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UNIT II Q 11. The procedures set by OSHA
UNIT II Q 11
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The procedures set by OSHA are mainly devised for the protection, safety and well-being of employees in all work place environments. All businesses and industries regardless of size should understand and abide by regulations and standards set by OSHA. An assumption is usually made that the employer is aware of the law and has already attempted to comply with it in the event of OSHA inspection CITATION Mar10 l 1033 (Friend & Kohn, 2010). There are two types of standards namely the horizontal and vertical type.
Vertical or particular standards are those rules that apply to a particular number of industries and businesses. Illustrations of vertical standards are the regulations and rules comprising the shipping industry, the long shoring industry and the construction industry. These standards are discussed by industry groups themselves.
On the other hand horizontal or general standards are applicable to all industries and business. Horizontal standards apply to any employer in any industry. According to CITATION Jos08 l 1033 (Gustin, 2008) these standards cover hazards that are most common to a wide variety of industries. First aid regulations, fire safety and the overall place of work safety concerns such as work place surface are all illustrations of horizontal regulations. Like vertical regulations, horizontal standards are vital for all agencies to follow, as loss of business reputations and injuries to workers could result.
An example of a vertical or particular standard is the occupational safety and health standards. These standards are normally applied in the building and construction industry whereby the building by virtue of its nature should be able to guarantee the safety and good health of its occupants. The level of hygiene should be up to the expected standards for the comfort of the building’s users CITATION Bar02 l 1033 (Plog & Quinlan, 2002). Various building regulations and by-laws are usually used to ensure that the building is constructed to the required health and safety standards
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY Friend, M. A., & Kohn, J. P. (2010). Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Lanham: Government Institutes.Print.
Gustin, J. F. (2008). Safety management : a guide for facility managers. Lilburn: Fairmont Press.Print.
Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. (2002). Fundamentals of industrial hygiene : study guide answers. Itasca: National Safety Council Press.Print.
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Health care in the U.S A system or not
Health care in the U.S.: – A system or not?
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Healthcare
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Definition of system
By definition, a system must be characterized by a number of elements. These elements create a correlation and harmony within the system and thus work toward efficacy and proficiency of the whole. Thus every unit in the system is governed by these characteristics which are uniform to every part of the whole system. A system is therefore identified by well organized rules, regularly arranged principles or facts and classified in an orderly form so as to demonstrate or exhibit a logical plan connecting the various parts. The system in the context of healthcare system thus adds up to orderliness or organization of health services proceeding (Singh & Shi, 2004).
Literature review of concept and relation to healthcare
According to Singh (2004), health care services given to patient vary significantly due to differences in health care providers and the their practices,. Effective treatments which are less costly are not used as it should be. It is important to note that some health care services are over used and these leads to increase in costs incurred by the patient. There are a lot of disparities in drug prescription due to differences in geographical backgrounds of doctors and patients. This arises because of the differences hospital capacity that is available in certain areas. Some regions have little amount of hospital capacity than others.
Patients have experienced a lot of problems due to poor care coordination. The US health care system has faced a lot problems due lack of proper coordination between the primary care doctors and other providers. The relationship between the different parties in health care system is very worrying and this calls for more attention. Singh & Shi (2004), found that patients no longer trust their doctors as they believe that they expose them to a lot of risks hence frustrating many patients from seeking heath care services.
Brown (2008), the administrative costs incurred by the US health care system is very high. The studies showed that this increase in cost is attributed to changes in the distribution of administrative expenses. Health Insurance Plans are approximately 13 percent over the last 50 years due to increase in cost of adjudicating claims, medical management and high cost of negotiating discounted fees with health care team
Martin (2008), most people have been excluded from health care coverage because of the enrollment roles. According to US Census Bureau, 50 million Americans are not covered by the health care system and these are mostly working class persons whose employers do not provide health insurance. The coverage differs from one state to another. Some do not provide coverage for working class children and adults.
Opinion of health care system in US organization/Development
The health care providers and delivery system calls for substantial changes to foster high quality delivery services. Systematic change should also be carried out to enhance efficiency in health care delivery services. According to Modern Fundamental Health Care opinion leaders, the reforms that should be made in the health care system should e unequivocal and sufficient. These leaders have also proposed that universal coverage which is coupled with a lot of care is very significant and should be accessible by majority people in the country. Universal coverage is a prerequisite for achievement of high performance and quality service delivery. They further suggest that that the US health care system is very broken that has limit the ability of all Americans to have patient-centered practices that can health improve health care services delivery (Singh & Shi, 2004).
It is mandatory to have specific strategies that improve the organization of health care delivery systems in US. There should be very strong primary care in order to improve the health care system. Care coordination and care transitions management are very paramount aspects as way forward to improvement of the health care system. Doctors and other health care providers need to change their mode of operation. It is important to reform remuneration packages for doctors and health care providers in order to boost their morale in providing health care delivery services. This particularly concerns the traditional payment scheme where the doctors can be encouraged through fee for services incentives. It is imperative to have payment reformation as a way of changing the health care services provision. Supplemental payments to primary care providers is an important factor in ensuring comprehensive delivery of services by health care team (Brown, 2008)
Government should also play a very important role in provision of good facilities and other infrastructures that can be used by the health care system. Most of the opinion leaders support government funding for infrastructure to enhance coordinated care. Government should establish retail health clinics as they are more convenient for patients and those services are provided at a cheaper price
In conclusion, high quality services in health care system can be achieved through an organized system which encompasses care coordination, proper health information exchanges, cooperation between the health staff and efficiency of the equipments used. (Brown, 2008)
References List:
Martin, N (2008). Insuring America’s Health. Montreal Economic Institute, pp. 130.
Singh & Shi, L. (2004). Delivering health care in America: System approach. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 12(5), 370-390.
Brown, D. (2008). Geographic Variation in Prescription. Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 15-29.
Unit 9 Terms and Concepts
Unit 9 Terms and Concepts
Review Chapter 6 Terms:
Stimulus Equivalence – the emergence of accurate responding to an untrained unreinforced stimulus– stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus– stimulus relations.
Reflexivity – a type of stimulus to stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus (ex. A = A).
Symmetry – a type of stimulus to stimulus relationship in which the learner, without prior training or reinforcement for doing so, demonstrate the reversibility of matched sample and comparison stimuli (ex. A = B, then B = A).
Transitivity – an untrained stimulus-stimulus relation that it emerges as a product of training to other stimulus-stimulus relations. (ex. if A = and B = C, then A = C)
Match to Sample (MTS) – a procedure for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence. A match to sample begins with the participant making a response that presents or reveals the sample stimulus. With two or more comparison stimuli presented, the participate selects one of the comparison stimuli, where those that match the sample stimulus are reinforced.
Derived Stimulus Relations – a relation between two or more stimuli that is not directly trained or taught and is not based solely on the physical properties of the stimuli. (Example – if a basketball is bigger than a golf ball, but a marble is smaller than a golf ball, then you can derive that a marble is smaller than a basketball given that relation.)
Arbitrary Stimulus Class – antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g. Peanuts, cheese, and chicken are members of an arbitrary stimulus class if they even took the response “sources of protein”.)
Feature Stimulus Class – stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (example: made from wood, four legs, blue) or common relative relationships (example: bigger then, hotter then, higher then, next to).
Relational Frame Theory – a behavioral account of human language and cognition grounded in rule-governed behavior and derived stimulus relations that extends, and at times, challenges concepts of verbal behavior.
Relational frame – a hypothesized unit that permits one to describe the relationships between new entities based on previous experience (Vandenboss, 2015).
Relational responding – a response to one stimulus based upon its relation to another stimulus or set of stimuli.
Generalized Operant Class – a class of responses that serve the same function in which the form ( topography) of the response varies considerably.
References:
Cooper, J.O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education
Vandenboss, G.R. (Ed.) (2015). APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed). Washington, D.C.:
American Psychological Association.