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Nationalism and Imperialism in 19th Century Europe
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Nationalism and Imperialism in 19th Century Europe
Introduction
The notions of nationalism and imperialism in the 19th century Europe share an intricate relationship. They are considered to be the driving forces behind a host of activities that took place in the region during this particular time. It can be posited that these were influenced greatly by the enlightenment as well as the industrial revolution. Notably, these phenomena introduced new ideas and ways of thinking to the historical populations. At this point, it is worth acknowledging that imperialism concerns itself with the need to expand and conquer different lands with a fundamental aim of increasing a country’s territory.
It is entirely stimulated by feelings of superiority and the need to have more influence over a significant percentage of populations. Nationalism on the other hand is influenced by feelings of unification and it entails pooling efforts together in order to defend whatever a given population considers their own. It is aimed at enhancing feelings of superiority and wanting one’s country to be the best. It is in this regard that this paper provides an explicit analysis of the relationship between imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century Europe. In addition, it ascertains how technology, religion and culture contributed to the growth of nations and empires.
Nationalism in the 19th century was greatly influenced by imperialism. As superior powers such as Britain extended their territories, the local communities saw the need to unite and fight for a common cause of delivering themselves from the imperial powers. Imperialism is attributable to various factors. As indicated earlier, the enlightenment period empowered individuals to make vital and viable economic decisions that were geared towards enhancing their holistic welfare.
This was further influenced by industrial revolution that had introduced various technological advancements. This enhanced overall economic production and improved the quality of life of individuals. This situation contributed to an increase in population growth. In order to cater for the entire needs of these populations imperial powers found it necessary to expand their territories. These areas were not only used for production purposes, but they also provided a ready market for the manufactured products from the imperial powers.
In order to enhance governance, imperial powers such as Britain introduced certain forms of legislation that were derived from its own legislative laws and regulations. In addition, they made these more stringent in order to curb incidences of retaliation. This is an aspect that they expected because they understood the implications of infringing on the rights of other populations. Imperialism had diverse impacts on various populations. The French peasants for instance considered it an ideal ideology because of the fact that it introduced civilization to the populations. The manufactured products from imperial countries were also considered beneficial because they improved the quality of life of the local populations.
Other factors such as education and the subsequent enlightenment of the societies were considered desirable. This is because they improved the way of thinking of the natives and enabled them to perceive life from a modern perspective. Of great importance was the introduction of technology in the territories. This enhanced production and introduced new forms of economic production that were more rewarding.
Despite this, some segments of the population speculated that the imperial powers had infringed on their fundamental rights. Headrick indicates that this was realized in later years when the populations had been enlightened. They understood that imperial powers denied them fundamental rights to pursue their activities with utmost independence. However, they also acknowledged the fact that the imperialists were more powerful and could possibly overpower their efforts. This prompted the need for nationalism for them to be able to fight the imperial powers accordingly. Thus they joined their efforts and fought the same.
In the long run, they overpowered them and secured their independence once again. With this same spirit, they created their nations and conquered other states too. At this juncture, it can be argued that as much as imperialism contributes to nationalism, nationalism also contributes to imperialism. This is well exemplified through the influence of the western powers such as the United States to the southern countries. After being colonized by superior powers like Britain, they took efforts to conquer other territories in the south.
Likewise, making of a nation is directly related to colonization. In this respect, Weber argues that most nations were created through colonization. This was made possible through nationalism as populations fought for a common good. Besides sharing a common geographic area, these also shared significant and important cultural norms, values, virtues, beliefs and practice that contributed significantly to their unification. Notably, these were some of the fundamental factors that were put in to consideration during the formation of the nations. As such, it is certain that making of a nation depends on a great extent to colonization and the relative struggle.
Technological inventions, religion and culture contributed significantly to the creation of nations as well as empires. To begin with, technology contributed to the formation of these entities in different ways. It enhanced the invention and development of different types of weapons that were employed in wars. The ability to conquer different regions gave a certain entity power over the conquered region. Weber ascertains that empires such as the ancient Roman Empire was created, established and expanded through the employment of weaponry.
After creation, such nations and empires could only be maintained and developed through protection that could effectively be achieved using weapons. Further, technology was also impetrative in enhancing economic independence of these entities. Increased economic production empowered certain populations to have influence over others that depended on these for economic sustenance. It also encouraged trade between different entities and gave certain influential region a chance to learn the ways of their trade partners and conquer them accordingly.
Likewise, religion played a vital role in enhancing the creation and establishment of nations and empires. Essentially, religion is an important source of values and virtues that guide individual and group behavior. This is imperative because it accredits the behaviors and decisions that a given society assumes. In this respect, Weber indicates that religion played a leading role in encouraging imperialism and subsequent creation of nations. At this point, it is worth noting that religion often preceded imperialism. Most Christian teachings approved the practice and made imperialism morally acceptable. This encouraged the imperial powers to pursue their activities that later culminated in formation of nations. Furthermore, religious teachings and values advocate for unity. This is an important factor for that encourages the spirit of nationalism and ultimate creation of nations.
Finally, culture was played a critical role in formation o f nations as it unified the population accordingly. As indicated earlier, the drawing of national boundaries was depended on the culture of the populations. Those with similar cultural practices were grouped in the same geographic region. Culture was a unifying factor and it greatly influenced the struggle against imperialism. Likewise, formation of empires also laid great emphasis on t he cultural aspects of a populations. Usually, populations from a given culture were guided by similar principles, values and virtues that made governance easier.
Conclusion
Imperialism and nationalism are intricate factors that are guided by similar intention s and ideals. As it has come out from the study, imperialism contributed to nationalism and vice versa. Nationalism was an important factor that made populations to overcome imperial powers accordingly. The making of nations on the other hand is highly depended on colonialism. It is this that enables populations to attain their independence and be considered free entities and nations. Finally, religion, culture and technological inventions played critical roles in formation of nations and empires. Not only does this empower populations to protect themselves and conquer others, but they also seek to accredit the activities that such populations engage in. Furthermore, culture acts as a unifying factor that makes it possible for populations to further similar goals. This is vitally important for maintenance of social cohesion that encourages unity and peaceful co existence.
Bibliography
Eugen, Weber. Peasants into Frenchmen. Stanford: University Press, 1976.
Daniel, Headrick. The Tools of Empire. Oxford: University Press, 1981.
National security plays a major role in ensuring safety to all American citizens on various aspects of life.
National Security
Institution
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National security plays a major role in ensuring safety to all American citizens on various aspects of life. People rely much on the national security s a way of survival in terms of the states. This happens through exercise of economic power, power projections, political powers, as well as diplomacy. Many cases of security threats across the US made everything about the US security go through a system of adjustments that involves a thorough search incase of entry into key structures in the US cities. This also is highly initiated in airports where searching for security threatening items such as bombs or similar aspects are taking a new direction. The major concern is whether all the restructuring in the security systems has had anything of substance in the recent past especially after the September 11 attack.
Concerns are increasing whenever it comes to the national security of the United States. Osama bin Laden could have been termed as the key driver to Al Qaeda but even after the pronunciation of his death, the growth of the terrorist groups is still widening or evolving. The Al Qaeda is said to be growing widely and spreading throughout the world. The brother or sister group to Al Qaeda, as one would term it, includes the Taliban (SCHMITT, 2012). The Taliban group is still growing though had its roots dealt with in Afghanistan. An increasing case of hijacking of various commercial vessels especially in the Horn of Africa continues to widen and pose concern to the associated countries especially the United States. The US is the leading nation in terms of almost all spheres of human development including economy, social status, political power, and technological advancements. The country stands on top of the world in terms of security investments and related projects but while this happens to be, certain to all world communities, many terrorist groups want to try its security strengths as evident in the September 11 attack.
The attack is seen to have initiated many changes in the American security systems. The widespread changes influenced many sectors and policies in both politics and the US foreign sector. It was after the same attack that support on the Afghanistan War was advocated as a way of demolishing the Taliban group. This issue has certainly changed among the Americans with an increasing percentage of up to 60 percent opposing the war. Various departments also came up including the department of Home security. This department was created to respond to the effects the September 11 attack (Stove, 2003 ). It came in as a precautionary department against terrorist attacks to the US territory but also took response to the US natural disasters as part its obligations.
Much was done after the attacks in the US national security a factor that acted as a precautionary advantage to the US National Security Department and the citizens of the United States. The major issue concerning security in the country is the fear and tensions implanted in the Americans. Creating suspicion came in as social damage of the September 11 attacks. Activities by foreigners and more specifically to those individuals physically resembling Arabs by any attribute are today creating fear and suspicion (Gardner, 2008). There are many unusual responses by people concerning certain behaviors and these calls for every person to watch those around them and report any armful or suspicious behaviors to the national security agencies (Gardner, 2008). Much tension and fear among Americans followed the September 11 attacks but the good thing is all that is that intense security has been established in all areas prone to terrorism. Every American happen to be keen on what security threats could imply to his or her life and therefore people always act in support of the US National security.
References
Gardner, D. (2008). The Science of Fear: Why We Fear the Things We Shouldn’t—and Put Ourselves in Greater Danger. Dutton : Dutton Adult. ISBN 0-525-95062-1.
SCHMITT, T. S. (2012, September 8). How Resilient Is Post-9/11 America? Retrieved February 5, 2013, from The Sunday Review : HYPERLINK “http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/sunday-” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/sunday-review/how-resilient-is-post-9-11-america.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Stove, R. J. (2003 ). The Unsleeping Eye: A Brief History of Secret Police and Their Victims. San Francisco, : Encounter Books, ISBN 1-893554-66-X.
Health Care Information Technologies (HCIT)
Health Care Information Technologies (HCIT)
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Health Care Information Technologies (HCIT)
The healthcare sector is one of the most important sectors that have been in place for as long as mankind has been in existence. For many centuries, every community had a healthcare giver who would attend to all the health related issues in the community. However, over time, the method of collecting data and administering treatment, as well as out patient monitoring has also changed.
Just as in other sectors, the advancement in technology has not spared the healthcare sector. Today, most healthcare facilities all over the world are incorporating technology in their infrastructure. One of the most significant technological advancement in the healthcare sector is the ‘Electronic Patient Records as well as the Sensor Networks for In-home Patient Monitoring.’ Most health facilities are moving away from paper work based patient information; patient’s records are now being put in electronic format. This development has made it possible for the patients to access their records from anywhere in the world through using the internet. Patients do not have to go to the hospitals for checkups because technology has made it possible for them to be monitored while at home through sensors placed in their respective homes. This has resulted to reduction of medical costs and medical errors in the part of healthcare practitioners; therefore, making healthcare more personalized (Wager et al, 2009).
Even though the technology focuses on bringing positive reforms in the healthcare sector, the process is facing some challenges, which are a source of concern to some patients. Private and security issues are the major challenges facing the use of new technology. Patients are concerned about the safety of their confidential medical reports over the internet. If the patients can access their records from the internet, then any other person can also do the same, which raises the question who should be allowed to access the medical records. Another issue that is of critical concern is the security of the records. People are worried that their records are not safe because they can be hacked and compromised by hackers or other imposters. Hacking leads to the loss or distortion of vital documents that may have serious consequences (Ovretveit et al, 2007).
The future of HCIT in terms of software development, education, research, and practices seems promising if some issues pertinent to technology are considered in order to make the healthcare sector better. In terms of software development, a lot still has to be done to ensure that the records or the remote monitoring of patients runs smoothly. Innovative measures, for example by developing software, are necessary to ensure that only authorized people can access the records via the internet. In terms of research, the medical field will be able to make great strides because most of health research involves human beings. This means that the researchers will be able to monitor the people they are carrying out research on without having to visit them. In terms of practices, the quality of healthcare will improve, as there will be less room for medical errors (Thompson and Dean, 2009).
Healthcare givers will also be able to handle quite a large number of people at the same time through the remote monitoring. Some of the challenges expected to arise might be the affordability of the remote monitoring devices. Some patients might not even know how to access their records. Some medical terms are not familiar, which means that if a patient is to access the records over the internet, it must be written in a manner that the patient can be able to read and comprehend. The data system would need to be able to handle immense traffic because very many people may log on to the internet at the same time to access their medical records; therefore, the system should be fast to avoid unnecessary delays (Eder, 2000).
Two ways that healthcare organizations perform marketing related data capture that do not violate any regulatory stipulations are through the administrative and claims data, and the health status and outcomes data. In addition, varieties of data related to the health sector are stored in different electronic health records (Bates, 2009).
The distribution of records across the healthcare sector is fragmented thus facilitating an opportunity for the people-offering healthcare to be able to access the information. In the future, some investment will have to be made to ensure leverage in accessing some very crucial data such as administrative, and clinical. A better strategy will have to be put in place to ensure that the gaps in both collection and use of data are reduced for more efficient health care service (Athey and Stern, 2002).
Conclusion
The healthcare sector has undergone tremendous changes; from the method of collecting data, storage of the data, and administering treatment. The way the healthcare givers attended to patients and accessed patient’s record has endured transformation because paper-wok based records are being phased out in the healthcare sector. People can access information concerning their health from anywhere in the world just by accessing them over the internet. Even though major strides have been made in terms of technological advancement, more need to be done to ensure the system works smoothly and much more efficiently.
References
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Athey, S., & Stern, S. (2002). The Impact Of Information Technology On Emergency Health Care Outcomes. The RAND Journal of Economics, 33(3), 399.
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Bates, D. W. (2009). The Effects of Health Information Technology On Inpatient Care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169 (2), 105-107.
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Eder, L. B. (2000). Managing healthcare information systems with Web-enabled technologies. New York: Idea Group Pub.
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Ovretveit, J., Scott, T., Rundall, T. G., Shortell, S. M., & Brommels, M. (2007). Improving Quality through Effective Implementation of Information Technology In Healthcare. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(5), 259-266.
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Thompson, S. M., & Dean, M. D. (2009). Advancing Information Technology In Health Care. Communications of the ACM, 52 (6), 118.
HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item” Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., & Glaser, J. (2009). Health care information systems: a practical approach for health care management (2nd Ed.). New York: Jossey-Bass.