Recent orders
Types of Investments
Types of Investments
Type of investment Mutual funds Stocks and shares Bonds
Description This is an organisation which manages the money of its investors by using their contributions to invest and share profits among members This is buying shares from a company whereby the buyer can take certain actions concerning the company. When the company makes profit it is shared among shareholders This is an individual loan given to a government or a company (Bali et al, 2009). The loans are paid with an interest thus the creditors get profit from the interest
Pros The organisation manages the money and determines the safest company or government to invest in A person has a say when it comes to the company management even though very little influence (Neal, & New, 1967). The investor can make huge profits if the company makes a lot of money There is security and there is a very high percentage assurance that payment will be made back
Cons There is an annual fee paid to the organisation that manages the contributions and distributes profits (Friend et al, 1962) If the company does not make money or it is dissolved or declared bankrupt the investors might suffer great losses Depending with the situation some bonds may take long to be paid
Ideal examples For a person who is completely new to the field of investment it is a good start since they do not know the right place to invest If a person invests in a very fast growing company and one that has a very high demand it is an ideal situation since the profits to be made are high When an investor is aware of what type of investment is being made and also if he can trust the company or government then it becomes ideal to give out the bond.
References
Bali, T. G., Demirtas, K. O., Levy, H., & Wolf, A. (2009). Bonds versus stocks: Investors’ age and risk taking. Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(6), 817-830.
Friend, I., Brown, F. E., Herman, E. S., & Vickers, D. (1962). A study of mutual funds. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Neal, D. M., & New, D. J. (1967). Shares and Stocks. In Working With Arithmetic (pp. 317-332). Palgrave, London.
Types of hypoxia
Types of hypoxia
Introduction
Hypoxia is the condition whereby there is deficiency in the amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues. It may affect the whole body or certain organs. Complete absence of oxygen is referred to as anoxia. Hypoxia can be classified into two classes: acute and chronic. Acute hypoxia is rapid while chronic hypoxia is a condition that has been ongoing for some time.
Types of hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia
In this type of hypoxia, there is low amount of oxygen in the body. This is caused by the low amount of oxygen that is breathed in and other causes. It is characterized by low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
Metabolic hypoxia
This is a condition that is caused by the vigorous exercise. It causes a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues. In this condition, there may be normal oxygen diffusion, distribution and utilization. The high metabolic rate makes the amount of oxygen available in the cells inadequate.
Ischemic hypoxia
This is a condition whereby there is restriction of blood flow to some organs. There is adequate concentration of oxygen in the blood but due to the restriction of the flow, some organs or tissues have deficiency. Examples include hypoxia in the small intestines and cerebral ischemia.
Histotoxic hypoxia
This is a condition whereby oxygen is available to the tissues but they cannot utilize it. This may be due to poisonous substances in the red blood cells or actions of enzymes. This poisoning can be caused by high intake of alcohol (News Medical 2013).
Anemic hypoxia
This is the kind of hypoxia that is brought about by reduced number of hemoglobin. This incapacitates the red blood cells from effectively transporting oxygen. There is decreased amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues.
Conclusion
Hypoxia is a dangerous condition and is characterized by impaired judgment, headache, dizziness, fainting or rapid heart beating rate. Anoxia is more fatal and cerebral anoxia can lead to brain damage or memory loss. Hypoxia can be brought about by many causes whereby some are reversible.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Endridge L 2012 Lung cancer hypoxia ; causes sypmtoms and treatment available at http://lungcancer.about.com/od/Respiratory-Symptoms/a/Hypoxia.htm (accessed on 04/04/2013).
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 News Medical 2013 hypoxia types available at http://www.news-medical.net/health/Hypoxia-Types.aspx accesed on 04/04/2013.
Types of Government
Types of Government
Student’s Name
Date
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
Human populations have long formed organized communities with various governance systems. To date, different systems of governance are used across the world. Currently, democracy, dictatorship and monarchy are three of the most widely adopted systems of governance. These systems of governance are popular due to factors such as efficacy, ease in the creation and adoption of policies, religious beliefs, societal values and political association among others. These systems have various advantages and disadvantages, therefore their popularity and adoption across different regions is dependent on the efficiency and ease of governance. Governance systems are necessary in running functioning societies that are characterized with structure and organization.
Democracy
Democracy is most widely used system of governance across the world. A democratic system of governance is characterized by free and fair representation. Countries reliant on this governance system encourage the general population to elect their leaders. Other characteristics of democratic governments include fair representation, public participation, law, order, majority rule and free and fair elections. More than half of the countries in the world utilize this system of governance (Desilver, 2019). The popularity of this governance system significantly increased after the second world war. The increased adoption of democratic governments was due to the ability of this system to foster and encourage peace. Moreover, it proven that peace and democracy are bidirectional (Reiter, 2017). Currently, democratic systems of government are mostly utilized in Europe, the Americas, Australia, parts of Asia and Africa.
Dictatorship
Dictatorship is characterized by the rule of a single authority with absolute power. In this form of governance individuals involved in leadership use limitless power, intimidation and threats to maintain absolute power over the public. Currently, few countries in the world are under dictatorship tule however, this form of governance was mostly popular during the 19th and 20th century. During this period, countries increasingly opposed monarchies and colonial rule hence as leaders from these regimes fell, influential individuals amassed significant power and exercised complete social and political control over the general public. Other than the ability to amass significant power, dictator regimes are also characterized by the suppression of the public’s freedom and the use of brute force and threats to maintain structure and organization in societies (Turpin, 2008). Common types of dictatorship regimes witnessed to date include military dictatorship, personalist dictatorship and single party dictatorship (Meng, 2021). For instance, President Kim Jong-Un of North Korean is a personalist dictator, the Chinese communist party is a single party dictatorship while the military governments exercising rule over various parts of Africa and Adia are examples of military dictatorship.
Monarchy
Monarchies are characterized by the absolute rule of a single individual. Monarchs are the sovereign authority in their region thus they control all aspects of governance. These rulers acquire the power to rule through succession and often this position is passed from and to the male figures. Monarchies were mostly prominent during the Middle Ages and the early modern age. Other than acting as political leaders, monarchs also acted as religious and culture heads, factors that further made this system of governance thrive (Gerring et al., 2021). In the modern age, most regions across the globe experienced republicanism, a factor that resulted in the demise of many monarchies. Currently, there are a few remaining monarchies that no longer hold absolute power but instead share their power and authority with elected officials. For instance, queen Elizabeth shares her authority and governing power with elected leaders in the British parliament.
Similarities and Differences
Democracies, dictatorship and monarchies have a wide range of similarities. One of the most obvious similarities is that they are systems of governance that efficiently control the general public. As these governance systems are reliant on a small group of individuals to exercise authority in society, the general public is effectively under the rule and control of these individuals. Also, these governance systems can either prove effective or ineffective. For instance, democratic governments are highly dependent on negotiations and compromise. As such, democracies that have constant disagreements are ineffective as those in leadership positions are unable to agree on laws and policies that best suit the public. In contrast, since rulers in monarchies and dictatorships have absolute control, they have no need for consultations. Consequently, they can pass laws and policies that effectively govern and benefit their regions.
Democracies, dictatorship and monarchies are comprised of different natures of governance. Democratic governments are characterized by freedom of choice as leaders are elected through majority win. In contrast, monarchies and dictatorship regimes deny the public the ability to choose its leaders. Monarchies are characterized by succession of leaders while dictatorship regimes use of force or inherited power to seize and maintain power. Other differences are evident through the stability of power. Democratic governments often enjoy power stability while monarchies and dictatorships are more susceptible to instability and chaos as power and authority can be seized by a different group. As such, people tend to have more confidence in democratic governments than dictatorship and monarchy governments.
Conclusion
Governance systems are crucial to the functioning societies as they provide structure and organization. Different regions in the world utilize different systems of governance with democracies, dictatorship and monarchies being the most popular. As these systems are related to the concentration and use of power, each of these governance systems can either prove effective or ineffective. Also, these governance systems share various similarities and differences, therefore they each have aspects that advantageous and disadvantageous. Overall, the effectiveness of a governance system is dependent on its nature and characteristics; hence, inclusive government systems such as democracies promote societal organization and structures while governance systems that ignore the needs of all stakeholders are a source of chaos and instability.
References
Desilver, D. (2019). Despite global concerns about democracy, more than half of countries are democratic. Pew Research Center, 14.
Gerring, J., Wig, T., Veenendaal, W., Weitzel, D., Teorell, J., & Kikuta, K. (2021). Why monarchy? The rise and demise of a regime type. Comparative Political Studies, 54(3-4), 585-622.
Meng, A. (2021). Ruling parties in authoritarian regimes: Rethinking institutional strength. British Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 526-540.
Reiter, D. (2017). Is Democracy a Cause of Peace?. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
Turpin, J. E. (2008). Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Vol. 3). Elsevier.