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According to Pascal Boyer, why are Intellectual Scenarios inadequate to explain the origin of religion
Question one and two According to Pascal Boyer, why are “Intellectual Scenarios” inadequate to explain the origin of religion? How might one attack Boyer’s assessment of them?
Some people are religious and some are not; religious beliefs are different in different places. Buddhists hold their religious information too much, they prefer conserving information regarding their religion thus brings about complexities when trying to understand the origin and evolution of religion. Some human’s beings do not understand the meaning or the in-depth analysis of religion; this is due to gospel disparity and lack of respective channels for delivering the gospel to such people.
Occupational hazard; the general intuition that the origin of religion is systemic rather the general evolution brings the gap of professionalism in dispatching the origin of religion. This has brought about diversity in professionalism when arguing about the origin of religion.
How are memes like genes? Drawing from Dennett and/or Blackmore, explain the reproductive success of any one religious
Human imagination; this is a phenomenon that is devolved from a fount of creativity. Humans imagine things and facts that they have never seen nor heard, for example, imagining events or actions that someone has never seen and that are most impossible to happen in the real world. Creative imagination is believed to solve some biological actions that take course in a person’s life.
Unique capacity for creativity; humans are the most creative species among all creatures. Most animals have the capability of learning and arguably both operant conditioning and classical analysis involve a clear capacity and level for procedural imagination.
Difference between hominid ancestors and modern humans; modern humans are constantly busy with simulation of new ideas and plans as compared to hominid ancestors who had adequate time in devolving and coming about with religion matters. Cultures were also created by ancestors hence this brought about the devolution of religion.
Campaign Advertisement
Campaign Advertisement
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Campaign Advertisement
Politics is among the fundamental factors that affect the societies in a wide range and can result in degradation and instability in the economy. Political communication concerns information spreading and its influence on the citizens, policymakers, the media and politics at large. In other words, political communication can be referred to the practice that involves political actors and institutions, the media and more fundamentally the citizens who are the primary aim regarding political influence. The commonly involved people in the politics are the political entrepreneurs and the political candidates who have the interest and vying for different political positions in the society. Among the vital part of political communication is the campaign advertisement. It is the use of advertising campaigns which are composed of messages of similar nature, and they are shared to the citizens through different media at a fixed time. In this paper, the political communication audiovisual selected regards campaign advertisement, in particular, an advert involving Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump’s manifestos comparison on how to change the American’s economy.
In the process of making campaign advertisement, the crucial thing is what one is advertising and the reasons for why one is advertising. In the regular market, the main reason why one does advertising makes people aware of the products, making the advertised products available in the market and convincing the consumers to buy the products. There is no significant difference from the mentioned above and the political field as in politics the politician aims to sell the manifestos to the citizens and convince them to elect him or her for a particular position during the election period (Burton, et.al 2015). There is a specified duration of time that the vying candidates are given to carry out their campaigns. Hence they have optimally made its utilization to out-compete their rivals. Politics is like any other field and the rule of the game works where the smart and perfect ones win the position.
In the advert of concern, its purpose prevails, and in consideration of the visual images and the words used, it has been developed to support Donald Trump as the president of America. The developer has correctly applied the main parts of a campaign advert and has made it clear to the audience regarding the candidate to be elected as the candidate. It starts with Clinton’s plans which are viewed in a negative aspect and tends to lead to economy’s degradation in contrast to Trump’s manifestos which are promising regarding economic stability. Considering the adverts information, Clinton is associated with deleterious aspects such as middle-class crushing, the level of spending going up, taxes going up and thousands of jobs disappearing. On the other hand, Trump’s side has been well presented in a way that everyone who comes across the advert will automatically see a certain sense in electing him for the position. Among his promising propagandas include needy families getting tax relief, millions of new jobs, thriving of many small businesses, an increment in wages and salaries, making the American dream achievable and making the country great again regarding economic development (Valentino, et.al 2018).
The analysis of the campaign advert involves looking at its effectiveness and consideration whether it has followed the advertising campaign making process which is critical in the political sector. The process begins from the research to the execution of the campaign. It stages include research, knowing target audience, budget setting, theme decision, media selection, media scheduling and the executive campaign. To begin with, the first stage which involves research, the economy advert developers have correctly accomplished that. It is concerned with doing market research for the product to be publicized in determining its demand, contenders and the target consumer. The advert has focused on the main issues affecting the American society. Therefore, in coming up with the candidate’s propaganda, they have ensured that they have captured them all and on the other side they relate their delegate, in this case, Hilary Clinton with negativity. Campaigning is about changing and challenging peoples mind in the efforts of convincing them to elect a particular candidate. Hence, the stage regarding research is essential as it makes the candidate play his or her role safe even when it comes to the subsequent stages.
The following stage involves knowing the target audience. In the market, it is vital to know who will buy the products and where to find the targeted customers. In the Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the target audience has been defined as the American citizens. It is considering the language used, and the features showed in the advert such as the American flag among many others. That is the same reason there are specific promises such as relief of taxes, an increase of wages, the establishment of new jobs and reviving the middle class as most of the targeted audience has in one way or another been stuck in the mentioned hitches.
After knowing the targeted audience, the next phase is setting the recommended budget. In this stage, all the activities involving the use of capital must be out in mind, and there should be an estimate of the expected spending in the advertising process (Settle, et.al 2016). Among the factors that are put in consideration are paper works, media, labor and presentation in the midst of many others. The campaign advert selected shows perfection in this step as the presentations are well done, and it has been broadcasted in the media where everyone can get access.
The next step regards decision on the most appropriate theme to use. This involves deciding how the message will be delivered, the music to be used, the color to be applied, the language to use and the designing of the ads among many others. The campaign advertisement in consideration has been scrutinized adequately at this stage regarding the delivering of the message and language used creating an immediate impact on the audience view on the subject of both the delegates. The symbols and color used to bring a clear picture of the preference party, and this will affect the audience during the voting process as he or she will come across the same symbols. Considering the ads, the advert developers have used moving pictures on Clinton’s propaganda and promising ones when it comes to Trump’s side, hence the creation of a positive perception of the supported candidate.
Additionally, the following stage involves media selection. The media plays a significant role in transmitting the information from the primary source to the audience. Therefore, the more available the media is, the higher the probability of a large number of people will get the information. The primary purpose of advertising campaigns is mobilizing many citizens and ensuring that many of them get the message. In the advert involving trump’s campaign, the right media has been used which is accessible to everyone in the country considering that a massive number of American citizens have access and are capable of using internet services.
Also, media scheduling is an essential phase in the process of making campaign advertisements. It has to be done correctly to enhance visibility and audibility of the information being presented. With this, the targeted audience will apparently get the message, and it even plays an indispensable role in creating a positive incentive towards the campaigner. In the advert involving Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the speaker is audible, the words are visible and the language used is precise and clear to understand. Therefore, satisfies the conditions of media scheduling and efficiently attracts a wide range of the audience.
Finally, the last step in the process of making campaign advertisement is executing the campaign. The campaign has to begin to be put into effect, and the feedback from the various audience has to be put into consideration. The responses are vital as they help to detect faults and other missing points in the advert that needs immediate rectification. The advert in consideration has been developed up to the last stage where it is posted on the media channel where citizens access it and leave their recommendations (Trent & Friedenberg 2008). Through the media, the owner knows the people’s reactions regarding his manifestos, and it was the best time to rectify and strengthen the weak campaign areas.
From the discussion above, the analysis of campaign advertisement has put it clear that campaign marketing is the same as advertising any other product and it also requires entrepreneurship skills. The campaigners have to be innovative enough to be capable of outfitting other political competitors. The advert regarding Trump’s campaign has successfully adhered to the process of establishing campaign advertisement. However, according to the audience reviews, it is wiser not to present the manifesto using the comparison procedure as the seen case. Accusing his opponents with negative manifestos has shown a high level of dislike from the audience.
References
Burton, M. J., Miller, W. J., & Shea, D. M. (2015). Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management. ABC-CLIO.
Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The Changing Norms of Racial Political Rhetoric and the End of Racial Priming. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 000-000.
Settle, J. E., Bond, R. M., Coviello, L., Fariss, C. J., Fowler, J. H., & Jones, J. J. (2016). From posting to voting: The effects of political competition on online political engagement. Political Science Research and Methods, 4(2), 361-378.
Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2008). Political campaign communication: Principles and practices. Rowman & Littlefield.
According to Lu, Zhang, and Liu (2018), insecurity refers to a situation where people tend to worry about issues such as hurt
Insecurity
Student’s Name
Institution
Insecurity
According to Lu, Zhang, and Liu (2018), insecurity refers to a situation where people tend to worry about issues such as hurt and rejection. Insecurity breeds issues such as anxiety and uncertainty amongst people and causes them to question their self-worth and their relevance. Insecurity is a major problem in society, and thus, it is vital to understand the causes of insecurity, its effects as well as measures which can be undertaken to help eliminate or overcome it.
Human interactions are inevitable. Social interactions are an integral part of the day to day operations. The social interactions are experienced through friendship, business, religion, families, social media, as well as other areas that encourage or facilitate the interaction between one individual and another. Consequentially, it is difficult to carry out social interactions without the possibility of the occurrence of insecurity. In most social setups, there is a likelihood that one or more persons will suffer from insecurity issues that expose them to feel that question their ability to be cared for, protected, or loved. Such feelings, which are associated with insecurities, causing them to develop several behavioral consequences.
Causes of Insecurity
Different factors can lead to the occurrence of feelings of insecurity among people. In most cases, insecurity arises as a result of a combination of several factors. One of the causes of insecurity is the effects of a traumatic experience. Traumatic events such as the loss of a family member, issues such as bankruptcy and divorce can lead to the rise of insecurity among people. Traumatic events tend to create an environment that is characterized by uncertainty. The unpredictable environment, in turn, leads to issues such as anxiety. Traumatic experiences can significantly affect the lives of people. Their impact can last for long periods and cause issues such as lack of self-direction, low self-esteem, and in other instances, make people feel like other people are ignoring them.
Childhood experiences are another cause of insecurity. The parent-child relationship is one of the most critical relations which play a significant role in shaping the future of a child. However, if the relationship between the child and the parent is not established in the right manner, it can cause negative consequences that spill from childhood into adulthood. An example of a childhood experience that can lead to insecurity is one where a parent fails to adequately cater or respond adequately to the needs of a child. In such instances, the child grows into adulthood, lacking crucial assurances in life, which then leads to insecurity. Also, in instances where the child a parent constantly abuses as a child, the child may tend to develop insecurities that stem from mistrust. Therefore, poor parenting can cause insecurity attachments among children, which may develop into adulthood.
Family relations are another cause of insecurity among people. Children are the most impacted in family relations. An example of family relation which breeds insecurity among children is where parents are inconsistent in their relationship with their children. Inconsistent relationships or family relations where parents are self-absorbed lead to everlasting implications that cause the children to lack emotional connections with other people. Domestic violence also affects children during and after their growth process. A study by Pingley (2017), reveals that children who witness domestic violence in their families tend to be burdened by the act throughout their developmental stages, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds.
Another source of insecurity stems from intimate relationships among people. Solid intimate relationships are built on virtues such as love, trust, and respect. However, in instances where the virtues are not cultivated in the relationship, insecurity emerges. Insecurity in intimate relationships can also emerge from past relationships. If a party to a relationship had experienced a situation that hurt their emotions or feelings, they might translate the effects of the relationship to the new relationship. As a result, they are more likely to interpret their partner’s course of actions with negative attitudes. Also, in situations where a partner in an intimate relationship hurts the other partner through activities such as cheating, insecurity is likely to arise. Insecurity in relationships is dangerous as it can quickly escalate into conflict and, in other instances, cause a partner to eliminate trust between couples.
Effects of Insecurity
If not handled at an early stage, insecurity can lead to negative consequences, which may affect people who suffer from it and other innocent people. One of the effects of insecurity is it negatively affects the ability to establish sound relationships. People who suffer from insecurity tend to lack trust and often focus on the negative side of events and life—relationships with insecure people are more likely to become toxic and mentally taxing.
Another effect of insecurity is that it limits the progress of a person. People with insecurity tendencies tend to develop a negative perception of things. For example, insecure people lack the confidence to express themselves in workplaces, and as such, they miss out on opportunities such as job promotion. Also, insecurity limits the self-esteem of a person, thus limiting their capabilities. Another effect of insecurity is that it can lead to the development of mental illnesses. Insecurity tends to create a social barrier among people due to anxiety and mistrust. As such, people who are faced with insecurity are likely to avoid social gatherings and reject people’s company. The impact of social distancing is that it escalates anxiety and causes mental complications such as dementia, dependent personality, borderline personality, narcissism, and depression. Eating disorders are particularly common among teenagers and children who suffer from insecurity. Insecurity causes teenagers to develop body image issues. They counter their problems through stress eating, a factor that ultimately leads to
Young people, especially children, and teenagers are more likely to suffer the most from the effects of insecurity (Kelly, & El-Sheikh, 2013). One of the areas in their lives, which is adversely affected by insecurities is their education. Young people’s minds, especially school-going children and students, are still at the developmental stage. As a result, they are unable to fully handle the effects of issues such as domestic violence and body shaming. The development of insecurities leads to mistrust and a lack of confidence. They are unable to fully express themselves among teachers, friends, or guardians. Their performance in school is the most affected due to the loss of concentration and the limitation of their learning abilities, which is affected by their lack of confidence.
Ways to Overcome Insecurity
The effects of insecurity can be devastating. However, one of the positive things about insecurity is that it can be handled. One of the ways one can utilize to deal with insecurity is through seeking professional help such as therapy (George et al. 2014). Therapy is an efficient approach that can help individuals with insecurities to deal with their problems and seek alternative solutions. The therapy utilizes cognitive-behavioral techniques, which help an individual to express themselves about the issues they are facing. Therapy helps people to realize that they are facing insecurities and also acknowledge the fact that the insecurities can affect them and the people within their environment. Therapy also helps people to regain their self-belief, confidence, and self-esteem. Therapy not only helps people to address and solve their insecurities but also aids in avoiding the negative impact of insecurities.
Weber and Petriglieri (2018) suggest that the key to overcoming insecurities in places of work is through shunning individualism at the workplace and encouraging better, sustainable, and caring relationships among employees. Weber and Petriglieri assert that insecurities at the workplace do not arise as a result of drive or flaw. Instead, the authors agree that insecurity at the workplace is manufactured through the creation of workplace environments, which encourage negative competition. Therefore, the creation of a workplace environment which facilitates togetherness among employees and support for each other can help get rid of insecurity as employees do will not consider other employees as competition but rather workmates and friends who work for a united purpose.
One of the most effective measures of overcoming insecurities is through conducting a self-evaluation. The first step towards dealing with a person’s insecurity is through acknowledging that one is suffering from it. Acknowledging its existence creates a platform for acceptance of one’s weaknesses and thus paving the way for the development of favorable solutions. After accepting the existence of insecurities, it is important to assess what causes insecurities. Focusing on the causes of the insecurities allows a person to eliminate dangerous or negative factors that can lead to one’s susceptibility to them. It helps a person to elevate themselves to toxic situations that trigger the disease. The last step in the self-evaluation process is deciding to overcome the insecurities es and working on measures that eliminate the insecurities. In the process, one ought to set realistic goals that follow step by step processes. The setting of unrealistic goals may lead to failure and, as a result, cause the insecurities to reoccur.
Lastly, one can overcome insecurities by surrounding themselves with people who have positive mindsets. Friends, family members, and mentors can play a vital role in overcoming insecurities. They can provide essential contributions such as advice, support, or mentorship. Positive people’s input can help one to develop self-confidence and self-belief, which are instrumental in overcoming insecurities. Also, surrounding oneself with positive people enables them to avoid people with negative mindsets or people who focus on exposing one’s weaknesses. Therefore, there is a need to create a positive environment where one is surrounded by positive people and things that they enjoy doing. Doing so provided an impetus towards the development of successful strategies towards overcoming insecurities.
Conclusion
Insecurity is a major concern amongst people. Insecurity hurts relationships and restrains people from fully expressing themselves. It can be caused by several factors, such as a history of domestic abuse or traumatic experiences. Insecurities can be overcome through therapy, surrounding oneself with a positive environment, and taking a step to address the issue. Addressing and overcoming insecurity enables one to express themselves and avoid the negative consequences that come with it.
References
George, M. W., Fairchild, A. J., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2014). Marital conflict in early childhood and adolescent disordered eating: Emotional insecurity about the marital relationship as an explanatory mechanism. Eating behaviors, 15(4), 532-539.
Kelly, R. J., & El-Sheikh, M. (2013). Longitudinal relations between marital aggression and children’s sleep: The role of emotional insecurity. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 282.
Lu, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). Interpersonal insecurity and risk-taking propensity across domains and around the globe. Evolutionary psychology, 16(3), 1474704918795520.
Pingley, T. (2017). The impact of witnessing domestic violence on children: A systematic review.
Weber, S., Petriglieri, G. (2018). To overcome your insecurity, recognize where it comes from. Harvard Business Review.