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At the beginning, of the 1940s, the African who had moved and settled in Chicago formed a unique style of music that gave way
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Introduction
At the beginning, of the 1940s, the African who had moved and settled in Chicago formed a unique style of music that gave way to rock and roll. The migrants started by playing Rhythm and blues, Gospel, and jazz in small groups of approximately four to five people, it comprised of drums, saxophones, bass, and rhythm guitar or a piano. The rise of various musical styles was motivated by the difficulties the African Americans were enduring. In the 1950s, the migrants created an urbanized rhythm and blues. By the 1960s, the African Americans had invented various music styles such as Motown sounds and soul explosion.
Innovators/originators
In the 1950s, during the struggle by the African Americans struggle for equality, music was the only way they could express their views. Muddy waters were one such group that gained popularity during the rights movement. It played rhythm and blues music which was a new style of music. During this period, the African Americans were not allowed to attend any club shows or their music to be played in any radio station. To counter that African Americans formed their own clubs such as the Roosevelt in the town of Pittsburgh, Lincoln in the city of Los Angeles, and the Royal club in Baltimore.
Another person who was among the first innovators of the music was William Moore; he later became to be known as Wild Bill Moore in the year 1948. He was born in the city of Texas on the 13th of June 1918. He was a saxophone player and an amateur light, heavy weight boxing champion. The first song he recorded was called unlucky woman on 6th of April 1944.
Bill ward was another major player in the spreading of rhythm and blues music. Born on the 19th of September 1921, his father was a preacher and the mother a choir director. In the late 1920s wards, family moved to Philadelphia. He was an organ player in the church. He later joined the army during the World War 11. He was the leader of the Artillery choir.
Bill Haley also played a crucial part in the upbringing of rhythm and blues. He was born on the 6th of July 1925, shortly before his fifteenth birthday Bill left school after his eighth grade to go and work for a water bottling company. In the year 1943 after turning 18 years old, Bill recorded his first song. He produced other records later; he continued singing until he died in the year 1981.
The song I love most is Wild bills song unlucky woman. I like the beats especially the sound of the bass guitar and Bills voice.
Conclusion
The music has not changed much although there is a slight difference in terms of technology and the instruments used. The music influence cannot become less influential as long as a section of the community feels short changed music will still be used to draw inspiration.
Rock and roll is a style of music that is here to stay; it has withstood the test of time and has undergone numerous transformations, from when it was first invented in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s to date. To all the pioneers of rock, their legend will live on, and they will never forget.
Health Promotion Proposal I
Health Promotion Proposal I
Roberto E. Gimenez
Health Promotion Proposal I
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that left untreated, leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS leads to premature death. In the United States, an estimated 1.1 million people are infected with HIV. Testing helps the infected people to begin treatment and taking care not to infect others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). However, a research conducted by the Centers for Disease Control in 2010 indicated that over 50% of America’s total population has never had a HIV test. HIV and AIDS have been identified in varied studies as the leading health indicator in Florida. Prevention measures have also faced various hurdles in different parts of Florida.
The same research indicated that every 9.5 minutes, a new person gets infected with HIV. These figures demonstrate a crisis that needs to be mitigated without much delay (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). HIV prevention and detecting at early stages can save a lot. First, prevention would ensure less people get infected. Early detection would lead to early treatment. Early treatment in turn would ensure; there are fewer cases of AIDS which is more costly to treat and results in many deaths. Both measures save on cost. Programs such as ECHPP initiated in Miami-Dade County targeted creating awareness on the importance of testing and prevention measures.
The proposed health program is based on the above mentioned strategies of HIV prevention and HIV testing and early treatment. The target area is South Florida, particularly the hard-hit Miami-Dade County. The program will emphasize, on encouraging residents of Miami-Dade to be tested regularly (Sanchez et al, 2008). The people who will test positive should begin receiving treatment immediately to prevent the HIV developing to AIDS. The plight of the vulnerable groups of people is addressed in the program and suggestions given for each. Other issues such as HIV-related stigma are also considered in the program (Villar et al, 2011). The program will focus on an individual’s effort towards HIV prevention with the support of health care centers.
There are groups with higher HIV prevalence than others. For example, there was found to be a higher rate of AIDS in the Northeast and South states, which also have large populations than in other parts of the United States. This was according to data released by the National HIV Surveillance System in 2008. A study done in 2006 indicated HIV and AIDS as the leading cause of death among Blacks in Miami-Dade County.
One vulnerable group is the Latino immigrant workers. About half of Miami-Dade residents are foreign born, an indicator of massive migration. Migration has accelerated spreading of the virus across borders. These movements decrease their accessibility to health services since the host country may not be keen to address the needs of immigrants (Brown, 2002). Immigrants face racial or ethnic intolerance in host countries. This may facilitate their hesitation to declare the HIV status for fear of stigmatization. The instant separation from family and social circle may result in psychological stress and consequent high risk behavior. The case of illegal immigrants is complicated because they avoid contact with any government agency including health centers. The proposed program intends to help them overcome stigmatization. They will be linked to social groups formed by people with similar challenges where they can share freely, as well as overcome their fears and gain self-confidence. Information about the care centers available in Miami-Dade where they can get medical attention without fear of non-citizen discrimination will be availed.
The Black community is also a vulnerable group particularly in Florida. Over 51% of the HIV/AIDS reported cases in Miami-Dade, in 2005, were Blacks. Though the Blacks only constitute 20% of the Miami-Dade’s population, they account for 60% of HIV/AIDS related deaths. Miami-Dade County Health Department released a report addressing the Black community issues (Spencer et al, 2006). The high HIV/AIDS prevalence was attributed to the fact that most Blacks could not afford to pay for routine check up’s. The Black community needs to be aware of their high prevalence. This awareness creation will be part of the proposed health program as well as ways to mitigate this high risk situation.
Homosexuals have a high rate of HIV infection. Women need regular testing during pregnancy to prevent mother-child HIV transmission. Women in some parts of the continent are made particularly vulnerable due to suppression by culture and beliefs. For instance, Hispanic women in the Caribbean countries should not discuss sexual matters. This affects the strategies that have been used before to elevate awareness of testing and preventing AIDS. To overcome this challenge, the strategies to be used in this program will be more interactive. Education will be customized in light of the cultural setting of Miami-Dade County.
Efforts have been made to mitigate the high risk factors such as the ones above mentioned. The New Opportunities for Women en espanol was a project that was guided by Miller School of Medicine. It targeted overcoming the cultural barriers of sexual silence among Hispanic women. The issues discussed with the participants included HIV and sexual risk, sexual protection and negotiation with sex partners (Sanchez et al, 2008). The project also pointed out the high rate of HIV/AIDS stigmatization among the Hispanic community.
A Cultural Competency Program was conducted in 2003. The program faculty was Florida International University of Nursing and Barry University School of Nursing. It was a training program, for nurses to help them understand the prevailing culture and beliefs as they administer health assistance (Sanchez et al, 2008). HIV prevention messages that are effective in other parts of America were found ineffective in creating the same awareness in the Caribbean countries. HIV intervention programs would need to consider the linguistic and cultural aspect of this area.
Health Promotion Proposal
The proposed program is informed by the reigning statistics pertaining to the prevalence of HIV/ AIDS among the immigrants, black Americans and Hispanics. It acknowledges that efforts to combat the epidemic would have to be three-pronged where the society participates in the efforts, alongside the healthcare providers. Government or institutional participation would also be required in combating the high prevalence. This is especially considering the barriers that have been standing in the way of the highly affected groups in searching for proper medical attention. As stated, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is highest among some societies such as the blacks, Hispanics, as well as homosexuals. In essence, the proposal must encompass strategies that would eliminate the barriers that hinder them from seeking proper medical care or that increase the prevalence.
The proposed program targets HIV awareness and prevention among immigrants, Blacks, gays and women in South Florida. Borrowing from what has been done previously, the program will employ education as the strategy to reach out to each group (Villar et al, 2011). Within a year, the program aims at having new data for each group relating to their level of HIV awareness, testing and prevention. A sample will be taken, from the various target groups to be used for the survey. Actions will be derived from the report of the intended intensive survey. The program will emulate the Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Plan (ECHPP) used by Florida’s Health Department. It is consistent with the National HIV/AIDS strategy and incorporates women, African American, migrant workers and transgendered people and drug users.
The health promotion proposal would start with enhancing cultural competency among the healthcare professionals. Different individuals from different cultural backgrounds subscribe to different beliefs and values that often inform their decisions on everything including healthcare services (Dyer, 2003). Research shows that the active participation of individuals in their own healthcare would be determined by how much they can identify with the healthcare providers. As much as individuals would not demand that their healthcare providers be specifically from their cultural groups, they would identify more with providers who seem to consider their cultural values and respects them (Purnell, 2008). Unless healthcare providers understand the cultural values to which the Hispanics and Black Americans subscribe, they would be unlikely to be effective in having any impact on their healthcare decisions (Purnell, 2008). IN essence, the varied healthcare providers should be taken through cultural competence training pertaining to the cultural groups within which they practice. This will enhance their knowledge on the values of the different cultural groups within which they practice, thereby enhancing their effectiveness (Dyer, 2003). These cultural competence courses should be administered within 3 months.
On the same note, it is proposed that a comprehensive education campaign is carried out specifically targeting the groups that have high prevalence rates. This education would mainly target the Hispanics, immigrants and Black Americans, with the sole aim of rebuffing the cultural beliefs that hinder them from seeking medical attention, especially with regard to sexuality. On the same note, it is proposed that healthcare providers undertake community mobilization so as to establish environment that support prevention of HIV through the active involvement of community members in efforts that would build support for and participation in efforts to prevent HIV, raising HIV awareness, as well as motivation of individuals to eliminate HIV stigma. Educational campaigns would also target women in black and Hispanic communities in an effort to encourage them to take charge of their sexuality.
The third strategy involves institutional changes within the healthcare sector. It is imperative that healthcare providers install at least two condom dispensers for every block. This would allow individuals, irrespective of their cultural background or citizen status or economic station, to obtain the condoms and practice safe sex (Jones et al, 2002). As much as there are varied way in which individuals could become HIV positive, unsafe sex has been cited as the key culprit. This could also be complemented by the provision of free ARVs (Anti-Retroviral drugs) in the healthcare centers. These provisions coupled with education in the communities about the importance of practicing safe sex and being faithful to one partner, would go a long way in slowing the infection rate (Malow et al, 2000). These should be installed within a month’s time.
It is recommended that clinical settings incorporate routine opt-out screening services for HIV offered to patients aged between 13 and 64. This is the age-group that has the highest prevalence rates in the country. These screening efforts could be expanded to non-clinical settings within a year so as to detect undiagnosed cases of HIV.
Potential Barriers & Challenges
As is the case for every initiative, this initiative is expected to meet a number of challenges. This is especially considering that sexuality is still a taboo topic among some groups such as Hispanics (Malow et al, 2000). It is expected that the targeted communities would be relatively disinterested in participating in the education campaigns. On the same note, the financial burden especially with regard to provision of free condoms, as well as ARVs is a significant challenge for the initiative. However, the financial challenges could be combated through collaboration with government agencies, corporations, as well as private entities. On the same note, seeking for sponsors in the corporate world would be helpful in combating the financial challenge (Malow et al, 2000). The disinterest of the public in the educational campaigns would be combated through collaboration with community help groups and organizations. These are seen as less rigid and are likely to have gained more acceptance among the communities especially due to their non-alignment with government agencies (Jones et al, 2002).
Intended Outcomes and their Evaluation
The strategies outlined are, on the whole, aimed at eliminating the barriers to the seeking of treatment among the varied groups in Miami. It is expected that these efforts will decrease the rates of new infections and increase the numbers of individuals seeking healthcare services for HIV/ AIDS (Jones et al, 2002). In addition, it is expected that women in the targeted communities will be participating in these campaigns and coming out in large numbers with time. Their infection rates are expected to decrease with time. Different but closely linked results would be used in measuring the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
The increased awareness education would be measured using data pertaining to changes in the number of individuals who seek screening services.
The installation of dispensers, provision of free ARVs and the incorporation of routine opt-out screening services for HIV offered to patients aged between 13 and 64 in clinical and non-clinical setting would have its outcomes measured using data on the number of individuals who seek screening services, as well the decreased rates of new infections (Walton et al, 2004). The comprehensive education campaigns would have their outcomes measured through the increased number of HIV infected individuals coming clean about their health status and the increased participation of such individuals in the campaigns and education. It is expected that more individuals will come out to be tested and even take up the treatment (Walton et al, 2004). This data will be obtained after every six months, so as to get the differences in the number of new infections and any changes in the same. It is expected that there will be a decrease in the numbers of new infections, with more individuals seeking treatment. The goals of the proposal will be attained through decreased rates of new infections.
References
Brown, E., (2002). Recruitment Feasibility and HIV Prevention Intervention Acceptability Among Rural North Florida Blacks. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 19(3).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2010). Vital Signs. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns” http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns
Dyer, J. G. (2003). The black cloud over the Sunshine State: Health disparities in South Florida. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 10(20), 50-55.
Jones, S. G, Messmer. P R., Charron, S. A., & Pams, M. (2002). HIV-positive women and minority patients’ satisfaction with inpatient hospital care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 16(3), 127-134.
Malow, R. M., Cassagnol, T, McMahon, R., Jennings, T. E., & Roatta, V G. (2000). Relationship of psychosocial factors to HIV risk among Haitian women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12(1), 79-92
Sanchez, J., Suarez, G., Serna, C., & Rosa, M.D. (2008). The Latino Migrant Worker HIV Prevention Program: building a community partnership through a community health worker training program. Fam Community Health, 35(2).
Purnell, L. (2008). The Purnell model for cultural competence. In L. Purnell & B. Paulanka (Eds.) Transcultural health care: A culturally competent approach (3rd ed., p. 25). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, Co.
Spencer, L., S., Trepka, M., Liberti, T., Cohen, L., & Romero, J. (2006). HIV/AIDS patients who move to urban Florida Counties following a diagnosis of HIV: Predictors and implications for HIV prevention. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83(6). doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9128-4
Villar, O.M.L., Vamos, S., Jones, D.L., Lopez, E., & Weiss, S.M. (2011). A cultural perspective on sexual health: HIV positive and negative monolingual Hispanic women in South Florida. Hispanic Health Care International, 9(2).
Walton, D. A., Farmer, P E., Lambert, W, Leandre, F, Koenig, S. P, & Mukherjee, J .S. (2004). Integrated HIV prevention and care strengthens primary health care: Lessons from rural Haiti. Joumal of Public Health Policy, 25(2), 137-58
At the beginning of the story of the ‘Greasy lake’ we are introduced to three boys who are looking for trouble
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Question 1.
At the beginning of the story of the ‘Greasy lake’ we are introduced to three boys who are looking for trouble. The narrator and the two other boys are depicted as adventurous as they head to look for trouble. The urge of looking for trouble makes the three young boys look like daredevils. They want to look bad and dangerous. Although they possess different characters, they are united for a common course, and that is looking for trouble. The unnamed narrator is desperate to appear bad and dangerous at the beginning of the story. He tries to seem passive and cool. Eventually, he reveals that he is actually nervous. Digby can be described as a dangerous character. He takes the leadership role and leads the others in starting trouble. Of the three, Jeff is characterized by inaction. He seems to be lazy and uncertain. The three boys want to look for trouble, and that’s the reason they found their way to the Greasy Lake. Eventually, the problems escalate making them frightened. They realize that they never wanted to be involved in such a mess. Instead of becoming the bad boys, they realize that it is not worth and don’t want to be anymore. I do sympathize with the three boys due to their actions. They wanted to look rebellious, attacking innocent people. Due to this, they end up hiding rather than enjoying the coolness of being bad boys. Their freedom is restricted, and they forego the rebellious character. The narrator begins to grasp the seriousness of the situation after he knocks out a man down. They don’t know whether he is dead or not. They all run away to hid in the weeds. They feared of being tracked for their actions.
Question 2
At the beginning of the story, Greasy Lake is depicted as a symbol. A lake contains waters to which every person wants to explore. At the age of 19 years and a being brought up in a community with changing values, the boys are in dire need for freedom. The curiosity leads them to the greasy lake. The lake is not a representation of nature. The boys want to test the waters of independence. Through this, they want to find their own definition of a man. The setting of the story provides a perfect escape from the normal home life. Being at the lake is adventurous, and the freedom they want will be guaranteed. Being in a lake guarantees the freedom as everyone around that region is occupied with exploration. As the name of the lake suggests ‘Greasy’ something sinister was going to happen. The boys make a grief mistake that result from bad decisions. Just like testing the waters may seem cool, the story begins with promising freedom. Before they could even enjoy their independence, the boys are transformed into a monster, beating innocent people. The mood of the story is depicted by the dark and smelling stench of the Greasy Lake. The smelly stench is a depiction of how rebellion from the norms would be being lost and perceived as outcasts. The narrators setting has changed in that he thought that he wanted to be bad but ended up hiding due to the mistakes he committed out of the curiosity of being a bad boy. Boyle repeats the phrase ‘this was nature’ for a purpose. He wants to show that this was a normal thing that happens all the time. Being rebellious was normal, and the consequences are known. The boys are not the first people to desire to be cool by being rebellious, and therefore it becomes nature.
Question 3
In literature, water is a representation of spirituality and transition. The fact that the lake is greasy and polluted is a representation of the society at the time. The three young boys’ rebellious behavior is aspired by the desires to look cool in the society which is attained by being bad and dangerous. The narrator huddles out of the water near a bloated dead body of ‘Al’ breaking down into tears. The reason behind is that he realizes they are not truly bad as they had thought. They as well don’t want to be bad. They just admire the image of being bad and dangerous without getting into the hardships. The results of the narrator make him want to revert. He wants to go back to the safety of his hope and to his parents. The true dangers that led to the dead body was not part of the boys’ expectations. The narrator wants to go back to his cautioned life. While coming out of the water, he recognizes that there are people who live in badness. But despite this, he realizes that being bad is filled with insecurity that had led them into the mess they are in as well as the dangers that culminate in the floating body of the dead motorcycle owner are not meant for him. The presence of the dead body, therefore, is a representation of the evils caused by being rebellious in the attempt of becoming bad and dangerous. After leaving the waters, he contemplates that being bad is not meant for him. He needs to be a good person in accordance with the religion to avoid the stretching smell which are the consequences of being bad.
Reference
Boyle, T. C. (1986). Greasy Lake and other stories. Penguin.