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Health Care for the Future
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Health Care for the Future
The projected changes will transform care provided, from being predominantly curative to preventive. The shift from acute hospital care settings will no doubt result in a number of advantages both for the patients as well as the care givers and the hospitals (Cogan, et al 1449). Foremost amongst the advantages of community based care, is cost effectiveness. To the patient, shifting care from the hospitals to the community, allows for the full participation of the community as well as the patient’s loved ones in their care, resulting in better holistic care that takes care of other needs care in the hospital might otherwise not have taken care of. For the community, this shift to the community will allow for greater involvement in decisions that affect various aspects of care, leading to a greater sense of ownership and therefore greater compliance (Purdue University 9). Foremost amongst the cons of such an arrangement would be the obvious lack of immediate specialized care. Further, some aspects of healthcare may be hampered due to the fact that members of society out of fear of stigmatization may shun the use of some aspects of care.
For a registered nurse, the most significant change would essentially be a shift to community health nursing. The nurse would however still have an active role to play, as the role of the nurse in a community based care setting, would not only be that of advocacy, but also that of an educator and facilitator. For one, in order for such an approach to care to work, community diagnoses would be a cornerstone of community based care. Further, the registered nurse would need to be at the forefront of health education, as well as advocating for and facilitating adoption of various remedies to problems identified through the community diagnosis
Works Cited
Cogan J. F., R. G. Hubbard, and D. P. Kessler. Making markets work: Five steps to a betterhealth care system. Health Affairs 24.6, (2005): 1447-1457.
Purdue University. A Healthcare Delivery System for the Next Generation. RCHE PublicationPaper 49 (2006).
Quinn, Sandra. Teaching community diagnosis: integrating community experience with meetinggraduate standards for health educators. Health Education Research 14.5 (1999): 685696.
Unit 8 Assignments
Unit 8 Assignment
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Unit 8 – Assignments
Assignment 1
What is a medical system? Provide some examples of the services such systems deliver.
A medical system is an organization comprising institutions and people including resources used to deliver healthcare services. The primary objective of medical system is to ensure health demands of a community are achieved. The development of the medical system in any country depends primarily on the availability of the resources and health needs of the specific country.
A suitable example of medical system is the cute care. It is an example of a medical system services provided by various health care facilities. The primary aim of the service is to improve the services offered to emergency health demands and to facilitate preventative, rehabilitative and curative mechanisms (Campanelli, 2012). Another example of a medical system is the whole medical system which existed way back before the western modernization.
Assignment 2
What was the impact of the role the prospective payment system plan on the downsizing of the U.S. hospitals?
Prospective payment system is a technique is policy including reimbursement and the Medicare payment system focuses on the predetermined and fixed amounts. The amount of payment is developed depending on the classification system. It facilitates the long term development of the health care systems and improves the skills f the various nurses.
Assignment 3
PPS reimbursement and managed care were the primary forces that pressured hospitals to discharge hospitalized patients as quickly as possible, but which factors enabled quicker discharges to materialize without jeopardizing patient safety?
PPS reimbursement in the managed care is primarily used to motivate the health care service providers. It aims to deliver patient care services effectively to the respective patients. It helps the management of the healthcare facilities to create patterns of diagnosis and treatment within the healthcare facility. Different factors facilitate quicker discharge of patients. The prepayment amount that only covers specific duration of time is used as a means of facilitating quicker recovery. Unique assessment methods also help facilitate quicker discharge of the patients (Campanelli, 2012).
Assignment 4
Explain the two main principles of ethics that were discussed in the chapter. Explain the composition and significance of an Ethics committee. Can you list three examples of issues that may be brought to an Ethics Committee?
Health care ethics involves the principle, values and codes of conduct expected within the health care facilities from both the health care employees and the patients. The following are the principles ethics in health care facilities:
Autonomy.
The principle helps to respect and honor the right of the patients and to give the patients the freedom to make decisions.
Beneficiary:
Enable the patients to develop their own interest related health service distribution.
Non maleficence.
Help the patients and the nurses ensure danger free environment.
Justice.
Ensures there is enough fairness in service delivery within the health care facilities.
Assignment 5
Please read the New York Times article “Hospital Chain Said to Scheme to Inflate Bills” by Julie Creswell and Reed Abelson, January 23, 2014.
According to the article from the New York Times the management of some hospitals is increasing growing corporate due to the eager to make many profits. The emergence of a large number of physicians employed in the hospitals and other organizations. The rate of patients, especially the old visiting the health care facilities have also increased. The large chain of patients at the hospitals increased the demand of the hospitals and thus inflated the bills as stipulated by Julie Creswell and Reed Abelson in the New York Times.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Please+read+the+New+York+Times+article+“Hospital+Chain+Said+to+Scheme+to+Inflate+Bills”+by+Julie+Cresswell+and+Reed+Abelson%2C+January+23%
Assignment 6
Please read the New York Times article “What Are a Hospital’s Costs? Utah System is Trying to earn” by Gina Kolata, September 7, 2015. The article primarily talks about the good and services provided by hospitals.
According to the article most hospitals only concentrate on what they are given by the insurance companies but not give little attention to the costs of the hospitals (Unroe, Maurer, Miller, Hickman & Sachs, 2015).
Hospitals should, therefore, be in a position to calculate the financial cost of the equipments used in hospitals such as drugs, machines and constructions. The article also advises the management of the hospitals to calculate the cost per minute in the operation rooms in the health care facilities.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Please+read+the+New+York+Times+article+“What+Are+a+Hospital’s+Costs%3F+Utah+Sytem+is+Trying+to+Learn”+by+Gina+Kolata%2C+September+7%2C+2015.&oq=Please+read+the+New+Y
Assignment 7 – Terminology
Academic Medical Center
Academic medical center is an institution where medical center concerned with the provision of health care courses. It is one of the leading hospitals in Netherlands. It offers medical courses such as Neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery and pediatric oncology.
Advanced directives
Advanced directives comprise of the legal documents that allow an individual to determine and categorize their end of life heath care ahead of time. It enables the individual to share the wishes with close friends and health care professionals.
Average daily census
Average daily census indicates the impatient receiving care services on a daily basis. It however excludes the new born babies.
Beneficence
Beneficence is a technique used in research ethics to stipulate participant’s welfare as the primary goal of the research.
Capacity
Capacity is the ability of the health care facilities to adequately provide health care facilities.
Census
Census is the total number of patients admitted in a health care facility on a daily basis and specifically by midnight.
Certification
Certification is the process of ensuring the health care service provision is done by experts and individuals with the required knowledge. It ensures the health care facilities are regulated to ensure professionalism.
Community Hospital
Community hospital is a health care hospital located in the local community and with a primary goal of improving the health care service provision in the local community.
Conditions of participation
Conditions of participation refer to the requirements the health care facilities must fulfill in order to effectively participate in the programs involving Medicare and Medicaid (Unroe, Maurer, Miller, Hickman & Sachs, 2015).
Critical access hospital
Critical Access Hospitals refer to the designation awarded to the various rural hospitals providing Medicaid and Medicare services
Deemed Status
Deemed status comprise of the health care organizations that participate and receive payment from Medicaid and Medicare services and comply with the conditions of participation set by the federal government.
Informed consent
This is the permission or directives given by a particular patient to his or her doctor with full knowledge or awareness of its consequences.
Licensure
Is a restricted practice in the health care facilities that involve the use of a restricted license?
Magnet hospital
Is a hospital satisfies the procedure set by the American nurses association and is mobile and attractive to patients due to the nature of services provided.
Non-malfeasance
Is the action of a doctor to avoid any act of treatment as stipulated by the ethical conducts of the hospitals and that is harmful to the patient.
Proprietary hospitals
Is a hospital owned by a corporation and investment group and is profit oriented.
Public hospital
Is a hospital funded, controlled and monitored by the central government of country. Rural hospital
Is a hospital located in a rural area and aims to improve the health care service delivery in the rural area?
Teaching hospital
Is a hospital with a primary mandate of improving the skills of the nurses and also offer health care courses and research activities.Voluntary hospitals
Is a hospital that is funded by voluntary groups and managed by voluntary group of experts?
References
Unroe, K. T., Nazir, A., Holtz, L. R., Maurer, H., Miller, E., Hickman, S. E., … & Sachs, G. A. (2015). The optimizing patient transfers, impacting medical quality, and improving symptoms: Transforming institutional care approach: Preliminary data from the Implementation of a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Nursing Facility Demonstration Project.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(1), 165-169.
Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society updated beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: the American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 616.
National Health Services of the U.K
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Case Study
Oxfam
The international confederation has multiple organizations that offer service delivery in over ninety nations. Oxfam was founded on the principles of fight against poverty and injustice. Key to the principles is the creation of solutions to such.The main stakeholders are the common citizenry with little ability of making changes to their lives. The others are employees, both senior and junior, and partners. All the stakeholders are drawn to meet the goals of poverty elimination (Capon, Claire and Claire 45).Oxfam’s partnership with Unilever is one that aspires to meet the Unilever’s themes of sustainable living. Nokia also partnered with Oxfam to develop the promotion of technology to elevate poverty levels.
National Health Services of the U.K
The organization that has evolved into the world’s largest in that respect is financed with public funds to make all United Kingdom citizenry beneficiaries of good healthcare. Therefore, its major role is to ensure equity among all in the realization of health security.The NHS has partnered with Avon to help meet its goals of service delivery. Avon provides a wide range of health services both at work and businesses.The NHS stakeholders are the management team, clients and other staff. Driven with the purpose of providing good health care regardless of social and affluent status, the organization also ensures satisfaction of employees from all quarters.
Tesco PLC
Tesco is an organization that runs a chain of grocery and general merchandise retail stores across several nations. Founded nearly a century ago, the organization is the globe’s largest in terms of profit and revenue.Tesco has partnered with several organizations to help in the realization of the goals of reaching out to and supplying as many clients as possible. Among them are the consumer good forum and Round Table on Sustainable Oil. The partnerships are aimed at developing competent management at the firm and participation in global creation of sustainable oil from palm.The organization has a marketing goal of ensuring consumer satisfaction. The other stakeholders in managers and employees are provided with relevant and key training to boost service delivery.
Warburtons Bakery
This is the second largest grocery in the UK. The family owned business is a bakery that specializes in the production of varied bakery products (Kew, John and John 45).The company’s partners are Unilever’s Flora and lately, Paddington Bear. Unilever merged its Flora brand with the company to create a marketing drive among consumers and to highlight the magnificence of their products. The partnership with Paddington Bear, on the other hand, is an honor to Paddington’s continued use of Warburton’s products to process their sandwiches.The business’ stakeholders are their customers, the management teams and their employees. The company has set objectives to ensure consumer satisfaction through production of traditionally baked and fresh products. Meeting the goal involves creation of serene environs of work for the employees. The managers on the hand are provided with the resources to make management and creation and implementation of procedurals a lot easier.
Economic Systems
Chiefly, there are four economic systems. They are inclusive of traditional, command, mixed and market economic systems (Kew, John and John 78).Operations of Tesco PLC within the Market Economic SystemThe market economic system is very much similar to a free market with little or no influence from the government. Though there are set policies and regulations that aim at creating and steadily ensuring fair market competition, Tesco has exploited the reaping of the system to the fullest.Virtually, every aspect of production and consumers are left to the concerned primary parties. The provision of barely limited operations allows the company to act on a free will.
Tesco PLC Operations
Structure and Forces of the Market
Tesco’s Firms
Tesco’s wings have grown to cover several countries with fourteen firms in Europe, Asia, and America. The firms offer varied services ranging from banking to retail sales in general merchandise
Product Differentiation
The company has plunged into the evolving market environs and propels through development and innovation of brand products. The quality brands are labeled significantly to stand out in the market. The R&D processes help it in retention and accumulation of clients.
Mobility of Resources
Tesco has adopted the BT Cloud as a mechanism for the provision of effective and enhanced services to clients. This has enabled flexibility and mobility.
Dissemination of Information
Tesco’s data include figures of sales, services and products price ranges. Such are developed into reports. The information is then used for decision making and prediction of trending sales. The information is disseminated through mail and presentations.
Supply and Demand
Differentiation has kept the Company’s products in demand.The company uses reports to forecast sales and optimize stocks. It has employed tools of the Matlab Modeling to simulate distribution and depots performances. Understanding of sales patterns is also enhanced through use of regression testing (Fernando 81).
Business and Cultural Environment
SWOT Analysis
Tesco has a large market share value that has enabled its steady growth. The online stores and the strategy of comprehensive supply have ensured a steadfast business growth for the organization (Capon, Claire and Claire, 56).However, the company has suffered several setbacks that hinder its success. For instance, it suffered the accusation of substituting beef meat with horse meet in January 2013.To note with, diversification of the store and development of several of such has created immense business opportunities for the company.The company is, on the other hand, faced with the threat of a shrinking economy that would mutilate its returns.
PESTEL Analysis
The company’s growing success puts it at the pole position of helping to ease the economic recession that plagues the globe. However, the company’s plan of expansion to attain the position of a stronger power of the economy might be curtailed as there are stringent measures on expansion.The company’s innovation has been able to match the changing global social trends. Use of and technology integration such as the internet has enabled such easy transition.
Importance of International Trade
The ability to run successful diversified international stores has registered for the company increased revenues and profits.The varying ethical and cultural demands across nations have made Tesco mold its human resource. For instance, in some countries, persons below 21years are considered minors and whilst in others, 18years is the age for attaining adulthood (Fernando 112). As such, the company has amended its policies to fit such provisions and avoid child labor.
Works Cited
Capon, Claire, and Claire Capon. Understanding the Business Environment: Inside and Outside the Organisation. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall/Financial Times, 2009. Print.
Fernando, A C. Business Environment. New Delhi: Pearson, 2011. Print.
Kew, John, and John Stredwick. Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2008. Print.