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Types of Unemployment
Types of Unemployment
Student’s Name
Institution
Types of Unemployment
There are three main types of unemployment inexistence. They are frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
Structural Unemployment
Structural unemployment deals mismatch of workers and jobs as a result of insufficient skills or just the desire of an individual to work in the wrong field. Structural unemployment relies heavily on the dynamic changes in an economy and the social needs of the same economy. For example, technological advances and dynamic market trends usually make several skills obsolete, leading to an exponential increase in the number of unemployed persons. A practical example is when laborers who were previously working in cotton fields were rendered jobless when Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin. Similarly, as the number of computers in use rises over the years, several jobs that were previously done in manual books are steadily being replaced by highly efficient and reliable computer software.
Frictional Unemployment
This kind of unemployment is usually present in any economy and it results from momentary transitions that are made by employers and workers or from employers and workers who have incomplete or inconsistent information. There is close relationship between frictional unemployment and structural e unemployment since both of them rely on dynamism of the economy. It is mainly caused by many unemployed workers who fail to take the first job offer given to them due to wages being offered and the necessary skills. In addition, it can also be caused by employers who quit their jobs in order to relocate to another part of the county. “Frictional unemployment is portrayed as a transaction cost of attempting to get a new job; a result of insufficient and unreliable information given on the available jobs.” (Bernal –Verdugo, Furceri & Guillaume, 2012).Cyclical Unemployment
This is the kind of unemployment that results from economic contraction. The economy usually has the capability to come up with jobs which eventually results in the overall economic growth of a country. Therefore, a progressing economy always exhibit lower unemployment levels. On the contrary, based on cyclical unemployment, any economy that is on recession is likely to face high levels of unemployment. Whenever this happens, the number of unemployed workers increases more than the available job openings as a result of the breakdown of the economy. “Cyclical unemployment is greatly concentrated on an economy’s activity.”(McConnell, Brue, Flynn & Barbiero, 2010).
References
McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., Flynn, S. M., & Barbiero, T. P. (2010). Macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Ryerson.Bernal-Verdugo, L. E., Furceri, D., & Guillaume, D. (2012). Labor market flexibility and unemployment: new empirical evidence of static and dynamic effects. Comparative Economic Studies, 54(2), 251-273.
Types Of Probabilities
Types Of Probabilities
Probability is the possibility of an occasion to happen in which the results are given between 0% to 1% values of happening. When the degree of probability is high, then the event is more likely to happen; or when the sample series are longer, then the larger number of times an event is expected to happen. The two types of probabilities include Empirical and Theoretical. (Mood, Graybill, & Boes, 2001).
Empirical Probability
Empirical /posterior/ experimental/relative frequency Probability is the ratio between the estimated numbers of times an event takes place, based with the number of possible times it can happen after a trial in an actual experiment. It is estimated with observation and experience which has taken place repeatedly (Lefebvre, 2006). Empirical probability involves an inductive process that increase accuracy depending on the arrival of new data and most economist prefer it when making their decisions. Empirical Probability ratio is calculated as follows;
Number of times Event occurs
P (event) = Total number of observed occurrences
An Example of an Empirical probability
When one flips a coin 10 times and gets three heads, the empirical probability is 3 in 10 since it is unbiased meaning one result has a better likelihood to happen than the others. If it were theoretical probability, the results would be 5 in 10 since it is a fair or biased meaning each result has an equal chance of happening(Mood, Graybill, & Boes, 2001).
Theoretical Probability
Theoretical/Classical Probability of an event happening is based on the number of favorable ways that the event can happen, divided with the overall number of possible outcomes (Lefebvre, 2006). The ratio of this probability of an event happening is calculated as follows;
Number of favorable outcomes
P (event) = Total number of possible outcomes
An Example of a theoretical probability
Having a box with 20 balls, 15 are blue, and 5 are red in color. What is the possibility of picking a blue ball? When one random picks a ball from the box the result can either be blue or red, therefore, having 15 blue ball and 5 red balls there are three times many blue balls as the red ones. Hence, the probability of picking a blue ball is;
Number of blue balls in the box = 15 = 3 = 0.75 =75%
P (blue ball) = Total number of the ball in the box 20 4
Conclusion
An empirical probability is derived from a set of variants with observed capable principle while the theoretical probability is composed of certain basic principles, facts and assumptions. In conclusion, the procedure of inferential statistics starts with one or more empirical results and is completed by comparing to the theoretical probability results.Reference
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Mood, A., Graybill, F., & Boes, D. (2001). Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. UK:
McGraw-Hill.
Lefebvre, M. (2006). Applied Probability and Statistics. United States of America: Springer.
Reply to Alicia Smith on Management of Employee Welfare
Types of Law
Dana Bryant
McNeese State University
Court Justice Administration-CJUS 602-7WA
Professor Jennifer K. Creel
September 2nd, 2022
Types of Law
Corpus delicti refers to the body of the crime. It is a rule of common law that mandates that no defendant should be found guilty without the provision of sufficient evidence that the crime took place. Corpus delicti comprises five elements. One of the elements of Corpus delicti is Actus Reus, a Latin word that means ‘guilty act.’ Actus Reus refers to the three types of the unlawful act including possession, voluntary bodily movements, and omission or failure to act (Mallorquí-Ruscalleda, 2020). In regards to possession, the criminal law stipulates that if someone knows it is against the law to possess an item like cocaine, they may be guilty of a crime if found in possession of such items. Voluntary bodily movement entails the movements that take place without coercion and with the awareness of the actor. Thus, actions caused by involuntary bodily movements such as unconscious or reflexive actions cannot be regarded as criminal acts before a court of law. Lastly, failure to act or omission has a criminal liability if it involves failing to perform a legal duty or failing to intervene to stop serious harm when there is a special relationship between the parties that imposes a duty to act. An example of such a case is between parents and children. In a criminal trial, establishing an offender’s actus reus is needed to establish criminal obligation (Hemmens et al., 2022).
Another element of Corpus delicti is Mens Rea, which means criminal intent. The literal translation of Mens Rea from Latin is “guilty mind.” Mens Rea requires that the prosecution of a defendant must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant perpetrated the crime with a stable state of mind (Mallorquí-Ruscalleda, 2020). This element also stresses that a person should be aware of their misconduct and clearly understand that their conduct is illegal to be convicted guilty of a crime. Based on this element of a criminal offense, criminal responsibility does not hold based solely on the action; there must also be some form of guilty mind (Hemmens et al., 2022). Similar to actus reus, it is important to establish an offender’s Mens Rea during a criminal trial to establish criminal obligation.
Concurrence is another element of Corpus delicti. Generally, a crime comprises two elements: a guilty act and a guilty mental state. Based on this element of a criminal offense, there must exist a concurrence between the guilty act and the guilty mind (Hemmens et al., 2022). This implies that these two elements must occur simultaneously. During a criminal trial, the prosecution must demonstrate that the defendant’s criminal action coincided with their guilty mental state. Under the concurrence element of a criminal offense, the application of either Mens Rea or actus reus cannot be used to prove guilt. Also, the concurrence element implies that acts that are not generated by criminal intent do not qualify to be considered criminal acts and the intention to commit a crime without the act of committing a crime cannot be considered a crime before the law. It is vital to prove concurrence during a criminal trial because proving either Mens Rea or actus reus cannot be used to convict a defendant.
Another element of Corpus delicti is causation. This is the statutory principle that defines the criminal act as the cause of harm (Alili, 2017). Criminal law requires that the causation element of a criminal offense be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The victim’s harm must be proven to have been caused by the perpetrator’s actions in some way, either by being a factual or a legal cause. If there are additional elements that are not under the perpetrator’s control and may have contributed to the victim’s harm, it must be decided whether those additional factors or the perpetrator’s behavior were the actual or legal cause of the harm. In such circumstances, the defendant may draw their guilt into question on the basis that their actions did not cause harm to the victim.
The fifth element of Corpus delicti is harm. Harm is the outcome of a criminal act or injury to the victim. Usually, the harm may be mental, economic, or physical. An example of mental harm is scaring someone by threatening to strike them while physical harm includes physical assault. A good example of economic harm is credit card fraud. In criminal law, there cannot be liability without any sort of harm (Hemmens et al., 2022). Overall, each of the elements of Corpus delicti needs to be proven since although each of them has their independent significant importance, all of them need to be proved to establish criminal obligation.
References
Alili, N. (2017). The Importance of “Corpus Delicti” in Proving “Causation” in Homicide Cases. KIU Journal of Humanities, 2(1), 127-134.
Hemmens, C., Brody, D. C., & Spohn, C. (2022). Criminal courts: A contemporary perspective. (5th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Mallorquí-Ruscalleda, E. (2020). The Elements of a Crime: A Brief Study on Actus Reus and Mens Rea.