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Hawthorne analysis
Question 1
Hawthorne studies was undertaken to determine the relationship that exists between employee productivity and workplace conditions. This study is very important in the field of management as it is able to highlight various topics related to management of organizations such as organization behavior and productivity. Based on the study there is no relationship between productivity and workplace conditions, but the study prompted to undercover various conclusion or findings. The findings indicated that an employee work behavior is controlled by several other factors such as work groups’ culture and norms that are generated amid the need of the organizations and the stakeholders and employees should not be considered as a supplement to machinery. In addition, the study indicates that employee’s participation and communication within the organization can reduce change resistance. The other finding depicts that the workplace is a production system and a social structure that is maintained via symbols of power and prestige. These findings have opened doors to client centered therapy, research methodology and group behavior organization theory.
Question 2
Hawthorne analysis under taken amid social stratification between varied Job holders, noted that one of the factors that affects productivity might be social relationships in the workplace (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, & Corbett, 2010). The study further states that there is no relationship between performance and working condition, but explains the importance of an individual’s status to his behavior in the workplace. For example, individuals holding executive positions of senior positions in an organization hold a different status as compared to those holding lower positions in organizations (Child, 2008). Higher positions are related to higher pay and other benefits as opposed to lower positions that return home smaller remunerations. Therefore, Hawthorne study notes that individual holding higher positions also hold higher status. These group of employee are determined and very productivity. In addition, they have positive behaviors to their Jobs.
In order to understand how the sets of norms affect how we act, it is vital to first understand the reference group used. According to Hawthorne study, a reference group is a group that individuals use to make comparison when determining other groups. An example that could be used for the case of Hawthorne study that of a bigger Company such as Coca-Cola and a smaller company that is operating at the locality (Kreitner, Kinicki & Cole, 2010). If you make the bigger company as the reference group this will impact and individual attitudes towards such organizations hence the ultimate organization behavior of the individual. In addition, it will help and individual to understand how norms and status of employees affect their individual behavior performance in their workplaces.
A great deal of understanding that norms not only affects the performance of an individual in workplace but also affects his individual behavior that later turns to a complete overhaul of the organization productivity. According to Hawthorne study, it is clear that an individual’s or organization norms affects behavior in various ways such as communication amid other people in the organization and to the quality of service rendered (Snape & Redman, 2010).
References
Bratton, J., Sawchuk, P., Forshaw, C., Callinan, M., & Corbett, M. (2010). Work and organizational behaviour. Palgrave Macmillan.
Child, J. (2008). Organizational structure, environment and performance: the role of strategic choice. Sociology, 6(1), 1-22.
Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A., & Cole, N. D. (2010). Organizational Behaviour: Key Concepts, Skills, and Best Practices. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Snape, E., & Redman, T. (2010). HRM Practices, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Performance: A Multi‐Level Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 47(7), 1219-1247.
MYOB and Microsoft Excel
MYOB and Microsoft Excel
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Date of Submission:
MYOB and Microsoft Excel
Accounting software is quite important to any business setup. Business considers certain software from others depending on efficiency and accuracy that the software works with their system. Among the many accounting software include the excel software and MYOB accounting software. The two softwares are quite significant in analysis of various accounting components: however, one is somewhat considered than the other (Cheetham & Ring, 2008).
Use of MYOB is superior to use of excel due to different reasons. The first reason is that use of MYOB saves time through various functionalities. One is that the software has the possibility of updating automatically the accounts of the suppliers in the purchase ledger of the bank receipts. This automation saves time as manual updating wastes time thereby delaying the supply of goods and services. In addition, use of MYOB helps in automatically paying suppliers among other expenses in the company. This automation reduces the time required for the transactions to be done by the accountant, then entering the amount in the excel sheet. Automation of the services especially with the payment section helps in reducing the possibility of making errors (Lee & Lai, 2008).
Apart from saving time, MYOB works well with different operating system. The system offers a product, which works well on various platforms ranging from Apple Mac to Windows product. The diversity of the software clearly works well as the company will not have to work with a certain operating system.
Lastly, MYOB software saves money in terms of expenses. Under normal circumstances, MYOB offers adverse advantages especially to the small business. The system for these businesses is not complicated and requires software that can work best within their limit. Use of MYOB is the best as their functionality is compatible with various applications unlike excel that is limited to certain applications (Lynley, 2009).
MYOB being a computerized accounting package provides a variety of facilities among the being:
Onscreen input as well as the printout of the sales invoices.
Automatic update of the customers accounts in sales ledger
Recording of the invoices of suppliers
Automatic update of the accounts of suppliers in the procures ledger recording of the bank receipts
Making payments for expenses as well as to suppliers
Automatic updating for general ledger
Automatic modifications of the stock records
Incorporation of an enterprise database with that of the accounting program
Automatic computation of payroll as well as associated entries
The program can as well offer instant reports for the purpose of management for instance:
Age debtors summary: review of the accounts of customers indicating the overdue amounts
Trial balance, balance sheet as well as trading, and loss and profits account
Stock valuation
Sales analysis
Variance analysis as well as Budget analysis
GST/VAT returns
Payroll analysis
The input screens have been devised for ease of utilization when using MYOB. Among the main advantages is that every transaction requires to be imputed only once. This is unlike the manual system where one requires two or three entries. This computerized ledger system is completely integrated. This implies that if a business transaction is imputed on the computer, automatically, it is recorded in several varieties of accounting records at the matching time (Tan, 2010).
MYOB has the advantages of producing accurate and fast invoices, purchase orders, credit notes, printing statements as well as payroll documents. All these are done automatically. The system has a benefit of availability of information in that the information is instantly accessible and can be available to a variety of users in varying regions at the same period. The other benefit is the management of information. This implies that it is possible to produce the reports that will assist management in controlling as well as monitoring the business (Neish & Kahwati, 2009).
MYOB is legible in that the onscreen as well as printed data ought to be legible and therefore avoid errors brought about by poor figures. It is efficient in that there is better utilization of the resources as well as time. The cash flow as well ought to advance through better collection of debt as well as inventory control.
The system also requires the staff to be trained on the use of new skills. This will make them be more motivated. It is as well possible to outsource the training and therefore making a certain member of staff less grave of the operations of the business. This system reduces the level of frustration in the sense that it is possible for the management to be at the peak of their accounts and therefore minimize the levels of stress connected to what is unknown to them.
MYOB offers the possibility of dealing in many currencies with so much ease. This in turn reduces the problems associated with the changes in exchange rate. It also has the advantage of offering information in real time as compared to the other systems. The accounting records are at all times the latest since they are always automatically updated each time a transaction occurs. This is significant for the purpose of tracking sales as well as inventory costs. The system will always indicate the amount of stock at hand at a given particular time. This is of assistance in avoiding shortages.
MYOB has the potential to come up with customized reports and offer additional analysis. .this implies that the system has the capability of making it possible for an individual to modify the professional looking reports (that ay comprise of the details as well as the Logo of the company). The reports offer extra analysis that may be required by the shareholders, banks, owners as well as suppliers. An individual as well needs far less time in coming up with the reports as compare to using the manual system
Another benefit of the system is minimized accounting fees. This however depends on the capability of the enterprise to come up with an accurate number of accounts from their computerized system. The accounting fee will be low with competent set up, accurate inputting as well as appropriate training.
Conclusion
According to the evaluation of the two systems, it is therefore evident that MYOB offers much more advantages as compared to the other accounting systems. The system streamlines the workflow, does away with tiresome clean-up work, does not require the rekeying of client information allows easy review process and has an easy rollover of the supporting documents as well as notes in addition to the mentioned advantages. The current release of the AO Client Accounting simplifies as well as centralizes MYOB login by making it possible for an individual to manage the employee setting as well as the security of MYOB from directly inside one’s own Practice Solution. Since the Statutory Reporter is as well part of AO Suite, data for instance the company directors as well as the addresses move into the financial statement not requiring re-key.
Bibliography
Cheetham, C. J., & Ring, J. D. 2008. Introductory computer accounting : a live data approach :
MYOB accounting. London: John Wiley & Sons Australia.
Lee, Y.-H., & Lai, S. P. 2008. MYOB companion guide : your comprehnsive guide to using
MYOB premier. Mexico: Winning Preferance.
Lynley. 2009. Advantages/benefits of computerised accounting. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from
accountingtraining: HYPERLINK “http://www.accountingtraining.co.nz/general-” http://www.accountingtraining.co.nz/general-accounting/advantagesbenefits-of-computerised-accounting/
Neish, W. J., & Kahwati, G. 2009. Computer accounting using MYOB business software. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Tan, R. C. 2010. Serenity Day Spa : an extended practice set using MYOB Accounting Plus
student edition v18. Vienna: Pearson Education Australia.
Mycenaean Phi-Figurine C.1450-1050 B.C. (Late Helladic IIIA-IIIC Periods)
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Mycenaean Phi-Figurine (Φ) c.1450-1050 B.C. (Late Helladic IIIA-IIIC Periods)
Introduction
This Phi type of figurine dates back to 1450-1050 BC. It was found in Mycenaean Greece and was characteristically made up of terracotta and ceramic. These figurines were found in settlement areas, tombs, and shrines. Their names stemmed from the kind of shape they took and the resemblance they had to three Greek letters. These are phi, tau and psi. As much as their functions remain unknown, it is believed that their objective reflected the circumstance in which they were found. The phi figurine is not a new phenomenon in Greece mainland. Most of them were found in Aegean period (Olsen 380).
Differences and Similarities
The Phi figurine has characteristic similar features and shape to that of man. Like other figurines, its arms are separated from the body. However, while in other figurines the hands are held in front of the breasts, in the phi figurine they are not. The Phi, which was directly fashioned from the naturalistic, can be divided into three types according to the French classification. They include Phi A that has an upper body part represented by a disc, has a thick stem, and a low waist. The second one is Phi B, which has an applied plait and a columnar stem. The third on is the Proto-Phi which was formed in the LH 111A, and has arms that tend to curve round the sides of its torso. Even though they are molded with plastic in comparison to other Phi, they are attached to their body (Olsen 386).
Despite these differences, all the three types of Phi consistently have plastic submitted breasts. The transactional type of Phi was formed from the naturalistic towards the closing stages of LHIIIA. Its upper body is rhomboid in shape and short in comparison to other Phi, and its arms are folded across its upper body. The Tau developed from the transactional type of Phi, which formation occurred towards the closing stages of LHIIIA and progressed to LHIIIB according to historical accounts. Its shallow upper body strikes one as being in the form of a flattened ball and its stem is thick (Olsen 389).
The Psi can be divided into three different groups, which were fashioned at the onset of LHIIIB and progressed to LHIIIC. These subgroups include Hollow Psi, which as suggested by its name, has arms hoisted like an overturned crescent and a hollow stem. The second one is the Columnar Psi whose arms are held vertically as it happens with a deep crescent; it also has a concrete columnar stem and a standard waistline. The third one is the High waisted Phi that has peculiar shallower crescent arms, a columnar stem, and a high waistline (Olsen 392).
Conclusion
Despite these disparities, all types of Psi consist of religious headdresses referred to as polos similar to that which is portrayed on the sarcophagus of the Agia Triada. An applied plate also runs across all Phis. A disparity from the ordinary types of Tau, Proto-phi, and Phi figurines do exist and is referred to as the kourotrophos. It is an ordinary female but with a constant obsession of a child on its left breast. A parasol often protects the child. Even though there are two more types of Psi figurines with children, it is not natural to anticipate a Psi carrying a child in this manner.
Works Cited
Olsen, Barbara A. Wommen,Children and the Family in the Angean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaen Constructions of Gender. World Archaeology, 29 (3). (2010): 380-392.