Recent orders
Use of violent methods of protesting
Use of violent methods of protesting
Authorities enforce rules. The rules enforced might or might not be received by the subjects. In most cases, the oppressive rules are made to benefit the minority who are in power at the expense of the majority. Oppressive rules are rules that are not popular to the subjects. They have a characteristic of letting the majority being used to maximize gain on the part of the few who are in power. As a result, the subjects could find a way of protesting against oppressive rule. The question at hand is whether to use violent or nonviolent methods of protesting. Nonviolent methods are peaceful and intelligently expressed (Hedican 2013, p. 234). They include the use of dialogue and official communication to bring both parties to an understanding. On the other hand, violent methods involve the use of force to get demands. They are associated with destruction of property as well as acute misunderstanding with the authority.
The use of violent methods of eliminating oppressive rule is common in many organizations as well as countries. Violence was used by many nations in the world to acquire independence from their colonizers. It has succeeded in many instances. However, it has adverse effects on subjects as well as the authorities. It has led to loss of life of the subjects, as a result, of the defensive mechanism used by the authority. In addition, the category of methods has led to destruction of property (Tripp 2013, p. 56). As a result, several concerned world organizations are calling for the use of a better method of protesting against oppressive rule. In relation to that, the authorities involved do identify key participants in the events and subject them to punishment. Most authorities or managements are always opposed to protesting of their rules. Some organizations respond to the nonviolent methods while some act best in response to violent methods.
The object in this case is the method of getting rid of oppressive rule. The acceptability of the method is determined by several factors. Some organizations and countries practice dictatorship. In such a situation, the authorities do not use the views of the majority or the public to come up with policies that are accepted. Such authorities would not even allow the subjects to comment on the policies being enforced. In fact, they would even use force to stabilize the situation. Subjects could apply a method of protesting against the oppressive rule in order to call for a rectification for the subject matter (Moore 2008, p. 34). The first option is usually nonviolent method. Otherwise, if that fails, the violent methods come. More so, an organization that comes up with an oppressive rule on the subjects is aware and would not encourage opposition to the matter. As a result, subjects resort to violent methods as they are louder than nonviolent methods. If there were a good relationship between the subjects and the authority, violent methods would be irrelevant.
The main evaluation claim is that the authorities make the oppressive rules intentionally. A stable and democratic organization collects the views of the public and subjects before making a conclusion. They would then analyze the requirements of the majority. The final rule would face minimal opposition from the subjects (Hedican 2013, p. 67). On the other hand, organization and countries that practice dictatorship do not collect the views of their subjects in making policies. As a result, they might come up with rules that are not accepted by the majority. In such cases, the authorities are aware of the oppressive rules that they impose on their subjects. In fact, they use much force in enforcing the oppressive policies. It would be impossible to succeed with nonviolent methods of protesting in dictatorship cases. The most effective method in such cases is violent methods of protesting.
Nonviolent methods are appropriate in situations an understanding exists between the concerned parties. Governments and authorities prefer the methods because they have little impact in expressing the views of the subjects. Otherwise, the methods are only applicable in selected situations. They include dialogue and making official communication between the concerned parties. They are more intelligent approach than more violent methods. The methods do not undermine the relationship between the subjects and the authority. They show a high level of diplomacy among the participants (O’Brien et al. 2009, p. 50). The parties involved sitting in a round table to give their decisions on the subject matter and come up with a solution. If necessary, peaceful protest can be done. The methods maintain a good reputation of the participants. Nonviolent methods do not result to destruction of property. Those are the arguments put across by those for the idea of nonviolent methods.
Violent methods of getting rid of oppressive rules possess some characteristics that enable their function. They are mostly applied in situations where there is no proper relationship between the subjects and the authority. When the relationship has already been undermined, resorting to violence takes the relationship to the same direction but sends a message to the concerned party. The methods are an expression of absolute anger and are extreme. The methods are an appropriate counteraction of that used by the authority to enforce the unpopular rules. The authorities after being aware of lack of popularity of their policies use force tomake the policies work (Scandiffio 2012, p. 145). It is appropriate to use force and violence in order to cause change. Violence leads to massive destruction that shows the emotions of the people in relation to the oppression rule.
The use of violent methods of protesting against oppressive rule is effective as confirmed by successful cases. Colonized nations had to use the means to acquire their independence. The nations engaged in war to fight their enemies of the solution were to give them independence. They even risked their lives such that many people were killed in the process of fighting for freedom (Tripp 2013, p. 321). Peaceful negotiations could not succeed at first as the colonizers were aware of the oppressions that they subjected people. Therefore, they could not allow views of the subjects regarding their system of government. The only way to end those was by violent methods of protesting. The method is widely applied in non-democratic states especially in Africa. Africa still wallows in abject dictatorship whereby the citizens are subjected to oppressive rules. Successful cases have had the practice brought to an end using violence. People have sacrificed their lives to enable their countries achieve freedom.
There is what makes violence an appropriate method in solving the issue at hand. There is a criterion of determining the most effective method. The main purpose of our object is to create change. The most effective method would be that which would create change. In the examples I cited above the subjects had tried to negotiate with the authority. However, the negotiations were in vain (Moore 2008, p. 67). The method that created change was the violent method. The general criterion that qualifies violent methods is its ability to be felt by the authority. A democratic authority does not require much feeling effect to accept change. On the other hand, a non-democratic organization requires intensive feeling of to accept change. The intensive feeling can only be expressed in a better way by violent methods. The qualification of violent methods to protest is their ability to be felt by stubborn authority.
I agree with the fact that nonviolent methods can be applied to eliminate oppressive rules. However, it can only be applied in some situations. Nonviolent methods are applicable to understanding authorities. In this case, the authorities welcome and respect the views of their subjects as well as eternal parties (O’Brien et al. 2009, p. 45). The methods are also applicable in instances where the authorities respond fast to the grievances of the public. Those for nonviolent methods argue that the methods are peaceful and more organized than violent methods. However, some governments and managements do not give their subjects to give their opinions on matters that concern them. It would be impossible to avoid violence in the process of expressing grievances. Nonviolent method does the part of relaying the message to the authority. Nevertheless, certain instances require an intensive expression of ones feeling. The authority further feels it. Most governments ignore nonviolent methods as they only pass the message and do not show the impression.
References
Hedican, J. (2013). Ipperwash: The tragic failure of Canada’s Aboriginal policy. Toronto, U.S: University of Toronto Press.
Moore, J. (2008). Birthed from scorched hearts:Women respond to war. Golden, CL: Fulcrum.
O’Brien, S., & O’Brien, E. (2009).After Gandhi: One hundred years of nonviolent resistance. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge.
Scandiffio, L. (2012). People who said no courage against oppression. Toronto, U.S: Annick Press.
Tripp, C. (2013). The power and the people: Paths of resistance in the Middle East. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Health Information Exchange
Health Information Exchange
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139516” Health Information Exchange PAGEREF _Toc377139516 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139517” History of HIE PAGEREF _Toc377139517 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139518” The Challenge PAGEREF _Toc377139518 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139519” How health information currently is exchanged PAGEREF _Toc377139519 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139520” Privacy and security concerns PAGEREF _Toc377139520 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139521” Implementation of the system PAGEREF _Toc377139521 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139522” Benefits of HIE PAGEREF _Toc377139522 h 6
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139523” Underlying justification of HIE PAGEREF _Toc377139523 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc377139524” References PAGEREF _Toc377139524 h 8
Health Information ExchangeHealth Information Exchange is a technological aspect of sharing health records of patients between hospitals, regions or health institutions. The mobilization of the health information in electronic form can attribute to the development of computer technology and its counterpart the internet. This has led to a system, globally that can help doctors and clinicians to share information, mostly their patients’ records for the benefit of the nation and the general public. In defining the subject within a health care scope rather than the technology viewpoint, we can gain immense knowledge health information exchange. When is health care information exchange used? The health care system is a complex one. It includes doctors in private hospitals, and institutions, and research centers. The majorities of the players in the system either support the information exchange or set up policies that govern the system the elements of a health information exchange according to Roop (2011), there are ten elements of health information exchange. These include stakeholder engagement, stakeholder trust, clearly articulated vision and values, maximum functionality. Others include, documented milestones, strong management to lead the team. This is ensured, one; flexibility and two; efficiency of the system. The elements are further discussed in the paper, further our understanding of the healthcare information exchange. There are several establishments of health care exchange institutions.
The communities are independent from government while others dependent on the government system. This issue here is to provide a platform for both the private and the public players in the health care system. This research paper discusses the history of health care information system exchange, the challenges of health care information exchange and the remedy to the challenges.
In health care, the health information exchange is guarded by the policies that government implements. Since it concerns the citizen, the government and any involved institution must follow strict regulations not to breach any privacy laws. This includes the doctors and other employees. In health care, the health information exchange is guarded by the policies that government implements. Since it concerns the citizen, the government and any involved institution must follow strict regulations not to breach any privacy laws. This includes the doctors and other employees.
History of HIEIn the 1980s and the 1990s the concept of health information exchange was conceptualized by several institutions. Health care organization adapted to interoperability as a solution to solving the problem of patient information exchange. Organizations like Intermountain HealthCare, and Wishard Memorial Hospital demonstrated the need for HIE. In 2010, there was a milestone achievement in the health care community. In March 2010, ONC announced the state health information or State HIE. The State HIE efforts are to build capacity and platform for exchange of health information across the health care information system in between the states, and the nation. The history of health information exchange came as part of the technology boom. Since the dawn of the computer and the internet, there has been inter organizational systems enabled the exchange of information between them. The need to share information was critical in defining efficient, effective means of offering. In the past two years, health information exchanges (HIEs) have experienced a rapid makeover. Achieving sustainability and increasing functionality. These two points optimize the need to satisfy health care institutions.
The threatening fact that pushed the evolution and implementation was the publication of “to err is human” Institute of Medicine Report (1999), reported health of Americans was in threat, there was a move to address the matter quickly. Mechanisms are placed to set up health information exchanges that could help the public health.
The ChallengeThe issues associated with technology and computers haunt every technological aspect of any system. For the health care systems, the challenges come about as part of privacy concerns, ethical issues, and security concerns. A second category of problems or challenges facing health care information exchange can be identified by the information itself. For instance, fragmented personal health information.
How health information currently is exchangedHealth information exchange is attributed to the increased public health systems. From sharing patient information and data between health institutions, health care community can benefit immensely. Health care information exchange is used to share patient records in public hospitals, research centers based on health issues associated.
Privacy and security concerns
Health information exchange plays an important role in the society. Its implementation means it is data driven technology. Diana Manos (2007) identifies that the issues with privacy is a hurdle that hinders the progress of health information exchange. According to the article, she attributes the issue to lack of trust among shareholders; the implemented business model needs that hospital, employers and insurers exchange patient health information without consent from patients. Privacy breach is eminent in this kind of situation. Without consulting the American patients’ records and use of the same without permission is a breach of privacy laws.
Privacy issues in the health care information exchange can be addressed by allowing the main shareholders; the American patients take control of their information. They allow access and utilization of any information they deem possible to be restricted and not be used in their context.
Identity management, the need to identify and accurately share information is a hurdle for HIEs. To maintain data or patients information integrity, there is need to define how the identification of a patients info ration can be linked to the source or the data provider. A clear relation between the two can mean a lot to the health care information exchange. The possible solution is to implement of a universal or nationwide registry. The registry can identify the patient information and link them to the source. This can either be an insurance company, a pharmacy or a governmental hospital.
Fragmented personal challenge to the health care information exchange. The need to consolidate patient’s health records is one major challenge faced by the health care community. Without better information management systems to identify information in the health care information exchange, the system’s efficiency can be ruined hindering exchange of information between health organization and other institutions.
Interoperability challenges, interoperability is the bridging of two or more systems, different in implementation, processing and usage can be related together. In this context, the health care information exchange systems. The need to define how different health care systems operate is a challenge posed to the stakeholders and the government. The solution for interoperability is to develop a standard platform for all health care information exchange in the nation. The standardized platform must be inclusive of the small and larger health care information exchange systems.
Changes in insurance cover, and rely on multiple insurance providers. The insurance community plays a major role in health information exchange. In the US, insurance issuers with different products tailored for different patients. They need to be unique by a business in the insurance industry possess as a hurdle for healthcare information exchange. This issuance of different insurance policies to the public can cause problems in the health community. From a technical viewpoint, there will be the need to integrate every policy issued into the system. It also depends on the rate of change of the policies. Insurance companies do change their policies to fit the customers. The rates directly affect how health care information exchange works. Meaning, several updates to the patient records must be available from the insurance and or any other source deemed relevant by the health care community.
Another challenge facing the health information exchange is the increase in specialist care. Specialty-care means a completely dissimilar set of records patients. Since specialty care involves special treatment, there can be situations where lack of complete information on a patient compromises the health care information exchange. A doctor asking for a complete patient record might find it hard to check the health background of the patient.
Implementation of the systemImplementation of healthcare information exchange has been on the rise since its realization in 2010. Through health care information exchange, physicians can improve collaboration locally and between states. From a technical standpoint, the information can be used to identify patients in the nation, delivering a new way of person credentials.
Benefits of HIEWhen computers were invented there was the need to process, disseminate and store large amount of information. This concept enables the information sharing concept businesses aspect. Health care is one category that has seen radical changes in using technology. Application of health information exchange has brought about benefits to the health care community. The following benefits are identified for implementation of health information exchange. Health information exchange provides a platform for improving “quality and safety of patients”, reports a HealthIT (2009) report by minimizing medication and medical errors. Human is to error, and the issuance of double medication or test can be avoided by using heath information exchange systems. The system will automatically update the patient’s record keeping it up to date. Secondly, it encourages end user education and “patients’ involvement in their own health care by allowing them to access information from different location” HealthIT (2009). The involvement is important to maintaining patient data integrity.
Perhaps the most tiring processes in health care are the amount of paperwork. Heavily dependent on paperwork, to store information on their patients. Electronic storage of the same data in health information exchange systems increases the efficiency by eliminating paperwork. For instance, is a physician can request a background check on a patient to administer medication; they can just referee to the available records from other health care institution through the health information exchange. More to the heath information exchange is the support tools that provide doctors, nurses and clinicians with “decision support tools for more effective treatment and care” Menachemi (2012), to the patient. This can be a decision support tools that help the doctors make decisions on a patient’s health.
Once a test is carried out on a patient, there will be no need to carry out subsequent tests on the same patient. This eliminates the issue with redundant or unnecessary testing of the patient since there are records showing the test data. Wager (2013) states, health care reports rely heavily on patients’ records from different hospitals and Medicare establishments. The government and non-profit organizations can also access information form the health information exchange to publish reports and monitoring health of the nation. In addition benefits include, a feedback options to the health related research community and the actual application of research results in the health care community. The feedback mechanism is important because it enhances health research. Health information exchange (HIE) facilitate efficient and successful deployment of new and emerging technology into the health care services. This leads to reduce health related costs for the general public. It also provides a foundation of technical structure for control by national initiatives. Lastly, the health information exchange “provides a lower level of interoperability among electronic health records (EHRs)” holds Wager (2013), which is “maintained by individual physicians and organizations”, Wager (2013),. Interoperability demonstrates how information sharing can be beneficial in health care.
Underlying justification of HIEReferencing from the benefits stated above, the need to implement an HIE is important in that it streamlines the process of health care in the nation. Its justification is completely acceptable in that it far outweigh its shortcoming to provide a platform for research and health care practices.
Role of networks
The role of networks in the health information exchange is basic. The available network links different health care systems to each other and enable the transmission of data and patient records in different formats. The need for data exchange between physicians is met through record sharing of patient’s health data..
Privacy and security
Privacy of information in the internet age is a challenging fact. The issue of a patient’s record being used contrary to the agreement states is a privacy breach. Diana (2007) indicts the process of revealing user information to the mistrusts among shareholder, including health care bodies, private clinics and hospitals.
ReferencesElizabeth S. Roop (14th 2011). For the Record. Ten Elements of a Successful HIE. Retrieved on 9th Dec 2013. Retrieved From HYPERLINK “http://www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/021411p10.shtml” http://www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/021411p10.shtml
Vest, J. R. (2011). Health information exchange: The determinants of usage and the impact on utilization. S.l.: Proquest, Umi Dissertation.
HealthIT. 2009 November. HIE Benefits. Health Information Exchange (HIE). Retrieved on 9th Dec 2013, Retrieved from http://www.healthit.gov/providers-professionals/health-information-exchange/hie-benefits
Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., & Glaser, J. P. (2013). Health care information systems: A practical approach for health care management.
Harman, L. B., & American Health Information Management Association. (2006). Ethical challenges in the management of health information. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Menachemi, N., & Singh, S. K. (2012). Health information technology in the international context. Bingley, U.K: Emerald.
Use Of Vancomycin
Use Of Vancomycin
Student’s Name
University
Course
Professor
Date
Use of Vancomycin
BA, a 72year old male, is admitted to the inpatient department for intravenous antibiotics, wound debridement, and management of his right great toe. He has past cellulitis ulcers, complicated with wound culture positive for MRSA
The subjective data: patient reports stepping on an exposed carpet tack while walking two months ago at his home, which caused a cut at his right toe .he reports the area has never healed fully, and the wound seems to be getting bigger. He reports an increased redness and fowl whitish-yellow discharge on his socks over the past week. He complains of fever, chills, and sweats over the past several days. He has been using ibuprofen for the pain without any relief. The patient often reports not self-monitoring his blood glucose levels at home. He also confirms no known allergies.
In the systematic review, he denies weight loss, weakness, or fatigue. Concerning the HEENT system, he denies visual changes or loss and no signs of upper respiratory tract infection. He denies chest pain, discomfort, and pressure on cardiovascular system review. Respiratory wise, no signs of DIB or lower respiratory tract infection
Objective data
No distress was noted on observation .patient can communicate and comprehend verbal instructions. Vitally, the patient is stable with a pulse rate of 93b.p.m, respiratory rate of 19b.p.m and blood pressure 130/70mm/hg, and temperature of 101f.he has a weight of 152lbs.on auscultation, there is scattered expiratory wheezes s1 and s2 of the heard records regular rate and rhythm. On palpation, the abdomen is soft and non-tender. Bowel sounds were noted four times. The extremities are bilateral with one pitting edema. There was a 3cm necrotic concentric wound on the plantar surface of the right hallux, first metatarsal head. Local wound symptoms were noted, including cellulitis. Black Escher noted around edges with a soft yellow appearance towards the center of the wound. The wound produces a moderate amount of creamy yellow purulent exudate.
An x-ray of the right foot indicates minimal soft tissue swelling on the dorsum of the foot. Question of mild cortical irregularity at first MTP joint. more investigations to be done. An MRI done confirms osteo edema and osteomyelitis the lab works doesn’t indicate signs of AKIThe goal of treatment on the osteomyelitis is to complete eradication of infection while preserving the soft tissue, healing the bone segment, and preserving the length function of the limb
Assessment
A: IBW(ideal body weight)
Patient height 5feet 8inches
IBW=50+2.3(each inch over 5feet)
=50+2.3(8)
=50+18.4
=68.4kgs
B: choice of body weight this is the adjusted body weight
ADJBW=IBW+0.4*(ABW-IBW)
ABW=152Pounds
1pound=0.454
152pounds=?
125*0.454/1
69.008kgs
ADJBW=68.4+0.4*(69.008-68.4)
=68.4+0.4*(0.608)
=68.4+0.2432
=68.6432Kgs
C: creatinine clearance(CrCl)
CrCl=[114-(0.8*age)]/creatinine level In mg/dl
=[114-(0.8*72)]/1.4
=[114-57.6]/1.4
=56.4/1.4
=40.29
D:ke
=0.00083*CrCl+0.0044
=0.00083*40.29+0.0044
=0.0334+0.0044
=0.0378
E:half life(T1/2)
=0.693/Ke
=0.693/0.0378
=18.3333
F_Tau=6*{72/[(10*cl)+1.9]}
CL=(CrCl*0.0075)+0.004
=(40.29*0.0075)+0.004
=0.3022+0.04
CL=0.3422
Tau=6*{72/[(10*0.3422)+1.9]}
=6*{72/[3.422+1.9]
=6*{72/5.322}
=6*13.5287
=81.1722
G: loading dose
a) standard loading dose
25-30mg/kg
=25*69.008
=1725.2mgs
Approximately 2000mgs
30*69.008
=2070.24mgs
Approximately 2250mgs
b) modified loading dose
Applies when CrCl is less than 30 and no signs of AKI, plus the patient shouldn’t be on CRRT
20-25mg/kg
=20*69.008
=1380.16mgs
Approximately 1500mgs
25*69.008
=1725.2
Approximately 2000mgs
H: maintenance dose
For CrCl of (30-50), dose of 10-15mg/kg
10*69.008
=690.08mg
Approximately 1000mgs
Or
15*69.008
=1035.12mgs
Approximately 1250mgs
I: expected trough and peak concentrations for maintenance doses
The expected peak is an hour after the 3rd dose
The expected trough is 30mins before 3rd dose
It is within the standard rate of infusion, which is two to three doses in 24hours, where one gram runs over 60mins. The duration of treatment is 7 to 21days. The standard infusion rate is important to prevent erythematous rash on the upper body and face. Vancomycin should be administered intravenously due to its low oral bioavailability. Close monitoring is key in vancomycin to avoid nephrotoxicity