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Modern World History. How Industrial revolution brought a great change in Europe
Modern World History 1
Industrial revolution brought a great change in Europe drastically. Industrial revolution made Europeans more superior technologically. Their technology included machine guns, flamethrowers, artillery, bolt-action riffles, hand grenades and so on. These were very powerful and superior as compared to the weapons that the native warriors were using. Among the weapons that the native warriors were using were wooden and stone weapons as well as straw shields. The weapons that the European armies used were very powerful they had the ability to kill many people at a go. The native warriors were easily overpowered by the European armies. They destroyed their weapons easily as they were more advantaged since their weapons could destroy the weapons that the natives were using. The European armies launched the hand grenades on groups of the warriors which killed a large number of them at a single instance. The native warriors could not defend themselves efficiently against the armies as they were very strong compared to them when it came to the weapons.
Europeans had an army that was organized and they were well trained. They had undergone serious training which could enable them carry out their operations in an organized way. On the other hand the natives merely had a self defense force which was only mediocre. These were not well organized and they were not under good leadership. They had not been trained in any way and they merely came together so as to try and oppose the European armies. The lack of organization among the native warriors made them weak and hence they were easily defeated by the European armies.
Europeans introduced germs which the native people had not been exposed to before, particularly the small pox germ. The Europeans had been exposed to small pox over time and therefore they had built natural immunity against it. Therefore many natives died from the disease that they were exposed to. This reasons made it easy for the European armies to defeat the natives with great ease.
Modern World History. African Slaves in Europe
Modern World History
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378181205 h 1Beginning of slave trade PAGEREF _Toc378181206 h 1End of slave trade PAGEREF _Toc378181207 h 2Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc378181208 h 2
Introduction
There were at least 10 million Africans who were enslaved and transported to Europe and America between 15th and 19th which was part of the Atlantic trade. This trade was motivated by the plantations in America which had a strong demand for labor. The slave trade was eventually integrated into international trading system where North Americans and Europeans were exchanging merchandise for humans along Africa’s western as well as the West Atlantic Oceans. There were various events that took place in the African slave trade between 1450 and 1850.this paper will therefore look at these key events and show their importance.
Beginning of slave trade The commencement of slave trade was seen to be when a ship that was sailing from Portugal came back with 12 Africans who were meant to be solved into slavery. This event marked the beginning of a very dark and brutal trade that would involve Africans being taken to do hard labor in the European and American Nations. This was a turning point in the world’s history .Africans had the goods and services that the Europeans needed while Europeans had basic technology that was useful to Africans in their production processes. Therefore the events that led to the beginning of slave trade were very important to both Africans and Europeans since they both benefitted from the trade (Clarke, 2009).The Europeans got what they needed from Africa and the same time the Africans got what they wanted from Europeans. This came to be known as the best known and recorded trade it was also very tragic.
End of slave tradeThe end of slave trade and abolition of slavery came into being due to economic, political and religious changes in American colonies and Europe. Key event took place between 1803 and 1850 that involved many countries seeing an end to slave trade. Denmark was the first to ban slave trade in 1803 which was to be followed by other countries. In 1804 Britain which was a nation considered to be a principal in slave trading followed suit to ban the Atlantic slave trade. United States passed a legislation to ban slave trade in 1807 that could be effective in the year that followed. There was a congress that was held in Vienna in 1815 which saw pressure from Britain to Spain, France, Portugal and Netherlands to agree the abolition of slave trade. In 1817 Britain and Spain signed a treaty that prohibited slave trade .British naval vessels had the permission of searching ships that were suspected to be slave ships. This change of heart towards slave trade was provoked by enlightenment, revolution of age, Christian revivalism as well as the beginning of industrial revolution (ABC News, 2013). African societies began the export of what they produced like palm oil, peanuts and cotton. There were also philosophers like jean-jacques from France and Adam smith who was an economist wrote on the slave trade. They clearly heighted its effects and explained why they should be abolished.
These events of abolition of slave trade were very important to the African societies. This is because it led to the eventual end of the African slave trade which was a very brutal trade.
ConclusionThe slave system did not consider the tragic effects that came with it. The Europeans would have easily entered into partnerships that were genuine with African nations as opposed to reducing them into slaves. These partnerships would have led to more goods and service for both Africa and Britain if they had entered into contract labor. Though the event that led to development of slave trade was important because of what is got from the trade it was bad all the same. Therefore the event leading to the banning of slave trade was very important as it relieved Africans from the brutal labor they were doing.
References
ABC News. (2013) Timeline of Atlantic Slave Trade. Retrieved March 27, 2013 from http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96659&page=1Clarke,J.H.(2009) .The African Holocaust—The Slave Trade.Retrieved march 27,2013 from http://www.nbufront.org/MastersMuseums/JHClarke/EdRealityAfricanWorld/EdWorldPart3.htmlUnderstanding Slavery. (2011).Europe before Transatlantic slavery. Retrieved march 27,2013 from http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=315&Itemid=145
Module 4 MIC SLP
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Module 4 MIC SLP
The human body is often under attack from different pathogens that try to invade it and for those already inside attempt to infest it. However, the body has a defensive mechanism to protect itself against such attacks known as the immune system. It is a system covering the whole body and consists of organs, cells and tissues that have all evolved and gained the defensive capacity against harmful microbes. The immune system functions by initially recognizing foreign antigens, a job well done by antigen-presenting cells, abbreviated as APC, and they are in two forms, either the macrophages or the dendritic cells.
Upon exposure to a pathogen, for example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis the body’s immune system recognizes the antigens on the foreigner’s bodies, which are known as major histocompatibility complex proteins. At this point, the B cells are signaled by the APC, which leads to a proliferation process that releases antibodies. The antigens on the body surfaces of the pathogens combine with the antibodies from the B cells, which is yet another signal for macrophages to attack the pathogens via phagocytosis (Singh and Kiran 154). In case the body is under attack by bacteria, the antibodies still combine with antigens on the pathogens’ surfaces. However, they do not signal macrophages, but serum proteins, known as complement, combine with the stationary pathogenic antibodies. This process is followed by the complement destroying the pathogens by drilling holes through their surfaces and ultimately eliminating them. In case the pathogens, for example, bacteria, have infected the human body, the antibodies, upon combining with the antigens on the surfaces of the infectious microorganisms, signal the macrophages to destroy the infected cells. The immune system has a unique way of distinguishing pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms, for example, Escherichia coli, which involves recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, abbreviated as PAMPs. If a microorganism lacks the PAMPs, the immune system does not react towards it harshly, for example, by phagocytosis (Vance, Ralph, and Daniel 11). An example of a PAMP is the presence of lipid A on the outer surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the immune system reacts by destroying the foreign organism. Escherichia coli lacks a PAMP and is part of the normal flora of the human gut as such the immune system does not react against it.
The body’s immune system functions in two major ways, which are innate and adaptive modes. The innate system is quicker than adaptive as it reacts immediately the body is under attack by various mechanisms such as release of mucus, and formation of inflammations among other means of defense. Hence, the system would react by activating innate system upon the introduction of a pathogenic microbe for the first time into a body. However, upon failure of the innate system, the body switches to adaptive mechanism, which takes more time to activate. The key difference between the two systems is that innate one is general and prevents the entry and spread of pathogens while adaptive mode targets only the foreign microbes. Adaptive system forms mechanisms that target the invading microorganisms through antibodies, which the body directs towards the pathogenic antigens, and the rest of the destruction process follows.
When a body is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of tuberculosis, it activates the adaptive immunity system (Informed Health Online Web). Unfortunately, the process of defending itself against the bacteria is slow, but eventually, it gets the job done. Another unique measure related to adaptive immune system is the storage of the defensive path memory. When the body is exposed to the same pathogens, for instance after two years, the body recalls the defensive path and activates it quickly since the antibodies are already in the system.
Works Cited
Informed Health Online. How do the innate and adaptive immune systems work together? National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2012. Web. 23 November 2013.
Singh, Kiran and Kiran, Kapoor. Introductory Microbiology. Jaipur: Global Media, 2010. Print.
Vance, Russell, Ralph, Isberg, and Daniel, Portnoy. “Patterns of Pathogenesis: Discrimination of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Microbes by the Innate Immune System.” Cell Host Microbe 6.1 (2009): 10-21.