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Natural selection is an inherent aspect of human evolution that is responsible for human ethnicity
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Natural selection is an inherent aspect of human evolution that is responsible for human ethnicity. Over time, biological aspects pertaining to blood groups have been cited to have impacted greatly on early migrations and relative ethnicity. In addition, the differences in race can partly be attributed to blood groups. Most importantly, infectious diseases have had significant impacts on human evolution and the process of natural selection. In this regard, persons with genes that are resistant to different diseases typical of a given geographic area tend to be more likely to settle in the region than their counterparts. This is because they are often more tolerant and resistant to infections that are typical n the given region. For instance, the bubonic plague that affected Europe in the early years was essentially caused by bacterial infections. Historic trends showed that persons that contracted it in early years were more susceptible to death than their counterparts who contracted them in later years. This is because with time, populations developed traits that enhanced their immunity against the diseases. Persons with blood group O suffered more fatalities but on development of ABO blood groups, their immunity was boosted. Population patterns indicated that resistance of early plagues was higher in regions that were inhabited with persons with blood group A as opposed to those with blood group O.
Also worth mentioning is the relationship between malaria and blood groups. As the society progressively embraced Agriculture, malaria became an endemic disease as clearance of trees paved way for frequent pools of water. This increased the incidences of malaria in different regions. In this regard, persons with blood group O had a higher survival rate than their counterparts. Essentially, it is agreed that persons with blood group O tend to be more resistant to flukes, worms and a wide range of parasitic diseases. This is because it is the only blood group that has antibodies against antigens A and B. This can be used to explain why persons with this blood group usually inhabit tropical regions. At this point, it can be acknowledged that the ascent of humans to the top of the food chain can be attributed to the blood group O. On the other hand, urbanization and change to a concentrated lifestyle was contributed to by attributes of blood group A. Blood group A enabled populations to tolerate and assimilate Agricultural products in addition to the sedentary lifestyle. Thus most persons with this blood group can be found in concentrated and urbanized parts of Europe. Further, migration of humans from their homeland to parts of Asia and Europe was contributed to by blood groups AB and B. This is because they lacked the essential blood group O that would boost their resistance to tropical diseases that were mainly parasitic in nature. Thus blood group O is the simplest and most ancient blood group that preceded all other blood groups. Most native societies such as the Basques have this blood group, regardless of the fact that they are found in Europe. In addition, the high incidence of this blood group amongst conventional societies in Europe can be explained by its resistance to diseases such as small pox and syphilis. Notably, these were the causes of major deaths in Europe during the era of Columbus.
US Role in Economic System
US Role in Economic System
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Economic is a social science that is concerned with proper use and allotment of resources to achieve and maintain growth and stability. While economic system which is also a social institution, it deals with the production, supply and consumption of goods and services in a particular community. As a system it is composed of individuals, institutions and their relationship and it does address economic problems such as scarcity and allotment of resources. This essay will analyze the role of United States in economic system, as leader, collegialmember, and sometimes a self-interested player in a competitive world economy and the impact it has in the world.
Since the end of World War II, the United States has been in the lead in promoting the establishment of international trade rules and the reduction of trade barriers. After the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948, the United States has been promoting tariffs and nontariff redaction trade barriers that have served to maintain deliberation. The G20 countries are expected to have followed up meetings that are hosted by the trade ministers and it was promised by the G20 leaders in September 2009 at their Pittsburgh Summit, has had weak support from the United States officials (mbanotesworld.in, 2008). In spite of this the United States did attain a solid gain in GDP increase of $16.9 billion after being in the forefront in promotion of tariff reduction.
According to Stewart (2007), the United States being the greatest beneficiary in trading it has the responsibility to give back from its benefiting system. The United States does not only have the interest in ensuring that it nurtures freedom, fairness and global economy to its society but it also crosses the boarders to other part of the world. It promotes ethical and fair trade practices, expansion of stake holders rights a civil society that is globally strong. In spite of its responsibility being fair it is best for the worlds most resource consumers. The United States cannot be a leader in companies that produce ethical goods for trade; companies do enforce standards that are within their company and their suppliers. This initiative defines corporate responsibility, good labour practices and a business model that benefits the people in the whole planet. A trading system that is health is sustained and trade Peace Corps has put the American to be in the lead in free market system.
Trade policies that are made by the United States should remember that trade is for the sole reason to improve the lives of people and a deliberation is required when trade barriers are being applied, embargos and sanctions. These are the tools that are inaccurate in the achievement of a broad security goal. For example the policy towards North Korea is thought to be choice between human rights or a regime that is proliferal and sometimes both. Instead there has been nuclear proliferals and famine despite the political gratification to the United States trade embargo (Stewart, 2007).
It is therefore necessary for United States to justify its leadership in trade, it should ensure that the whole world does benefits and access globalization. This can be achieved by first starting with promulgating of more and thoughtful trade approach, one that is neither free market fundamentalist nor protectionist. At the time the United States finds a middle road between the extremes it will then realize its own dream freedom and the world at large.
Reference
Economics (2008). Retrieved on November 29, 2010 from
<http://www.mbanotesworld.in/2008/01/define-and-explain-economics-with-views.htmInternational trade. Retrieved on November 29, 2010 from
<http://www.americans-world.org/digest/global_issues/intertrade/tradepolicy.cfmStewart, D.T., (2007). United States Must Redefine “Fair Trade”. Policy innovation. Retrieved
on November 29, 2010 from http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/commentary/data/Golden_Mean
Health Care Systems In USA
Health Care Systems In USA
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Health Care Systems In USA
Health care refers to the ability of an individual to access good treatment and manage illness. It embraces all the goods and services designed to promote one’s health. Various countries have established different health care systems to ensure that this is achieved. Though Alvin (2006) argues that USA has been having the best and unique health care system but Basil (2009) explains that with an in depth study of the country’s health care system, one finds out that it is not an effective system in the real sense. It is therefore paramount to discus weaknesses of US health care system and so the reason for the paper.
In his article, Somme (2009) states that, in US health care system; every single individual is not covered by the insurance health programs that are run by the state (Somme, 2009: p 25). He further argues that the American health care system does not show the basic fundamentals of health care (p. 26). Also, there is absence of health care price controls by the US state. The inexistence of automatic cover by the state and absence of roadmap to provide affordable health insurance cover to the population are its major downfalls (Alvin, 2006: p. 19). We can therefore prove Alvin wrong by stating that health care system in the US doesn’t fulfill its primary objectives and so can be considered ineffective. To support the point, Basil (2009) states that United States Health care system is disjointed and unstable due to the changes which it has continued to undergo thereby affecting it (p. 26). As a result of health cares system failure in US, its citizens haven’t been satisfied (Somme, 2009: p. 27).
High health care cost can also be considered as US health care’s weakness. Most Americans complain that they remit a lot of money yet, they don’t get best results (Alvin, 2006: p. 21). Suppose the costs aren’t brought under control, individuals and businesses will be forced to drop coverage (Basil 2009: p 29). Most of the American’s haven’t been able to afford to pay health care expenses as supported by statistics (Basil, 2009: p 31). The insurance Companies and government are to be lamed for this high health care cost.
The decision to make health care government controlled has had numerous disadvantages. The current health care system has been profit oriented (Alvin, 2006: p. 22). Hundreds of people have died due to the inefficiency of the current health care delivery system. As well, many more people have died from treatable illness that people in other developed countries do not die from. Though it was to take care of the rich, poor, insured and uninsured without any discrimination, but the objective hasn’t been achieved. It has left many in problems and so differentiating amid the insured and uninsured has been difficult (Somme, 2009: p. 28).
In a nut shell, US health care system has proved inefficient and requires re-organization. Most of American citizens have lost their lives due to this error. The government as well as the Company run health care systems has all been unbeneficial. The number of American citizens having health care coverage has been steadily decreasing. Worse results are expected in the future suppose the government fail or delay to act. It is therefore paramount for the US governments to not only lower the cost but to have trained personnel who are able in the field of medicine.
References
Alvin, G. (2006). Health Care and Governance. New York: Maritime Publishers.
Basil, R. (2006). Health Care Systems in the US. San Francisco: Maritime Publishers.
Somme, P. (2009). Inequality and the Medical Policy Framework in United States of America;
Journal of Medicine and Health, 21, 20-31.