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Health Care Finance
Health Care Finance
Student’s Name
Institution
Mama’s Life Care Business Plan Income Statement 2013
Operating Revenues 2013
2012
Gross Patient revenue $250000 $260000
Other operating revenues $14000 $13000
Free care $5000 $6000
Patient service accrued revenue $180000 $190000
Sum operational revenues 449000 $469000
OPERATING EXPENSES
Operational expenses $168000 $170000
Depreciation $13000 $13500
Bad debt $5000 $6000
Total expenses $186000 $189500
Net Income $263000 $279500
NON OPERATIONAL REVENUE
Excess revenue $10000 $9000
Income invested $2600 $3000
Revenue non operational $3000 $4000
Losses/Gains $150 0
Total Deficit/Surplus 10000 8000
Service Description section
Physicians tend to complain that their patients are more demanding in fporm pf care and thus require more funding. This will have to be taken care of by ensuring that there are enough drugs for patients. Mama’s Life Care Business Plan will pride itself in hiring absolutely bteh best representatives in health care. In this regard Mama’s Life Care Business Plan will offer one of a kind benefits package with services that are of high quality to a broad range of customers. This is because the medical center prides itself in offering the best for its esteemed customers.
Its medical service representatives serve customers through getting phone calls related to heath services. This enables patients in the community to get the best out of the medical. The service center. Nurses tend to quickly answer any callers They will also will provide customers with the procedures, policies and programs regarding the Mama’s Life Care center services. Apart from that they will gather and enter information into the right medical service system. Patients will be referred by the nurses to our consultants to take care of their needs at affordable prices.
Equipment Description section
The Mama’s Life Care medical center will ensure it has enough equipment for its clients. This will ensure that if they visit the health center they do not have to be diagnosed and seek treatment elsewhere. Electronic radiation will be minimized through ensuring that the best equipments are used for the right purposes with the right enabling environment.
The devices will vary from complex bedpans to simple tongue depressors. Although there is likely to be installed a cancer rehabilitation center with separate machines there is likelihood that the medical center will have to engage its financiers first. The hospital will provide a website to engage with both its clients and consumers. This will ensure that everyone is kept abreast with what is occurring on the ground at the hospital.
The Mama’s Life Care medical center will purchase three ambulances to serve its surrounding communities for the first one year of official operations but this is slated to increase to ten by the third year of operations. People with various disabilities will be taken care of in the hospital’s therapy room which will consist of the state of the art equipments. To ensure that people recovering from accidents are able to walk the Mama’s Life Care center will engage the best therapists.
Assumptions
In making the Mama’s Life Care Business Plan it has been assumed that the business started last year and that it is already getting visitors. It is also assumed that this will be a big public medical service center with investment worth billions of dollars. It is therefore likely bto work as a referral facility. The hospital is also presumed to be getting a lot of assistance bfrom donors.
Unit 6 DB I John
Unit 6 DB I John
According to research, epidemiology is a study or research dealing with determinants and distributions of diseases and their frequency within human populations and subsequently its application in disease control (Porta 2008). Research in epidemiology includes a number of study designs, which include both observational and experimental studies. Choosing a given mode of research over the other heavily depends on a given number of particular research questions and concerns involving efficiency and validity (Checkoway 2004). One such method is the experimental method of researching, which investigate the role that a given agent or factor in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Nevertheless, it is evident that such researches are infeasible due the problems concerning participant’s enrollment. Another disadvantage of using the experimental method is that it is costly and more often than not does include certain thorny issues. In this method, the people who have the disease of interest or even its control become the sample of the larger population.
The main characteristic of experimental research method is that it does research on the treatments and preventions for given diseases (Steenland 2007). In such cases, the researcher does actively manipulate recipient groups under the study. On the other hand, observational study researches on preventions, treatments, and causes of a given disease whereby the investigator does observe the course of nature. Cohort does typically examine a number of exposures in relation to a given ailment. As such, the researcher classifies subjects depending on their exposure levels and thereafter by the occurrence of diseases (Morabia 2008). Another research method is case control, which is to some extent identical to cohort only that this there is comparison of exposure histories. Cross-sectional research deals with relationship existing between the disease prevalence and exposure. Lastly is the ecological design, it also investigates the relationship between exposure and prevalence however at population level rather than cross-sectional’s individual level.
Commonly case control design is the inferior alternative method to cohort mode of study. In this method, basis of selecting subjects is on those having the disease and those that do not suffer from the ailment (Rothman 2008). People having the ailments have the classification of cases while those not ailing are the controls. Thereafter, there is obtaining and comparison of the histories of exposure of both the controls and cases. This outlook is very different from the cohort and experimental studies whereby the key to comparison is the incidence occurring between the unexposed and the exposed. Overall, traditionally case control is an inferior mode of study in comparison to other forms of study such as experimental and cohort methods (McNeil 2000).
In the recent past, there is the view that case-control research is a reverse cohort design. However, modern view is supplanting those observation by maintain that it is an efficient way of learning the relationship between disease and its exposure (Pigeot 2005). Population controls have one advantage making them preferred to other designs of researching. This is the manner of indentifying population controls, researchers have the assurance that controls emanate from the same populations from which the cases come. Accordingly, investigators have the confidence that it is possible to compare cases to controls. However, they also have disadvantages that make them not so attracting to researchers. The first demerit in comparison to other forms of research is that they are expensive and end up consuming a lot of time. Overall, the most preferred method is experimental method (Friis 2010).
References
Porta, M. S. (2008). A dictionary of epidemiology. Oxford; Oxford university press.
Checkoway, H. (2004). Research methods in occupational epidemiology. Oxford; Oxford university press.
Steenland, K. (2007). Case studies in occupational epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Morabia, A. (2004). A history of epidemiologic methods and concepts. New York, Birkhäuser Press.
Rothman, K. J. (2008). Modern epidemiology. London; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.
McNeil, D. (2000). Epidemiological research methods. Hoboken; John Wiley and Sons. Pigeot, I. (2005). Handbook of epidemiology. New York; Birkhäuser Press.
Friis, R. H. (2010). Epidemiology 101. New York; Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Health Benefits Of Reduced Working Hours At Individual Level
Health Benefits Of Reduced Working Hours At Individual Level
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Abstract
Despite the fact that we are living in a fast-paced world with cutthroat competition in the corporate sector, it is imperative that businesses adopt best-practices which can help them take care of the needs of the employees and that of the organization by extension. This research established that part-time employment enables employees strike a balance between working and having a social life. Such social life has both mental and physical health benefits which ultimately translate to high productivity per hour.
Health Benefits of Reduced Working Hours at Individual Level
Introduction
In the fast-paced corporate world where competition is becoming tighter with each passing day and financial and operational pressures continue to mount at an ever increasing rate, business entities find it increasingly pushed to the wall to keep up with the challenges, survive and stay relevant. Being able to compete effectively and sustainably is the lifeline of any business. With the increasing customer demands which are becoming more and more complex with each passing day, companies must expand their production to meet these demands. Moreover, the complexity demands that companies go an extra mile in product research, design and development. Therefore, there is a temptation for companies to stretch their workforce with the hope that they will increase their productivity and meet their customers’ demands but most importantly, remain competitive. On the same value, such an approach may seem sensible and plausible. The assumption is that working for more hours ultimately translates to increased productivity and that is why many companies presumably prefer full-time employees to part-time employees. Full time employees ideally work for long hours and this can translate to high productivity. However, there is more to high productivity at the workplace than just staying behind the office desk for at least eight hours a day. There is a difference between staying at work the whole day and actually being productive. Moreover, the effect of such extended office time on the health of the employees must be evaluated (White et al. 2003; van Emmerik & Sanders, 2005).
The definition of part-time and fulltime varies across geopolitical areas and also between companies. What may be considered as part-time in the United States may not constitutionally be defined as so in Australia or even the United Kingdom. The same also goes for fulltime employment whose definition is dependent on the geopolitical area; it may even vary depending on the policies of companies sharing the same geopolitical zone. However, the International Labor Organization (ILO) considers being employed to work for less than between 30 to 35 hours a week as part-time while working full-time is ideally working for at least 35 hours a week. But in countries such as the United States with strong labor laws such as the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) leaves the definition of full-time employment in limbo; an ambiguous labor relations issue who definition is derived from the definition of part-time employment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics puts the benchmark for the definition of working part-time to working between 1 to 35 hours a week. It is from this that inferences can be made and the definition extrapolated to define full-time employment. However, full-time or part-time, ILO laws and conventions demand that all employees are treated equal. But it must be noted that each type of employment come with different benefits with full-time employees enjoying greater benefits compared to their part-time counterparts. Moreover, either type can be for various reasons with productivity levels being one of the defining factors.
Health Benefits of Part-Time Employment
While it can be tempting to increase the working hours considering the production needs of the company, there is little guarantee that this will lead to high productivity. And with the corporate world adopting a more participatory and partnership based approach towards human resource management, the welfare of the human capital has become a very critical issue towards organizational success. At the forefront of every successful human resource management and development is the health of the employees. The working conditions and hours must not in any way put the life of the employees in danger. Healthy employees are more productive and more cost effective to manage compared to unhealthy. It is a costly affair to the organization, in the form of litigations, and to the employees alike. And this is why many organizations and employees have opted for part-time employment. It aims at molding the employment model around the employees’ lifestyle or needs. It is a corporate management that has been employed by small and large businesses either on a consistent basis or deepening on various factors including production needs of the company, customer demands or even the financial position of the organization (Weeden, 2005).
One of the most prevalent lifestyle diseases affecting workplace productivity and the global society in general is obesity and overweight. One of the primary causes of obesity and overweight is living an inactive or sedentary lifestyle with little or no time for physical exercise. Extended work-time with little free time to engage in physical exercise is one of predisposing factors to obesity and being overweight (WHO, 2013). By and large, human beings are social animals and give time and space, most of them socialize. Such space and time can only be given to within a part-time work system where they can have ample time away from work and engage in productive social activities including physical exercises which can go a long way in improving their health lifestyle. Employees working on a part-time basis are better placed to find time to socialize even during the week as opposed to their full-time counterparts who primarily look forward to weekends or even leave time to socialize. Socialization goes a long way in improving not only improving physical health but also the mental health of the employees. Part-time employees can let off steam almost on a daily basis; they have low mental and physical fatigue levels. Lonnie Golden, in a research paper prepared for the ILO on labor conditions and settings, notes that shorter working hours have “physiological benefits(less physical or mental fatigue)” which might ultimately “spark productivity-led growth” as such good physiological health translates to “more [productivity] per hour” (Golden 2011, p. 6).
Golden (2011) further notes that shorter working hours aims at helping the employees strike a balance between their personal and professional life. Having a balanced life especially for employees with families is imperative for the development of interpersonal skills of the employees. Moreover, it gives them a peace of mind that is required to be productive. Essentially, this means that part-time employees are less distracted by their personal lives which tend to intrude into professional life. An employee with more stable family life is bound to have good health as he or she is free from stress, depression and anxiety which are some of the causes of obesity and other health conditions. Moreover, they are less likely to be engaged in drug and alcohol abuse which may cause serious health problems other than leading to low productivity (Tucker & Rutherford, 2005). In conclusion, part-time employment has a wide ranging health benefits to the individual employees. It helps them strike the much needed balance between their personal and professional lives which is a key step towards having a healthy social lifestyle while also building a healthy environment around them in this fast-paced world.
References
Golden, L. (2011). “The effects of working time on productivity and firm performance: a research synthesis paper.” International Labor Office: Geneva. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 33.
White, M. et al. (2003). “’High-performance’ Management Practices, Working Hours and Work-Life Balance”. British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 175-195.
Weeden, K.A. (2005). “Is there a flexiglass ceiling? Flexible work arrangements and wages in the United States”. Social Science Research, Vol. 34, pp. 454-482.
van Emmerik, I.J.H. & Sanders, K. (2005). “Mismatch in Working Hours and Effective Commitment”. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 712-726.
WHO. (2013).“Obesity. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.p.). “Labor force characteristics: Full- or part-time status.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Labor Force Statistics.
ILO. (n.p.d.). “Part-Time Work Information Sheet.”International Labour Organization
Tucker, P. & Rutherford, C. (2005). “Moderators of the relationship between long work hours and health”. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 465-476.