Recent orders
Professor Malia
Natalie Rivero
Sexual Orientation in HDEV 453
Professor Malia Lee Womack, PhD
10/15/2022
Women in the Labor Market
There is still a big workforce between men and women in the labor market. I argue that assessing women in the labor market should be included in the syllabus. I will analyze the study” Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation” by Assaad et al. (45) which relate to our course outline in the module: through the lens of Gender—A Social Construction, Family—A Socio-Political Institution and Reproductive Choice and Restrictions. I will use the sources by Cameron et al. (241). Female labor force participation in Indonesia and Women’s Situation in the Labour Market database that builds on and enriches our class materials by assessing women in the labor market study.
This research will discuss and assess how women work in the market industry. Recent studies have revealed that even if employment for women has risen, there is still a huge gap between them and men. The primary goal of the research will be to assess the women’s situation in the labor market. Looking at how Assaad et al. (43) have presented their research findings, women remain poorly underrepresented in the labor market. The study will be anchored on the analysis of the mentioned sources to come up with a comprehensive conclusion why women remain underrepresented in the labor market. Introducing this study to the syllabus will help students get the necessary information and remove barriers that prevent females from participating in the labor industry.
The urge to study why labor force projections for women are decreasing will also be important in this study. The research has shown that employment rates for women have risen, they are still far behind those of men. The research links social-political institutions, work environments, and other work gender-based factors that have contributed to the decline of women’s participation in the labor market. For example, women work more part-time, are paid less, and often carry out more private domestic and care responsibilities. Introducing the mentioned factors to the syllabus will help the curriculum developers get the message and push for government attention to introduce policies that balance labor participation in the market without gender discrimination.
A cross-sectional research design will be adopted in the research. Understanding sexual and reproductive Choices and restrictions that have impacted the decline in women in the labor market will be a very important study. There is a need to understand why major companies restrict women from leading in those organizations. Looking at education statistics, women are reported to be increasingly well qualified: more females than men graduate from universities globally, but the number doesn’t reflect that in the labor market. For men and women to engage equally in the labor market, the syllabus has to contain enough information to educate people from a younger age that caring responsibilities are shared equally. The masculine mentality grows with people from a younger age, but with education materials about equality, this will no longer be a concern.
Works Cited
Assaad, Ragui, et al. “Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation.” Demographic Research 43 (2020): 817
Cameron, Lisa, Diana Contreras Suarez, and William Rowell. “Female labour force participation in Indonesia: Why has it stalled?.” Achieving Inclusive Growth in the Asia Pacific 241 (2020).
“Women’s Situation in the Labour Market.” European Commission – European Commission, 19 Sept. 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/women-labour-market-work-life-balance/womens-situation-labour-market_en#:~:text=Women%20remain%20underrepresented%20in%20the,men’s%20employment%20stood%20at%2078.5%25.
THE FRENCH LIEUTENANTS WOMAN
Title of paper:
THE FRENCH LIEUTENANT’S WOMAN
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The novel ‘The French Lieutenant’s Woman’ (1969) set in the mid nineteenth century was written by John Fowles. It was inspired by a novel by Claire de Duras novel, Ourika which was written in 1823. Flowes translated the novel into English in 1977 and revised it in 1994. The novel by Flowes is concerned with highlighting the difference between notions of male and female gender, and of sexual relations including marriage in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The main characters in this novel are Sarah Woodruff and Charles Smithson who are used to propagate his ideas about the society in his novel. Sarah Woodruff is described as ‘Tragedy’ and has an unfortunate nickname ‘The French Lieutenant’s Whore’ who lives in a coastal town of Lyme Regis as a disgraced woman supposedly abandoned by Varguennes-a French naval officer— married, unknown to her, to another woman — with whom she had supposedly had an affair and who had returned to France.
The writer goes ahead to portray Sarah as a whore due to her encounters with the French Lieutenant. Sarah is described as spending her time at the Cobb staring at the sea. One day, Charles Smithson and his fiancée, Ernestina Freeman, described as the shallow-minded daughter of a wealthy tradesman whose origins are Scottish sees her and Ernestina tells Charles a story about Sarah. This makes Charles to develop a curiosity about her, Sarah. Thereafter the two, Charles and Sarah begin to meet regularly and the bond between them grows. Despite trying to remain objective, Charles eventually sends Sarah to Exeter, where he, during a journey, cannot resist stopping in to visit and see her. At one time, Sarah suffers an ankle injury and when Charles visits her alone, they make love. It is after this incidence that Charles realizes that contrary to the rumors, Sarah is a virgin.
Simultaneously, he learns that his prospective inheritance from an elder uncle is in jeopardy; the uncle has become engaged to a woman young enough to bear him an heir. From this context, a theme of sexual immorality and unfaithfulness is brought into the picture whereby Charles engages in extra marital affairs despite being engaged to Ernestina. The novelist offers three endings for ‘The French Lieutenant’s Woman.’ thereby highlighting the issue of gender, sexual relationships and marriage in the three contexts.
In the first ending, Charles marries Ernestina but their marriage turns out to be an unhappy one. Charles opens up and shares to Ernestina his encounter with Sarah but elides the details and the matter is ended. In the second ending, Charles and Sarah become intimate. Consequently this leads to ending the engagement between him and Ernestina thereby having unpleasant consequences. Sarah flees to London and Charles searches for her for years. Later on Charles finds her living with several artists, enjoying an artistic and creative life. He then learns he has fathered a child with her and as a family, their future is open, with a possible reunion implied.
In the third ending, the narrator re-appears outside the house where the second ending took place. The events seem the same though this time when Charles finds Sarah in London their reunion turns sour. In this case, Sarah does not tell Charles about a child and in fact shows no interest in continuing the relationship. In this context, the novelist raises the question on Sarah’s character whether she is manipulating or lying to Charles and in addition, whether she is taking Charles’s love as weakness. Fowles brings about various aspects that confront our society which include sexual immorality, unfaithfulness, and promiscuity as a challenge to the marriage life.
On the way, Fowles the novelist discourses upon the difficulties of controlling the characters in his novel. The novelist forges ahead to give an analysis of the differences in the nineteenth century. Existentialism is mentioned several times during the story, and in particular detail at the end, after the portrayals of the two, apparent, equally possible endings. The novelist tosses a coin to determine which ending comes first thereby showing that it is a work of fiction and the ending/ endings are arbitrary
The stringent demarcation between classes and sexes in Victorian England is one of the novel’s central themes. Charles who is considered the main protagonist is cast as a gentleman who in the eyes of the society is considered to be superior to his servants , his bride to be, Ernestina and Sarah. In addition, he is ranked higher mainly out of birth. He however misses nobility when his uncle marries and produces an heir. Each of the characters is brought out to be aware of the rigid class distinction. For instance, both the class system and the patriarchy confine Sarah. The society she is born in effectively marginalizes her twice.
On the other hand, in 1981, Karel Reisz and Harold Pinter directed and adapted ‘The French Lieutenant’s Woman’ film which was based on the novel by John Fowles. In the film, Meryl Streep who is an American actress plays the role of Sarah Woodruff. Jeremy Irons plays the actor Mike who is to play the part of a Victorian Gentleman paleontologist, Charles Smithson. The two actors who are both married begin an affair which blooms into making love. They are also seen to be sleeping in the same bed in their location hotel whilst talking evasively on the phone to their respective partners.
In this case, the film brings about the aspect of promiscuity between the two characters who despite having other partners still engage in an affair. The movie further goes ahead to display the trend in the society in terms of sexual relationships and marriages. The movie portrays the society as being one which encourages sexual immorality and promiscuity outside marriages. This is evident when the characters Charles and Sarah develop an intensely emotional relationship that leads them into sex, separation, dishonor and a final a reunion by Lake Windermere. The credits roll as they venture out into the calm waters in a row boat, a portent of the change in moral climate to come on the dawn of the 20th century.
The French Lieutenant’s Woman uses an overtly twentieth century perspective in criticizing the representation of Victorian England in whereby duty and conformity is adhered to prior to any obligation. Sara is depicted as trying to live by her own codes of behavior rather than society’s. However, others such as Charles and Ernestina are more concerned about how they appear to the outside world than in acting under the guidance of their desire.
The Fredricksons were intent on explaining the circumstances surrounding the paradox lying within the public administration s
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION QUESTIONS
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Question one
The Fredricksons were intent on explaining the circumstances surrounding the paradox lying within the public administration scene. The individuals involved this sector try to create some sort of distance between what they perceive to be right and what the organization treats and portrays as right (Fredrickson, 1997). In this regard, the workers end up, at one time or another, mixing the two realms, and find themselves in a situation where they have to point out what is right from an already compromised position.
The absence of role differentiation discussed by the authors makes reference to the generalization of roles that exists in the public administration arena. While role differentiation refers to the ambiguity aspect of the current roles as defined in the current administrative practice, there still exists the need to identify the individual roles and address them with diligence (Cunningham,2005). However, due to such issues as ethics and integrity, we find ourselves having to overlap our roles in the bid to expedite situations that require our attention.
A good example of the two concepts above, lies in the political fields. The local public administration scenes are awash with examples of leaders and administrators who stand for one thing and are reported in situations in situations that point the opposite direction. The bulk of embezzlement cases and incidents of corruption are perfect examples of the paradox of distance scenarios. On the other end, the public leaders also find themselves in situations where there is an absence of role differentiation. As leaders, they are expected to carry out various roles that define their title such that it becomes hard to identify with specificity what their roles are.
I agree with the Fredrick’s assumption that some of the government’s efforts at reform actually irritate negative sentiments or perceptions. There is no guarantee that the tactics and strategies an individual in the public administration domain choose to use to handle a situation will actually work. Therefore, this possibility creates some tension that erupts in friction once the results promised or anticipated fail to materialize.
Question two
By stating that the manager is often hard-pressed to exercise independence of mind that is aligned with the organizational goals, the two authors mean that even when faced with tough decisions, these professionals have to exercise a balancing act by executing initiatives that will both solve the upcoming problem and also adhere to the organizational culture. This means that some actions, though able to sort out the upcoming crisis or problems, are not to be considered as viable solutions for problems. Application of such solutions would most likely result in more problems for the already embattled organization.
There are many instances where the a manager or another member of the organization has had to go out of their way to solve an urgent problem that came up too quickly for the correct protocols and actions to he followed. In addition, we also have to remember to place the scenario in the right context where exercising some solutions to the problem places the employee in a precarious situation since they contravene the organizational code of conduct and ethics.
With that in mind, a good example that comes to mind would be the former Federal Reserve’s actions when the United States economy was about to suffer a catastrophic meltdown. He acted against the industry standard practices and even risked his job multiple times, but never did he contravene the industry’s fundamental guidelines and standards. As a good economist, he must have had a few tricks up his sleeve with regards to the prevailing harshness of the economic times and would easily, in consultation with a few other professionals and policy-makers, passed drastic measures to salvage the situation. However, he chose to do something similar and took up remedial action, but did so within the industry’s ethical and professional boundaries.
Question three
Public sector values can be considered as a special blend of traits that drive the public sector and make sure the society always benefits from the actions of the government entity or any other body tasked with catering to the welfare of the society. From a public administration perspective, public sector values are the moral guidelines that drive the governing of public sector resources towards benefitting the public.
In comparison with the private sector, the public sector values that would not be prominent in the private sector are; responsiveness, transparency, and human rights. The main point to note in this consideration is that the level of scrutiny in the public sector is higher than what the private sector would ordinarily allow. Therefore, their responses to issues surrounding the provision of services would be more prominent as compared with the private sector’s response times. The public service is tasked with catering to the welfare of the public and facilitated using public funds. Therefore, there is a need to monitor the use of these resources in order to uphold the transparency and accountability of the process. Human rights come into play in the comparison between the public and private sectors since the private sector cares for its employees’ welfare better than the public sector does.
Public and private sector ethics are alike in many ways. First, they all cater to the welfare of the stakeholders. They do this through the ethical characteristics of selflessness. Second, both public and private sector ethics have objectivity. They are meant to protect the integrity of the organization itself by using the available resources to ensure the established objectives are achieved.In using the above mentioned resources,any organization would like to make sure they are utilized according to the initial plans and in line with the organizational objectives. Therefore, both public and private sector ethics have accountability traits within them and expect the players to observe this ethical characteristic. Finally,both public and private sector ethics have integrity. This means that ones the players involved in both sectors dedicate themselves to the organizational cause, they should not let anything, or anyone, distract them from that cause.
Question four
Frieda was unethical in her decision to intervene on behalf of her friend Ansel. The organizational rules in the Social Welfare office where she works clearly state that she is not to influence the processes of any of the organization’s clients and beneficiaries. However, she became compassionate based on her humanity and decided to expedite Ansel’s process of receiving his benefit checks. However, she clearly knew what was expected of her from the organizational perspective. In light of this consideration, we find ourselves in some sort of moral dilemma. From a strictly social perspective, Frieda is not in any way unethical. She goes out of her way to assist a needy person who she feels she can help. However, from the organizational perspective, she falls below expectations by contravening the rules. This example presents some of the challenges workers in the public administration face as they try to navigate he tightrope between social and organizational ethical expectation.
The decision to punish Frieda is based on what moral ground the party on the other end of this scenario is standing upon. From an organizational perspective, she should face the full wrath of the consequences of her action since she had prior knowledge of what was expected of her, yet chose to contravene the same.However, from a general standpoint, we cannot expect someone who uses her position in society to assist a demonstrated and proven person in need of assistance to be punished for her actions. That would be the perfect case of ‘double-standards’.
As part of the disciplinary committee tasked with making good the organization’s actions of punitive actions on those that contravene organizational rules, I would consider setting an example out of Freida so others shun the temptation to do so. But on closer inspection of her actions, it is evident that at the end of the day, she assisted a genuine case that the organization had, for whatever reason, overlooked (Geuras & Garofalo, 2010). Therefore, while she is supposed to be suspended, or even fired, such a consideration would definitely weigh in on my decision as part of the committee. I would suggest a last warning to her, and a general reminder for the rest of the workforce to fight the temptation to confuse personal ethical consideration with those of the organization.
References
Cunningham, R. (2005). Religion and Public Administration – The Unacknowledged Common (and Competitive) Ground. International Journal of Public Administration, 2(1), 55. doi:10.1080/01900690500240962
Frederickson, H. G. (1997). The spirit of public administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Geuras, D., & Garofalo, C. (2010). Taking your ethical temperature. In Practical ethics in public administration (pp. 67-69). Vienna, VA: Management Concepts.