generally due to matters relating to inadequate resource distribution in an organization. Lastly, inter-organizational conflicts involve two or more conflicting organizations by hindering each other’s goal achievement.
People usually try to avoid conflict by accommodating others, competition, compromise, and collaboration. In cases where a dispute arises, it can always be resolved through communication. It is somewhat an unpredictable process as it entails negotiations bargain as conflicting parties try to find common ground on the matters at hand in the best ways that satisfy both parties. Methods of bargaining in conflict involve integrative strategies and distributive strategies. In conclusion, all people expect to be treated with absolute respect and civility when working. Still, some coworkers are fond of displaying behaviors that aim to humiliate, discourage, and harm their colleagues, usually through bullying and sexual harassment.
Chapter 11
Communication, Power, and Resistance
Chapter 11 elaborates on various issues linked to power and resistance in institutions. It concentrates on the significance of power exercise as a dynamic process arising between two parties instead of viewing power as subject to having control over another party. At the bottom of the human hierarchy or a more different power level, the most common exchangeable resources people often exchange are money, services, or status. Money, services, and class are not equally distributed; hence, based on people’s position, some tend to display a legitimate power, and can influence rewards with ease, or are more knowledgeable and experts. Personal characteristics may be subject to the manner in which they execute power with regards to others at the lower level.
On a structural level that is somewhat deeper, power is created into an organizational structure, not to mention the meaning that individuals obligate to how an institution operates. Such aspects are essential as they are assumptions that naturalize the usual way of executing tasks and more often represent a single entity (owners and upper management) as mutually beneficial. The adoption of power by such structures and meaning drives people to take part in their suppression through hegemonic engagement.
Since power is subject to an interaction instead of being absolute, people can resist or comply with attempts to exercise control, even though surface power is easily distinguishable from deep structure power. The most notable form that resistance may arise is decaf resistance, which is less significant on changes and often leads to adherence. Resistance can also be real in accounts where it challenges both power categories to facilitate growth.
Chapter 12
Communication and Work-Nonwork Issues
People often presume that organizational or work roles are primal and that people’s roles in an organization or work runs independently from any other obligation a person might be having. That is not always the case. People have to deal with conflicts relating to multiple work roles. At the same time, they more often experience antagonism while attending to work roles and other life roles. An example of such roles includes one being a volunteer or even a family member. Chapter 12 is about communication matters associated with work and life roles intersection.
Chapter 12 explores work and nonwork life intersections. It is quite usual for individuals to balance life riles and work because of conflicts relating to time, strain, or behavior, between their roles. Such disputes are subject to overheating based on various social norms that catalyze overcommitment to job roles. Examples of those conflicts include technology norms, ideal workers, consumerism, motherhood, and individualism. They negatively influence job and life satisfaction. Individuals overcome such conflicts by employing ways that aim to balance and separate work and life roles and integrate those conflicts to end up somewhere between those extremes. The vast majority of the people have enrichment roles in accounts where they take part in social activities. The presence of such positions necessitates the need to balance different life roles. Some people prioritize life enrichment roles, but, at the same time, these roles pose duties over-load, leading a significant number of people to consider it as least important.
References
Nestles marketing strategy
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Introduction
Having been founded by Henri Nestle in 1866; Nestle Company has ever since swerved through the competitive business market to become world’s leading food and Beverage manufacturer (Nestle, 2010). The Switzerland-based company has established a global network of factories and currently operates in almost all countries in the world. The company’s marketing strategies are based on a range of its fundamental principles. For instance, the company’s management of its environmental and social responsibility impact is dependent on the existing corporate business principles (Times, 1998). Nestle company has ever since designed long term strategies to carter for the interest of its customers, consumers as well as other stakeholders. These long-term strategy encompasses the socially responsible and sustainable business practices as essential components of the company principles HYPERLINK “http://connect.in.com/shereen-bhan/profile-253641.html” t “_blank” (Bhan, 2010). More importantly, the company holds that long-term development should not be sacrificed for short term profits. Nestle company has been involved in a range of sound marketing strategies that has facilitated the commendable performance of the company. For instance, innovations and renovations have been the key strategies adopted by the firm to improve both the quality and quantity of products in the market ( HYPERLINK “http://findarticles.com/p/search/?qa=Alex%20Benady” Benady, 2005). Moreover, Nestle Company embarked on other marketing strategies including product promotion, fair pricing in addition to the corporate social responsibility and sustainable practices in its bid to increase sales and competitiveness in the global market ( HYPERLINK “http://findarticles.com/p/search/?qa=Alex%20Benady” Benady, 2005). Adoption of both responsive as well as strategic corporate social responsibility exemplifies one of the company’s marketing strategies (Snider, & Hill, 2003).
It is almost inevitable for a reputable company to separate its business operations from the society within which it operates (Stephenson, 2008). Nestle company is an example of such firms that has implemented a range of marketing strategies aimed at both improving the firm’s performance as well as its public image. At the outset, Nestle has ventured into creation of shared value as a fundamental way of doing business. The activity focuses on the main areas of the company’s business including water, nutrition as well as rural development thereby ensuring that the interests of both the society as well as shareholders are taken into account (Lockett & Moon, 2006). Nestle company initiated a program where outstanding projects or innovations in the above mentioned areas were awarded in an attempt to encourage such activities (Times, 1998). The prize laureate is selected by the company’s advisory board in collaboration with international experts and a substantial amount of money worth about $475000 is set aside for the awards (Lee, 1991).
Nestle company has reserved a specified financial amount to ensure the long-term success of the initiative. International Development enterprises (IDE) Cambodia was the first company to receive the Nestlé Prize in Creating Shared Value on 27 May 2010 for a project that improves the living standards of Cambodian rural population by increasing both income and agricultural productivity (Nestle, 2010). The above mentioned prize is awarded to individuals, non-governmental organizations as well as businesses which have developed an innovation that demonstrates high potentiality in improving the living standards of the rural communities and farmers, providing the population with high nutritional value to offset their nutritional deficits or improving the access to water source. Moreover, those that have proven their worth as well as built on an effective and sustainable model are also fit for the award (Nestle, 2010).
Besides, Nestle is committed to adhering to the United Nation’s Millennium development goal of sustainability through a variety of approaches. To begin with, The Company initiated three projects dubbed, Volcafé, NKG, and Ecom in Guatemala, Vietnam and Nicaragua to implement sustainable approach in the coffee sector. Moreover, the company resorted to supporting a group of planters for three years to become economically viable, socially responsible as well as environmentally friendly. Basically, Nestle Company ventured into providing financial support to individuals, organizations or businesses in an attempt to support their innovations and projects (Nestle, 2010).
The quality of relationship between a company and the society where it operates is elemental to the sustainable performance of the company (Stephenson, 2008). Nestle company has ever since maintained positive relations for a extended period of time. The existence of Nestle Company in a variety of countries demonstrates how the company is handling social issues in varied culture and labor practices (Heide, 1992). As a result, a lot of challenges are met by the firm while implementing such policies in countries where there are no clear laws on corporate social responsibility or union representatives are missing. Nestle ensures that the social issues affecting the company are discussed transparently in workshops and company meetings where social disputes are handled (Nestle, 2010).
Nestle company has in the past enhanced its competitiveness in the market by implementing sound marketing strategies as well as social corporate responsibility practices which have influenced the public’s trust in the company (Jallow, 2009). The company has been involved in social issues including responsive philanthropy. For instance, Nestle is committed to enhancing education in the societies where it operates. To begin with, Nestle Company has been involved in provision of scholarships top individual students as well as educational programs that support the students academically (Snider, & Hill, 2003). Nestle USA Company offered sponsorship to a unique community service program referred to as Pasadena Independent Schools Foundation (PISF) which was designed to offer education to students on the significance of philanthropy. The company offered financial grant of about $75000 in collaboration with other like-minded sponsors (Nestle, 2010).
The Nestle USA usually provides financial support to the social development of youths across USA as well as contributing regularly to the educational services of the students in the nation. This company has established a program known as Nestle Adopt-A-School where employees are engaged in provision of educational services such as teaching the students as well as reading to the children in their basic schools (Robin, 1987). The employees have dedicated a lot of their time providing the aforementioned services to more than fifty nine schools across United States. The company has therefore gained reputation in the country on the above mentioned basis in addition to providing quality products and brands with great flavor which are admired by many people in the US (Porter, 2006).
Besides, Nestle Company reduced its greenhouse gas emission considerably in 2007 as well as reducing the water withdrawal and on the other hand increasing its productivity tremendously by about seventy five percentage in the same year. Furthermore, the company went ahead and invested massively in industrial improvements that are environment-friendly. (Abolaa, 2008). Nestle company has also provided free technical support to more than half a million farmers in the third world countries. This is meant to improve the relationship between the company and the society as well as improve production and sale of its products globally (Porter, 2006). Through such marketing strategies, Nestle Company has managed to attract many customers thereby enlarging its market share hence a competitive advantage no wonder it is the world’s leading firm in the manufacture of food and beverage (Snider, & Hill, 2003).
Conclusion
Nestle company has undergone transformations in its marketing strategies from the old traditional approaches to the contemporary approaches which are sensitive to the global market thereby becoming the world’s leading manufacturer of foods and drinks (Kelly, 2007). In an attempt to improve its competitive ability in the market as well as increase its sales, Nestle Company has continually adjusted its management strategies to conform to the local taste through the processes of adapting, learning and achieving success through use of specific features of the host society (Robin, 1987). Moreover, the company has always capitalized on the business opportunities in the market by implementing successful marketing and sales strategies thereby realizing annual profitable growth. Nestle company emphasized on both innovations and renovations as a means of developing news products in the market. Besides, the company also embarked on research and development as the viable strategy in enhancing the competitive ability of the firm by improving the company brand (Wills, & Samli, 1991). Nestle invested a lot of finances on research and development hence tremendously increasing the quality of products in the market (Alvarez, Pilbeam, & Wilding, 1996)The company’s strategy of adopting sound and sustainable corporate social responsibility improved the performance of the company by enhancing its public image as well as improving its competitiveness in the market. In a nutshell, Nestle Company implemented various marketing strategies including fair pricing, product promotion, innovations and renovations as well as indulgence in research and development thereby conquering the market to become the world’s leading manufacturer of food and beverage HYPERLINK “http://connect.in.com/shereen-bhan/profile-253641.html” t “_blank” (Bhan, 2010).
Reference List:
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Economic Sociology – New York: Wiley Online Library. Available at: HYPERLINK “http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470755679.ch6/summary;jsessionid=C08BB3082F92F1920D9CC4D03B0C1C70.d02t02” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470755679.ch6/summary;jsessionid=C08BB3082F92F1920D9CC4D03B0C1C70.d02t02
Alvarez, G., Pilbeam, C., & Wilding, R. (1996). Nestlé Nespresso AAA sustainable quality
program: an investigation into the governance dynamics in a multi-stakeholder supply chain network. An International Journal. Bingley: Emerald group publishing Ltd.
HYPERLINK “http://findarticles.com/p/search/?qa=Alex%20Benady” Benady, A. (2005). Nestlé’s market wars: the food giant is drawing on local expertise to put
marketing at the heart of its global growth strategy. HYPERLINK “http://findarticles.com/p/articles/tn_bus/” Business Publications. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4070/is_207/ai_n13787808/
HYPERLINK “http://connect.in.com/shereen-bhan/profile-253641.html” t “_blank” Bhan, S. (2010). Nestle: Redefining corporate social responsibility concept. CNBC. Available
at:http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nestle-redefining-corporate-social-responsibility-concept_463610-2.html
F Times. (1998). HYPERLINK “http://en.scientificcommons.org/8750429” Corporate citizenship: Successful strategies for responsible companies.
London: Financial Times. Available at: en.scientificcommons.org
Heide, J. (1992). HYPERLINK “http://www.jstor.org/stable/1252040” Do norms matter in marketing relationships? The Journal of Marketing. JSTOR
Jallow, K. (2009). Nestlé as corporate citizen: a critique of its Commitment to Africa report.
Social Responsibility Journal. 5 (4) 512 – 524. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Available at: HYPERLINK “http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1819411&show=abstract” http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1819411&show=abstract
Kelly, B. (2007). HYPERLINK “http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/dam026v1?ijkey=pzDWoE7zLSR73SZ&keytype=ref” Food references and marketing to children in Australian magazines: a content analysis. Health promotion international. London: Oxford Univ Press. Available at: www. HYPERLINK “http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/dam026v1?ijkey=pzDWoE7zLSR73SZ&keytype=ref” oxfordjournals.org.
Lockett, A. & Moon, J. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility in Management Research:
Focus, Nature, Salience and Sources of Influence. Journal of Management. HYPERLINK “http:// Available at: www.waynevisser.com” Available at: www.waynevisser.com
Lee, C. (1991). An analytical framework for evaluating e-commerce business models and
strategies. Bradford. MCB UP Ltd.
Nestle Co. (2010). Nestlé Prize in Creating Shared Value. Available at:
http://www2.nestle.com/CSV/CreatingSharedValueAtNestle/NestlePrize/Pages/NestlePrize.aspx
Porter, M. (2006). HYPERLINK “http://www.globalcompactnamibia.org/pdf/CSR%20-%20Porter%20Kramer%20-%20CSR%20along%20the%20value%20chain.pdf” Strategy and society. Boston: Harvard business review. Available at:
globalcompactnamibia.org.
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Snider, S. & Hill, R. (2003). HYPERLINK “http://www.jstor.org/stable/3857969” Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: A view from the world’s most successful firms. Journal of Business Ethics. Springer
Stephenson, C. (2008). Creating shared value: the inseparability of business and society. Ivey
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Wills, J. & Samli, A. (1991). HYPERLINK “http://www.springerlink.com/index/271328317183P707.pdf” Developing global products and marketing strategies: a construct and a research agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing. Springer
Communicating with Older Adults
Communicating with Older Adults
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Abstract
Old age is often a challenging time for older adults and their caregivers. In many cases, older adults encounter stereotypes and prejudice that are a part of ageism. Despite the fact that older adults remain capable of managing some tasks on their own, they are often belittled and made to feel inadequate. In the case study, a daughter insists on speaking on behalf of her parent who is capable of doing so on their own. The paper explores recommendations on how to address such a situation.
Key words: Ageism, Communication, Recommendations
Older adults face a lot of challenges as they grow into their old age. These challenges include medical problems, cognitive decline, getting people to care for them, among others. Although old age comes with a lot of challenges, it is important that people learn the strategies and interventions necessary when dealing with older adults so that they continue to enjoy their lives despite any problems. Older adults need proper care and management when they require help, but not all of them do. They should be allowed to live as normally as possible when they still can. There are many stereotypes about old people such as they are all in cognitive decline, they cannot do anything for themselves and they need round the clock care. Although these may be true in many cases, every older adult is different, and they should be treated based on individual situations rather than generalizations.
Case Study
I chose case three for this assignment. The reason for this choice is that I have encountered the stereotypes in this case among so many people. Older adults are often judged as being incapable of communicating their needs, and they are usually belittled by those around them such as family and caregivers. I would like to learn how to better treat older adults especially those who are capable of communication without belittling them.
Intervention 1 and Rationale
The document on communicating with older adults offers valuable strategies on how to deal with older adults and address their concerns and situations. The first recommendation for the case study I chose is number eight, ask open-ended questions and genuinely listen (The Gerontological Society of America, 2012). The older adult in this case must feel inadequate and belittled due to the fact that their daughter insists on speaking for them. This is despite the fact that the older adult is perfectly capable of expressing themselves. Asking them questions is a way to show confidence in their communication, and helps them feel empowered and involved in decisions concerning their welfare. The rationale behind this strategy is that older adults may be reluctant to share information with a healthcare provider of they feel that the provider is disinterested and fails to ask for more information. Asking open-ended questions allows the older adult to open up and share useful information about their wellbeing.
Intervention 2 and Rationale
The second strategy in communicating with the older adult is to verify listener comprehension during the conversation (The Gerontological Society of America, 2012). This will be helpful in two ways. First, it shows the daughter that their parent is capable of understanding matters pertaining to their welfare when given the chance. Second, it gives the older adult the feeling that their opinion is valued, and the chance to ask any questions they may have. The rationale behind this strategy is seeking verification from the listener clarifies all the information and tailors the information to their situation. In this case, the teach-back technique works best. The healthcare provider explains the information to the patient, and the patient repeats this information as they understand it. This method ensures that the healthcare provider, the older adult and the daughter are all on the same page.
Individual Intervention
In dealing with the older adult and their daughter, I would begin by reassuring the daughter that she had done a good job in caring for her parent. An overwhelming majority of caregivers for older adults tends to be family members, especially adult children. These caregivers also go through a lot of stress in caring for the older adults. They may experience role-conflict, feelings of failure, embarrassment, and physical stress (Sardella et al., 2021). The tendency of the daughter to speak for their parent may show a lack of patience, which could be caused by stress. As a healthcare provider, I would try to reduce her stress by reassuring her that she has done her best. I would also make sure to practice shared decision-making between all the parties involved. Lawless et al. conducted a study on communicating with older adults and found that in many cases, healthcare providers fail to adhere to shared decision making plans (Lawless et al., 2021). To avoid this, I would discuss activities that the older adult should engage in such as exercise, diet, taking medication, and engaging with other people. When the patient feels that they are involved in making decisions regarding their welfare, they are more likely to be cooperative with their caregivers and healthcare providers.
Ageism
An article published on the Journal of Geriatrics and Palliative Care defines ageism as “negative stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes toward old age and how these are reflected in psychological and social problems” (Sierra-Ayala et al., 2017). Ageism can be seen in the case study. A common stereotype towards older adults is that they are incapable of the most basic of tasks such as expressing themselves. The daughter in this case did not trust her parent to speak for themselves despite the fact that they were capable of doing so.
Personal Perspective
The case study and recommendations opened my eyes to a lot of challenges that older people experience, and how most people are unaware of how these older adults must feel. For example, in the case study, it is unlikely that the daughter understood the negative impact of speaking on behalf of her capable parent. The recommendations provided in the booklet have been eye-opening, and teaches practical and compassionate ways to treat older adults with different challenges. I have learned the importance of respect, compassion and patience in dealing with older adults, which leads to better outcomes for everyone involved.
References
Lawless, M. T., Drioli-Phillips, P., Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R. C., & Kitson, A. L. (2021). Communicating with older adults with long-term conditions about self-management goals: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Patient Education and Counseling.
Sardella, A., Lenzo, V., Alibrandi, A., Catalano, A., Corica, F., Quattropani, M. C., & Basile, G. (2021). A Clinical Bridge between Family Caregivers and Older Adults: The Contribution of Patients’ Frailty and Optimism on Caregiver Burden. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(7), 3406.
Sierra-Ayala, I., Gutierrez-Herrera, R., Riquelme-Heras, H., Gomez-Gomez, C., & Ordoñez-Azuara, Y. (2017). Ageism: Discrimination that Must Disappear. J Geriatrics Palliative Care, 5(1), 3.
The Gerontological Society of America. (2012). Communicating with older adults: an evidence-based review of what really works. Gerontological Society of America.