Recent orders
health concerns fror the military. sebas
Health concerns Budget for the military
Table of Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121478” Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc351121478 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121479” Military health PAGEREF _Toc351121479 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121480” Health problems PAGEREF _Toc351121480 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121481” Consequences of the health problems PAGEREF _Toc351121481 h 5
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121482” Health strategies for the military PAGEREF _Toc351121482 h 7
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121483” Implementation of the health policies PAGEREF _Toc351121483 h 8
HYPERLINK l “_Toc351121484” Works Cited PAGEREF _Toc351121484 h 13
Executive SummaryThe military as a defense organization is a vital arm of the state. This defense institution is also an essential unit for nations worldwide and is recognized with the significant role of ensuring citizen’s safety and secure territorial layers globally. Military health is a major concern for everyone; it is a priority but a neglected duty on the concerned organization management authority. These have led to a sense of responsible action measure on the health issues affecting the effective progress of the defense system personnel. The military health concerns emerge from varied complex factors ranging from internal and external matters that constitute a large attribute to the related impact on the wellbeing of these individuals. Some of the notable factors for military health include diseases and complex condition attributes, hazardous exposure, medically unexplained situations, mental trauma, alcohols, consistent drug abuse, physical injuries and work adjustments. Budgets should be considered with extreme significance when it concerns the health of our military.
Military healthMilitary health is mostly controlled by behavioral and substance in take and consumption. This challenges the basic ground for critical and appropriate reasoning. Further the challenges are catalyzed by the common human drug approach that drugs and alcohol tend to offset depression and trauma. It further points to addiction habits, combat preparation, and retain composure during crisis. These opinions have led to severe engagement of violent acts of misconduct, temporal code of professional ethos, rough disciplinary action, and even death penalties. In some cases, the servicemen have been witnessed to quit their duties due to the overwhelming problems. The military personnel has had to take the responsibility of unauthorized action of some drug addicts that have tainted the military image and brought untold misery and consequences to the defense department. Military fatality rates have grown in number due to combat with terrorists, gunmen and other international criminal element.
Health problemsMental problems are the most commonly experienced challenges in the military. These problems have challenged the reasoning ability, failed the individuals on mind test exercises, and prompted dismissal of servicemen without proper investigations. Some of the notable health consequences include alteration disorders, apprehension and alcoholic abuse (Taube, pg. 117). Adjustment disorders are a situation that the officers find uneasy to erase violent experience that they have undergone over periods in battle zones. These may even be family related when they face divorce problems or have ended relationship; this greatly affects the well being of the soldiers and creates a depression. Most of these problems are common in troops that are on constant deployment, those in junior ranks and junior years of service.
Servicemen are also exposed to distressing events and violent happenings. This is a shortcoming to the defense department and has a diverse effect even on the execution of formal orders. The distressing period is normally followed by extreme nightmares and may become complex and bring other psychological problems that create unrest (Taube, pg117). Post-traumatic symptoms comprise of anxiety feelings, lack of wise decision making, memories of intrusive and surplus thoughts of disturbing events, having complexity in sleeping, feeling ill-tempered or irritated, ending relationships, refraining from exercises that trigger distasteful emotions. These actions eventually frustrate the servicemen who resort alcohol as an immediate solution or for comfort. Painful memories from the battle fields make some of the servicemen imagine of the real untold misery.
Consequences of the health problemsStigma among the military personnel is a great threat that imposes lack of self-confidence, mutual understanding, and spikes segregation of the affected individuals. This situation is posed in the training condition where the servicemen are trained on resilience and ability to withstand hostile environment. During this period, some individuals would want to be seen as courageous. When there is a posing challenge or hard training to pursue, inferiority takes shape and they become mentally challenged of the embraced harassment. Situations like this affect the military career to an adversely great extent since the personnel are forced to hand in early resignation.
Physical injuries are a common problem in the military; this is incurred during combat in the battlefields. Some of the physical injuries may be as a result of exposure to attacks from combat artillery and ambush from gunmen (Adler, pg 156). Faulty weapons have contributed to many physical injuries in the military. During combat training and weapon tests, some artillery has been seen to wound the servicemen and some have been permanently disabled as a result. Exposure to harmful chemicals during the radioactive tests drills has had some individuals come in contact with the dangerous substances causing infection in the body systems. The exposure has, for example, resulted in eye sight complications, skin irritation, and breathing difficulties. Poor training environment has generated to challenge in health conditions.
The servicemen exposed to poor training environments and poor feeding programs have succumbed to these injuries. A common depressing manipulation of poor military service is the continued intake of alcohol. Troops from deployment and operations drink at an alarming rate. This behavior has long term effects on their health, communal and career functioning. Rank is a generating factor that has affected the service minority personnel. Fear of confidentiality to share affecting issues is familiar, and the junior or regular personnel struggle to hide the miseries during the service terms (Adler, pg. 156). This has created a negative overview of the military service and bad implications to the department of defense at large.
Fatal combats that claim the lives of military personnel are a common factor that has continued to challenge the health of servicemen. During this period, families of the fallen soldiers are not regarded with the expected compensation scheme that last a lifetime. The serving officers who have a fallen comrade painfully take notice of these treatments that do not embrace professionalism. The knowledge acquired through civilian training can be practical to combat situations; however, most of the skills cannot apply in battle fields.
Combat injuries often involve fast moving ammunition that causes injuries different from incidents in civilian disturbance centers. Injuries from full blast explosions are normally severe and consequential in nature. Blast wounds and extreme missile wounds are very complex particularly in terrorist attack. These missiles are cheap, easy to purchase and have a destructive effect; the explosives include striking military hardware from terrorists, while the injuries from rebel attacks also result from explosive blasts. In battlefields, tissue loss and fast contamination extent are extremely common (Adler, pg. 156). Contagion and soft-tissue damage caused by improvised, explosive devices entail aggressive treatment approach than most gunfire wounds. Regardless of degree, explosive injuries are qualitatively diverse from gun blast wounds.
Health strategies for the militaryMajor health solutions have been put in place to impact positively on the operation of military officers. Professional institutes have been paired with the military units to provide access to quality healthcare, pharmaceutical supplies, and permanent medical consultations. In order to meet required commander operations, these medical professional are deployed appropriately and effectively. They mobilize and respond fast to changing security settings, disaster prone areas, emergency evacuation missions, and casualty recording events. The personnel categorize, expand and protract critical military capability in operational procedures. Medical promptness ensures service members clean of health-related conditions that limit the capacity to aggressively accomplish assigned missions.
Necessary provision are now a package of improvements employed as the Government’s assurance to provide military and other individuals making the transition from military service to civilian life in standard health care diagnosis level. They include assurances to all victims of combat casualty to receive early and inclusive assessment of their basic needs in future before they retire from service; high quality care policies to servicemen continuing with healthcare requirements based on a regular appraisal of their requirements approved by ranking military personnel; grant funding to regular officers and individuals experiencing combat stress to work directly with mental health confidential program as a guarantee on the services provided are available and suitable for military personnel.
The government has involved interpersonal allocation of related organization that has experience working with servicemen worldwide. This is to allocate advice, knowledge, and standard practice to improve services for the military. An entitlement to all combat individuals who had disabilities during service in the Armed Forces to obtain, standard prosthetic limb compensation program and free treatment from the Defense Medical Services is an outcome of the technological advancement.
Appointed governmental commissions from intentional Health Authority, working with Care Trust Departments, are established to ensure the provision of the armed forces requirements, their families and Veterans become inclusive in plans and service stipulation. Equally important is an implementation of the efficient retirement benefits act to be implemented for the veterans. This will include awareness of veterans’ category of new patients to ensure that they receive an entitlement to precedence treatment on injuries or illness complication arising from their time in serving.
Implementation of the health policiesThe long term mental healthcare of military is currently working with the Department of Health and the charity Combat Stress to steer a new community-based model for the mental healthcare of military (Burrelli,pg 187). The intended plan for the program is to make expertise in military psychological health issues available to health professionals through a sequence of regional clinical networks, a military Community psychological Health facility. and a specialist centre with an interest in psychological injury. This facility will comprise of a group of servicemen psychological Health Therapist. The scheme will provide services that can be accessed easily by veterans suffering from anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder with diagnosis and treatment of (PTSD). The objective is to focus on veterans whose psychological health needs are not being met by their local psychological health services.
The main course of this program is that military will have the right of entry to the service through multiple routes which include self referral, the charitable sector, the Servicemen Welfare Service and through an individual’s service unit. Referrals from resident psychiatric services, such as Combat Stress, will also be accepted.
Following an early review, individuals should be directed to appropriate treatment and support from their service unit or area psychological health services, with or without the support of the community therapist or others with relevant military knowledge (Burrelli,pg 187). Individuals with severe needs that require expert assessment and treatment may be referred as an in-patient to a combat stress care home. The intention is to involve the service unit and keep them informed at all times.
Reserved psychological health program have been considered and new psychological healthcare program for reservists would be established. The psychological health program will be accessible to former and current members of the volunteer and regular reserves who have been demobilized due their deployment overseas.
The Ministry of defense contributes funds to the charity Combat Stress which aims to address the psychological health concerns of veterans. The Government announced a donation for Combat Stress to work with psychological health trusts to guarantee the services they provide are available to and appropriate for the veterans. The department of health donated grants to aid in improving psychological health services and access to services for veterans (Parrish, pg 187). The fund are expected to help the Community Psychiatric Nurses to work in psychological Health Trusts alongside professional Combat Stress groups to create better links between the two and enabling more veterans to be treated closer to their homes and families.
The Psychological Health Help lines will provide assistance for veterans’ to access advice and support 24 hours a day. It also enhance education and training for service unit to facilitate them in identify veterans suffering from psychological health tribulations and provide them with the information and skills to guarantee that veterans get the best feasible treatment
Military health is a concern for the nation. It is evident that the government does not have the guaranteed policies in place to control the fatality rate, compensational schemes-that dwell on the welfare of the servicemen, and adequate medical facilities that work on the combat casualties. There are mental health problems that most of the military department has sidelined away from permanent medical facility and accesses (Parrish, pg 187). This continues to be a threat in the society and for families of the veteran. However the government has come up with many medical strategies to work on the welfare of the military. If these schemes and policies are correctly implemented, they can shape future improvement of servicemen health records. The provision of mental care facilities is a great achievement from the government. This has seen the rehabilitation of traumatized victims of terror and drug influenced addicts make progress. Finally, the allocation of advanced medical facility has had an impact of the death rate graphs. If these facilities could be mobile and accessible at the sight of casualty impact, then the military officers can have an assurance of their healthcare.
Works CitedAdler, Amy B, Paul D. Bliese, and Carl A. Castro. Deployment Psychology: Evidence-based Strategies to Promote Mental Health in the Military. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011. Print
Burrelli, David F. Military Health Care / Champus Management Initiatives. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991. Print
Norris, Fran H. Methods for Disaster Mental Health Research. New York: Guilford Press, 2006. Print.
Parrish, I S. Military Veterans Ptsd Reference Manual. Haverford, Penn: Infinity, 2001. Print.
Taube, Carl A. Veterans with Mental Disorders, 1963-1967: Mental Health Facilities Report. Chevy Chase, Md: National Institute of Mental Health, 1969. Print
Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive
Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Name:
Institution:
Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Summary
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is the most widely used treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders. Although recently there has been evidence that behavioural activation is more effective than conginitive therapy and antidepressant medication for severely depressed adults. Additionally, combining empirically supported therapy relationships and empirically supported principles of therapeutic change with empirically supported treatments like congintive behavioural therapy is equally effective. A historical summary of behavioural therapy can be divided into three generations. The first generation being the traditional behavioural therapy, the second is the cognitive behavioural therapy and the third generation which is currently being used combines several approaches like acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness based cognitive therapy and dialectical behavioural therapy.
Apart from mindfulness and acceptance based congnitive behavioural therapy more overt religious or spiritually-oriented congentive behavioural therapy approaches have been developed recently. Incorporation of sacred scriptures and prayer is a key component during the use of this type of therapy. Professionals intending to use the Christian, biblical approach have to employ the features like cultivating a genuine and empathetic relationship, dealing with the past, paying attention to spiritual aspect of the clients life, paying attention to bigger conrextual factors like societal, familial,cultural and religious influemces and utilizing thorough research methodology.
In the actual practice of thepary there are two main models of professional integration and they are explicit and implicit integration. Implicit integration means using a more concealed approach where the therapist does not initiate the issue of religion or spiritual matters and limits themselves from using spiritual resources directly or systematically. Explicit integration on the other hand involves a much more open approach where a yherapist systematically and directly deals with religious issues and uses religious resources. Another factor to consider when using spiritual or religious oriented cogentive behavioural therapy is the location of practice CITATION Sia07 l 1033 (Tan, 2007). The location of the exercise ca limit the use of explicit Christian oriented therapy. Therapist also use prayers as well as inner healing prayers in their Christian based congentive behavioural therapy. A therapist can choose to use different forms of prayers such as contemplative prayers, inner healing prayers oritercessory prayers. Additionally they can use the prayer in it different dimensions at different times such as before or during or after the therapy session. Finally, a therapist can choose to explicitly pray out loudly or silently.
Reflection
Spiritual or prayer- oriented cognitive behavioural therapy has rapidly become popular with some therapist over the last several years. The journal is an analytical observational study as it was simply measuring and reporting on the treatment of psychological disorders using spiritual-oriented cognitive behavioural therapy and more specifically incorporating prayers in the cognitive behavioural therapy practice. This journal assesses the association between exposure to the use of prayer and scriptures in cogentive behavioural therapy and the outcomes. This observational study investigates as well as records the exposure of clients to prayers and scriptures in their therapy sessions and then observes the outcomes as they occur.
The journal article proved very informative proved not only about cognitive behavioural therapy but use of prayer as well as scriptures with clients who want to take a more religious path with their healing process. The journal proves that the method is increasingly becoming popular and that although only a few outcome studies that show the success of this approach, it is an approach that should be adopted by therapist. The article provides informative insights on how effectively to go about holding sessions with clients who have choosen to use this approach. It offers step by step instructions that a therapist using this approach will use with their clients if they want to be successful.
Application
A female client aged 32 is seeking councelling from my clinic because they have been suffering from stress, anger control issues and religious conflict. The sessions will be happening at my private practice premises. During that first session, questions about the clients history, problems and goals are asked and recorded. Information regarding the clients spiritual or religious background as well as denomination is recorded. The client is also asked their willingness to explicitly use spiritual or religious resources like the scriptures and prayer as well as discussing their spiritual issues in their sessions. After the initial assessment which takes place on the first day and after which I was able to determine the best approach was to incorporate prayers and use of scriptures in her cognitive behavioural therapy, the client agreed through a consent form as well as by word of mouth to use a chriastian, biblical approach to her cognitive behavioural therapy.
After this, therapy commences and depeding on the clients determination and willingness, therapy may last several months or even several years. When the therapy sessions begin, there will be sessions where we use spiritual disciplines such as silence and solitude, prayers as well as attending private retreats. I will also use biblical self-talk, inner healing prayer which will prove particulary helpful to the client with her stress problem. We will also use scripture teaching for Christian cognitive restructuring. The prayers will be conducted at the beginning of the session and during the session the client will have either contemplative or inner healing prayers if the need arises. The sessions will then end with the client and I reciting a short prayer out loud.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Tan, S.-Y. (2007). Use of Prayer and Scripture in. Journal of Psychology and Christianity , 101-111.
Health Concerns and Environmental Issues Associated
Running Head: Health Concerns and Environmental Issues Associated
With Transportation
There has been escalating global concerns regarding the numerous effects of transportation on both the environment and health of living organisms. Undoubtedly, transport is a one of the most significant sectors of the human economy as it facilitates access to jobs, leisure, education and other services. As economies expand, the need for mobility has exponentially increased in both the second half and the fist decade of the 20th and the 21st centuries respectively. There are, however, detrimental effects on both the global environment and the health of humans, and other living organisms associated with transportation.
Notably, transportation compromises the environmental air quality. A major contributor to this is the motor vehicle transport. Societies continue to rely heavily on motorized transport leading to an increase in highway capacity and consequent increase in fuel consumption and emissions of both reactive and non reactive pollutants. These emissions are pollutants comprising of gases such as carbon monoxides (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (N2O), and other particulate matter which pollute the environment, subjecting plants and animals to poor air quality.
Bell, Davis, Cifuentes, Cohen, Gouveia, Grant, et. al.(2002) ascertain that, due to an increase in global emissions from transportation, there has been significant increases in the amounts of green house gasses such as N2O, CO2, halocarbons, water vapour (H2O), and methane which has in turn led to an increase on the average atmospheric global temperatures; a phenomenon commonly referred to as global warming. The environmental concern is that increases in global temperatures could lead to major variations in weather patterns resulting to varied unpredictable extreme global weather conditions. These could cause heat waves, floods, droughts, and generally altered physical and ecological processes. These would adversely affect all living things that inhabit the planet.
Studies have indicated air pollution has not only affects the environment, but has serious health effects as well TERP, (2008). Air pollution leads to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, increased mortality, impaired communication, increased annoyance, disturbed sleep, and a lowered academic performance. According to Krzyzanowski, Kuna-Dibbert, & Schneider, (2003), there is a direct link between proximity to heavy traffic and ill health. They further assert that, those living near, heavy traffics, airports, train stations, or sea ports show impaired reading ability, attention deficit and lower problem solving capability. Increased transportation has also led to at the adoption of sedentary lifestyle by the majority of population, especially in the developed world, leading to an increase in noncomunicable diseases hence early mortality. Furthermore, Ozone (O3) emitted during transportation has independently been associated to not only with a general reduction of lung function, but increased bronchial reactivity as well, Opotow, & Weiss, (2002).
Transportation is the major cause of noise pollution in both the developed and the developing world and both rural and the urban areas. Although road traffic is the major source of noise pollution, people living near airports, seaports and rail way lines are also exposed to considerable quantities of noise. Noise pollutes the environment through the emission of unwanted or excessive sound. The noise interferes with individuals lives such as sleep patterns and recreation, It also increases annoyance. Sources of noise associated with transportation are varied. Highway noise for example is a product of noise from engine operations, road-wheel contact, aerodynamic effects and a combination of other vibrating structures during motion. It is therefore imperative for relevant transport authorities to identify both the sources and impacts of transportation noise pollution, thereby implementing noise controlling measures.
Transportation also directly compromise human health through accidents. A considerable number of road, air, sea and rail accidents are experienced yearly, though it is road accidents that accounts for the most significant share of all transport accident. According to Krzyzanowski, Kuna-Dibbert, & Schneider, (2003), it is estimated that, there were 2 million road accidents with various injuries and deaths in 1995 in the European region alone. Such alarming statistics should be of great concern to humanity. Notably, transportation also has adverse effects on both plant and animal health. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Health Inspection service, APHIS, mandated by the US federal government to protect animal and plant health, several components of both diesel and petrol engine exhausts have been known to cause cancer in animals, APHIS, (2008).
Conclusively, unless meticulous research is undertaken, proper understanding gained and appropriate policies formulated and adopted, to regulate all forms of transportation, both the long and short terms health and environmental effects associated with transportation will continue to have detrimental affects on both the health of animals and plants and the environment as a whole. Control measures such as regulating motor vehicle emissions, changing traffic, installing insulation to curb noise pollution should be implemented to promote a healthy and sustainable transportation. Appropriate policies should also be adopted and implemented by various governments to harmonize transportation needs and the needs for health and environmental priorities.
References
APHIS, (2008) Animal Welfare Retrieved, September, 23rd, 2008
HYPERLINK “http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/index.shtml” http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/index.shtml
Bell, M., Davis, D., Cifuentes, L., Cohen, A., Gouveia, N. Grant, L. et. Al. (2002).
International Expert Workshop on the Analysis of the Economic and Public Health Impacts of Air Pollution: Workshop Summary.
Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 110 Number, 11
TERP, (2008) Program Information: US Department of Transportation. Federal
Highway Administration Transportation Environmental Research Program Retrieved, September, 23rd, 2008:
< HYPERLINK “http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/terp/prog.htm#119” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/terp/prog.htm#119>
Krzyzanowski, M., Kuna-Dibbert, B., & Schneider, J. (2003) Health Effects of
Transport-related Air Pollution: Working paper presented to the World Health Organization Head Office in Europe.
Opotow, S. & Weiss, L. (2002) New Ways of Thinking about Environmentalism:
Denial and the Process of Moral Exclusion in Environmental Conflict
HYPERLINK “http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118510269/home” Journal of Social Issues, HYPERLINK “http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119036640/issue” Volume 56 Issue 3, Pages 475 – 490