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Understanding the concepts

Understanding the Concepts

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Institution

Date

1. Imagine you are a small business owner. Explain how you will apply the concept of NPV / payback rule to make a good financial decision.

Any business has its main objective as the maximization of profits. It is noteworthy that investments mean putting some money in a certain venture with the hope of getting a return on investments. In order to ascertain the profitability of an investment, the expected returns have to be aligned with the inflation. This gives the true value of the returns. Net Present Value (NPV) refers to a discounted technique considers the time value of money. It is founded on the fact that the value of cash flow at varied times will always be different. In this case, the estimated cash flow for any venture undertaken by a business must be converted to the present value. NPV may be defined as the variation between the net cash outlay and the total present value (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). It marks the variation between the present value of the cash inflows and the cash outflows. A small business would use the technique to determine the reliability of the future cash inflows that a project or investment will yield. It essentially compares the present value of the dollar to the future value of the same dollar while considering returns and inflation. Any project with a positive NPV would be accepted (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). In this case, the higher the NPV, the higher the returns in the future and, therefore, the viability of the project.2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of debt financing and why an organization would choose to issue stocks rather than bonds to generate funds.

Debt financing refers to the funding of expenditure and investments using money borrowed from outside sources. The borrowing rests on the condition that the principal amount will be repaid at a certain time with a predetermined interest. It may also be defined as borrowing funds from external sources so as to make new investments or run a business. The borrower would get a certain lumpsum amount upfront and agree to repay it in installments with a predetermined interest. In essence, debt financing is long term in nature (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002).

Advantages

Debt financing comes with a number of advantages. It is noteworthy that the borrower would retain the control and ownership of the business. This is because the creditor has no monetary interest in the business apart from the principle amount and the predetermined interest. In addition, the owner would retain the business profits without sharing them with the creditor (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). Moreover, the borrower has a limited obligation since once he has repaid the principal amount and the accrued interest, he would be freed of all obligations. This does not undermine the fact that the borrower would be entitled to all the tax advantages pertaining to a tax deduction for the amount borrowed. It is noteworthy that repaid amount is calculated beforehand in which case, it is easy to undertake future planning since it does not depend with fluctuating market conditions.

Disadvantages

Debt financing also incorporates some cons. It is noteworthy that the debtor has to repay the loan whether the business makes a profit or not. In addition, the fixed interest cost may heighten the break-even point of the company. Moreover, the debt repayment is a fixed obligation irrespective of the performance of the business. This increases the probability that the business will be rendered insolvent, especially in hard financial periods. As much as the creditor may not be concerned with the business operations, he may impose some conditions which may limit the expansion of the business.

Stocks are comparable to debt financing while bonds are comparable to equity financing. Equity financing is essentially a complete opposite of debt financing. It is noteworthy that many organizations prefer to issue stocks rather than bonds as it comes with all the advantages of debt financing (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002).

3. Discuss how financial returns are related to risk.

Any company makes investment with the hope of gaining returns from the investment. However, every investment involves risks since the venture may yield profits or a loss. Financial risk refers to the uncertainty that surrounds return on an investment. In essence, refers to the risk that investors bear as a result of financing the instruments that the company may use to raise money. For example, shareholders inequity financing bear the risk that the share value may go down. In business, there are expectations that high risk levels come with high financial returns. It is noteworthy that this does not have to be the case. High financial risks just come with the possibility of high financial returns. Conversely, low risks are associated with low potential returns.

4. Describe the concept of beta and how it is used.

Beta refers to a historic measure of the systematic risk or volatility of stocks, as well as how its relationship with the market as a whole. In essence, it offers an individual with a guideline on how stocks would typically move based on the market data that have been collected and analyzed. When the stock has a beta of 1, the stock volatility is less than that of the market. A beta that is higher than 1 means that the stock is likely to have a higher volatility than the market. When the beta of a certain stock is 1.5, it implies that if the market rises by 10 percent, the stock would rise by 15 percent if the historical information is anything to go by. In case the market drops by 2 percent, the stock is likely to lose 3 percent if the historical information is anything to go by (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). It is noteworthy that beta is a historical measure, in which case there are instances when it will have volatility that is lower or higher than expected.

5. Contrast systematic and unsystematic risk.

Any investment comes with certain risks from varied sources. Systematic risks refer to those risks emanating from factors affecting the entire market. These include changes in the investment policies, taxation clauses, foreign investment policy, socio-economic parameters and threats to global security among others. In essence, investors cannot mitigate or control systematic risks except on an exceedingly small extent. Unsystematic risks result from factors pertaining to a certain industry or company. These include product category, labor unions, pricing, research and development, marketing strategies among others. Evidently, investors can control or mitigate the unsystematic risks via portfolio diversification. The company can also avoid the risk and, therefore, the market would not compensate for the risk (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002).

6. Imagine your manufacturing corporation has just won a patent lawsuit. After attorney and other fees, your corporation will have about $1 million. Explain how you plan to invest the money in order to diversify the risk and receive a good return. Support your decisions with concepts learned in this course.

The importance of diversification in any organization cannot be gainsaid. A company’s ability to diversify may be hampered by financial constraints. In essence, diversification strategies are undertaken in order to expand a company’s operations by adding products, markets, stages of production, as well as services to the existing business. This allows the company to engage in lines of business that vary with the current operations. In a manufacturing concern, varied diversification strategies may be incorporated. However, the best diversification strategy in the manufacturing corporation is concentric diversification where the company would add related markets and products. The strategy aims at giving the company a strategic fit, in which case it will have achieved synergy. Synergy refers to the capacity of varied components of an organization to have increased effectiveness than the individual parts would have independently. In essence, synergy would be achieved by blending the company with complementary financial, marketing, management or operating efforts (Harrison, 1999).

The manufacturing company should combine the operating units so as to improve the overall efficiency, thereby achieving operational strategic fit. Alternatively, the duplicate research and development and equipment would be eliminated through blending various units thereby improving the overall efficiency. Operation synergy may also be achieved through bulk-ordering in order to optimize on quantity discounts. In addition, efficiency would be improved through diversification into areas that can utilize by-products of existing operations.

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References

St. John, C., and J. Harrison, (1999) “Manufacturing-Based Relatedness, Synergy, and Coordination.” Strategic Management Journal 20

Pamela Parrish Peterson, Frank J. Fabozzi, (2002). Capital budgeting: theory and practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

(Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002)

(Harrison, 1999)

Understanding Music

Understanding Music

Name

Institution

Understanding Music

Introduction

Virtually every person experiences different types of sound each day. Moreover, music is played on almost all social occasions including religious events, funerals, weddings, and parties. Some of such kinds of sound fall under the category of music, while others are mere noises. Since music consists of well-coordinated sounds, it requires concerted efforts to differentiate it from other sounds. Since time immemorial, human beings have been using music in various places and times for specific purposes that entail education, entertainment, and praises (Cervellin, & Lippi, 2011). As a means of communication, music tends to vary from one community or generation to the next.

Nonetheless, the combination of voices, rhythms, and tones render music somehow sophisticated to understand and appreciate. Consequently, diversified persons could gain varied understanding and may exhibit different ways of enjoying specific types of music. Besides, the capacity for music to arouse emotional feelings renders it more effective in delivering the intended message and purpose. The audience would listen, remember, or dance as some of the common ways of appreciating music.

Thesis

Understanding music is a complex practice that depends critically on the consciousness and efforts of an individual and requires significant amounts of emotional and mental energy.

Concepts of Understanding Music

Cognitive Understanding

It requires concerted efforts of mental actions that entail senses, experiences, and thoughts for an individual to understand music. Since a person would be claimed to understand music after attaining adequate representation of music in thought and memory, such practice needs rigorous activities by the brain. Consequently, the practice consumes lots of mental energy as the brain has to undergo certain processes that are aimed at gaining aural understanding of what the artist/e intends to convey (Gault, 2005). The brain has to process the varied activities that lead to understanding of music. For instance, the brain processes data that is collected through hearing/ listening to music. Similarly, the brain makes crucial decisions that could encourage or discourage understanding of music depending on an individual’s capabilities. A significant understanding of music could be evidenced by the capacity of an audience to foretell some information or other aspects that are yet to be delivered as the music plays. Hence, such a practice relies primarily on memory, and therefore mental energy of an individual.

It requires lots of mental processes to understand music structure. Learners who endeavor to understand the structure of particular type of music have to conduct extensive studies that could include critical listening and analyzing the music to determine their quality while identifying existing errors (Tagg, 2001). Accordingly, the more complex a given category of music becomes, the more difficult it is to understand. Consequently, learners would spend more mental energy. Besides, listeners have to be highly conscious and subconscious to gain all the details of music including timbre, rhythm, and tone. Moreover, a more in-depth understanding of music may require the use of relevant secondary sources, an activity that needs additional mental and physical energy.

Listeners spend lots of mental and emotional energy to retrieve the message of the composer of a given piece of music. Since music relies on different elements that include sound, beats, tones, and tempo, an individual could have to use lots of effort in analyzing them and retrieving the composer’s message. Similarly, significant amounts of emotional energy are necessary for listeners to understand music.

Music uses coded language that requires critical analysis and interpretation to attaint their true meanings (Juslin, 2013). The non-verbal aspects of music that entail the use of instruments such as drums and piano to generate specific sounds are vital in the music industry. Accordingly, listeners and experts in the industry have to leverage their skills and knowledge to gain their actual importance and roles. Besides, the production of such critical sounds depends on considerable expertise and understandings. Accordingly, an individual has to spend lots of efforts and mental energy to study, learn and acquire the necessary knowledge regarding their production and roles. Moreover, the dynamic nature of the music industry suggests that the audience has to continue learning the emerging languages and sounds to remain competent and able to understand their desired music (Powers, 1980). Hence, understanding music entails continuous studies.

Individuals with a significant understanding of music can spend mental efforts to compare one category of music to the next. The capability of a person to examine and probably contrast, different types of music depend primarily on their degree of understandings. Such individuals possess exhaustive comprehension of the varied details of music. For example, the use of tones and rhythms in one type of music could differ from another category. Similarly, an individual who strives to understand music must be able to notice any variance in different versions of a given type of music. Therefore, a person who intends to gain an adequate understanding of the existing differences or similarities must use their cognitive capabilities to analyze and evaluate the chosen categories of music.

Aesthetic Understanding

Different individuals tend to exhibit varying degrees of value for particular music due to personal judgments and tastes. Listeners engage in numerous activities that entail appropriate emotional response to music, perception of interplay and interaction of events, and active involvement (Stevens, 2012). Consequently, each listener would probably demonstrate different levels of aesthetic understanding of music due to the natural diversities and relativeness of humans. Thus, understanding music means that a listener has to critically analyze and evaluate a particular type of music to gain its importance and value.

Interested persons spend an adequate amount of time and effort listening to music to understand them. Since coordinated sounds work to generate music, an individual has to spend some time listening to every bit of the sound, while striving to interpret them and gain their meanings. Besides, such practices of listening require significant amounts of mental and even emotional energy (Saarikallio, 2011). For instance, a listener could have to carry on listening to a given set of music despite their overwhelming emotions since they are concerned with learning every detail.

Some persons make substantial financial, time, and energy sacrifices to understand music. For example, individuals engage their mental energy to evaluate the significance of understanding a given type of music. Varied importance of music could include the need for emotional satisfaction, enrichment of personal wealth of knowledge about music, and the need to appreciate composers and writers of particular music (Müller et al., 2010). Thus, a concerned individual has to critically evaluate the potential benefits and other consequences of understanding music, a practice that consumes lots of mental energy and requires both subconscious and conscious conditions.

Emotional and Physiological Understanding

Varied types of music attract different types of emotional and physiological responses among the listeners. Listeners would react to exciting music in certain ways that include dancing (Eerola, 2012). Moreover, listeners could exhibit varying ways of responding to music depending on particular aspects that may include their unique physiological arousals, their personality, how they interpret the music, whether they like the type of music they listen to, whether they are musically trained and how often they listen to music. Even so, many persons tend to become more actively aroused by lively music. Similarly, sedative and quiet music tend to reduce muscular tension. Hence, a person would claim to have understood a given set of music after exhibiting certain emotional responses. Nonetheless, a listener should have the adequate emotional energy to accommodate such reactions.

Music has significant influence on the emotions and moods of individuals. Accordingly, suitable music could act as appropriate regulators of feelings and emotions of listeners. Such effects of music could be evidenced with the capacity for some persons to adjust their behaviors and emotions after listening to specific category of music. However, such impacts seem to depend primarily on an individual’s perception of the music. Nonetheless, an individual consumes lots of emotional energy while exhibiting the stipulated reactions to music. Hence, a person has to experience a given set of music to gain their details, and adequate understandings since some of the music’s aspects could be challenging to be communicated through channels other than first-hand experiences (Chapin et al., 2010). For example, a person who listens to music learns about every bit of the applicable tones, beats and other aspects of the music. Even so, significant musical education could promote a better understanding of such music by preparing listeners to observe and evaluate particular aspects that are vital in generating and developing music.

Upon understanding a given piece of music, an individual would gain some emotional feelings by either becoming happy, sad, calm, nostalgic or tense. Such emotional reactions emerge following the power of music to influence the listeners. Even so, such emotional responses tend to occur according to personal taste and perceptions among listeners to a given type of music. Therefore, listeners would spend significant amounts of emotional energy while responding to the music.

Certain emotional events could be linked to some music, thus triggering certain emotions and physical reactions (Vuoskoski, & Eerola, 2012). Since music acts as a great tool for communication, listeners would exhibit some physical and emotional response upon understanding what a specific piece of music relays. For example, if a piece of given music presents particular messages that are linked to death, a listener would attain a sad or mourning mood and feelings. Accordingly, such a kind of understanding relies on the ideology of presentation of music in memory and thought because it is based on past occurrences. On the contrary, an individual who does not have an adequate understanding of the music would not exhibit any significant reaction nor establish the links between the composer’s message and previous events. Therefore, understanding music is a complicated process that relies on lots of mental and emotional energy.

Listeners have to actively and consciously engage in listening to gain sufficient understandings. Composers and writers of music leverage their prowess and expertise to generate quality songs for presenting their desired message and attaining their intended purpose. At times it requires an in-depth analysis of a given piece of music for the listener to gain adequate understanding of the composer’s message (Kreutz, Schubert & Mitchell, 2008). Nonetheless, virtually every category of music requires significant levels of attention by the listener to obtain their meaning, or else they would remain meaningless pieces of sound. If an individual fails to demonstrate a significant degree of attention and consciously listen to a given piece of music, they would not appreciate the music. Even so, personal interpretations and perceptions of a given category of music have a significant influence on the ability of an individual to understand a given class of music. For example, a listener who dislikes reggae music may not attain the otherwise important message in such music due to their taste and preference since they would not exhibit adequate attention and objective interpretations. Therefore, understanding music requires both the conscious and subconscious attention of the listeners.

Working to Understand Music

An individual has to work to understand music (Gordon, Fehd & McCandliss, 2015). The various tasks that interested persons have to accomplish while learning music include critical listening, analysis, and interpretation of music. Besides, such individuals have to revisit their preferred music and even try to memorize them. Such practices consume lots of mental and physical energy. Moreover, an individual has to conduct in-depth studies and analysis of the effects of music on the target audiences. Unluckily, such practices tend to consume lots of time, money, and personal efforts. A person who understands music possesses exhaustive comprehension of how a given piece of music could impact on listeners. Also, an interested person would have to continuously study conduct further studies to remain informed about the dynamic and ever-advancing music industry. Therefore, understanding music needs intensive and extensive studies and first-hand experiences with relevant categories of music.

Interested persons leverage their capabilities and skills to understand varied types of music. The individuals would make the vital decision of studying music and incurring all the relevant costs. Such practices rely mainly on mental energy since they rely on cognition processes. Similarly, the learners would have to spend other efforts that may include the need to secure copies of necessary pieces of music as well as the physical energy of sitting or dancing while listening to music. Overall, there are different processes that an individual experience while striving to understand music. Thus, understanding of music is not an instantaneous or something that happens by chance but instead requires concerted efforts and preparation.

An individual would have to actively engage in lots of physical and emotional activities to understand music. For instance, composers and writers of music have to undergo lots of training and development sessions to gain vital skills and knowledge for accomplishing such tasks (Gordon, Fehd & McCandliss, 2015). The capability to identify, generate and organize the varied aspects of music to attain the desired outcome takes significant amount of time and other resources to achieve. Likewise, the target audience would have to spend substantial amounts of their emotional and mental energy to retrieve the composer’s message. Thus, interested parties must be ready and willing to spend their efforts to understand music.

Emotions combine with cognition to stimulate an understanding of music. Interested persons would make efforts to learning a given category of music upon making particular decisions that are accomplished through the efforts of the brain. For example, a person could opt to purchase or listen to some music with the hope of gaining certain benefits that may include entertainment. While listening to such music, emotions would influence the audience in a positive or negative way. Under favorable emotional conditions, the listener would enjoy the music and subsequently seamless understanding of the music. On the contrary, unfavorable emotional conditions could force the listener to struggle in understanding the music. Nonetheless, the two different scenarios require significant amounts of emotional and mental energy and efforts to facilitate necessary comprehension.

Conclusion

Understanding music serves as one of the most complex activities that rely primarily on the consciousness and efforts of an individual. Moreover, an interested person has to spend significant amounts of their emotional and mental energy to gain sufficient understanding of music. Such concerted efforts are necessary because music is a relatively sophisticated means of communication that rely on varied aspects to relay specific messages and draw desired impacts on target audience. The use of coding languages in music makes it more challenging for learners to gain their actual meanings. Furthermore, the nature of music that comprises coordinated sounds renders it time and effort consuming. Still, understanding music depends mainly on mental energy that facilitates memory and thought of different aspects of music. Besides, the brain has to process the varied data that is collected while listening to music and studying them. Consequently, the brain would generate particular response depending on the personal perceptions, judgments, and personality of an individual. Still, more mental energy is required for memorizing the crucial aspects of music. Also, a listener would engage in emotional experiences upon understanding a given category of music. Interested parties have to work a lot to understand a given category of music and gain the capability to compare and contrast varied types of music or even spot any variances in a specific class of music. Therefore, understanding music is a relatively complicated, time and energy-consuming exercise.

References

Cervellin, G., & Lippi, G. (2011). From music-beat to heart-beat: a journey in the complex interactions between music, brain and heart. European journal of internal medicine, 22(4), 371-374.Chapin, H., Jantzen, K., Kelso, J. S., Steinberg, F., & Large, E. (2010). Dynamic emotional and neural responses to music depend on performance expression and listener experience. PloS one, 5(12), e13812.

Eerola, T. (2012). Modeling listeners’ emotional response to music. Topics in cognitive science, 4(4), 607-624.

Gault, B. (2005). Music learning through all the channels: Combining aural, visual, and kinesthetic strategies to develop musical understanding. General Music Today, 19(1), 7-9.

Gordon, R. L., Fehd, H. M., & McCandliss, B. D. (2015). Does music training enhance literacy skills? A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1777.

Juslin, P. N. (2013). What does music express? Basic emotions and beyond. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 596.

Kreutz, G., Schubert, E., & Mitchell, L. A. (2008). Cognitive styles of music listening. Music perception: An interdisciplinary journal, 26(1), 57-73.

Müller, M., Höfel, L., Brattico, E., & Jacobsen, T. (2010). Aesthetic judgments of music in experts and laypersons—An ERP study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 40-51.

Powers, H. S. (1980). Language models and musical analysis. Ethnomusicology, 1-60.

Saarikallio, S. (2011). Music as emotional self-regulation throughout adulthood. Psychology of music, 39(3), 307-327.

Stevens, C. J. (2012). Music perception and cognition: A review of recent cross‐cultural research. Topics in cognitive science, 4(4), 653-667.

Tagg, P. (2001). Music analysis for ‘non-musos’. In Popular perception as a basis for understanding musical structure and signification. Paper for conference on Popular Music Analysis. University of Cardiff. 17th November.

Vuoskoski, J. K., & Eerola, T. (2012). Can sad music really make you sad? Indirect measures of affective states induced by music and autobiographical memories. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(3), 204.

Understanding Gender Identity A Qualitative Approach

Understanding Gender Identity: A Qualitative Approach

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANT(S) Gender of participant Male

Female 1

Age of participant 16-30

.31-60

61+ 1

KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSGENDER Are you familiar with the term gender identity Yes

No 1

Are you familiar with the term transgender Yes

No 1

Do you know any transgender person Yes, a lot

Yes, a little

No 1

Do you have any disability Yes(specify)

No

2

ETHNICITY(mark where appropriate) 1.English/Scottish/British 1

2.Any other white background(new eland/ North 3.America/dual nationality) 4.Black American/Asian/ 5.Other(specify) CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPANT Sexual orientation 1.Heterosexual/straight 2.Gay/lesbian 3.Bisexual 3

4.Other(specify) Religion(tick where applicable) 1.Christian 1

2.Hindu 3.Muslim 4.Jewish 5.Other(specify) Education 1.Degree/Higher diploma 1

2.A levels or higher/GCSE equivalent(Grade-C) 3.O level or GCSE equivalent(Graded-G) 4.Other(specify) Area of residence(tick where applicable) 1.London 2.Glasgow 3.Manchester 3

4.Other(specify) If transgender Gender identity of participant 1.Woman 2.man 3.Other including poly gender 4.Female to male(trans male) 5.Male to female(trans female) Intention to transition Yes, have already transited yes, am currently transiting none(other specify) 3

Are you a member of a group of trans people 1.yes 2.no 2

For quite a number of persons, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably, yet they have different meanings and uses altogether. Gender is not connected to one’s physical features while sex, on the other hand, is biological. Gender identity, being a personal perception of oneself is based on various factors, ranging from personal experiences, environmental conditions to social and moral aspects. It involves the primary acceptance of one’s definition as either male or female. Gender identity is developed during the early growth stages of an individual; specifically at age three.it is formed as young ones seek approval from the society.

There are factors, though not completely understood, suggested as impelling its development.Genetic makeup, pre and postnatal hormone levels are among the biological factors that influence gender identity, among others. Moreover, social factors such as mass media, authority figures, family and power during a child’s growth also affect his/her identity. Language barriers, on the other hand, clearly bring out the femininity and masculinity characteristics of a child, thereby unconsciously adjusting the performance of the child.

With the interaction with the respondents, a point that clearly stood out was that a child’s behavior is moulded and shaped by persons surrounding them by trying to imitate their actions. Since the development of gender identity is attributed to certain factors, disorders, diagnoses and conditions are also associated with the same. These are brought about by discontentment with one’s sex assigned during birth or the roles associated with the same.

With the rapid changes the world today, brought about by changes in technology and evolution of cultures, the children are exposed to the risk of self-denial that latter leads to the current situation of lack of acceptances, low self-esteem and low self-worth. This contributes to the increased cases of homosexuality and to the extremes.

With the society viewing a certain group as inferior to the other also influences the behavior, leading to the transition from male to female and vice versa.

References

Thomson, R. (2009). Unfolding lives: youth, gender and change. Bristol: Policy Press.