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Problems of emigration

Problems of emigration

Emigration entails the movement of people from their native country to a new country, in which they plan to settle. Emigration occurs because of notable reasons. In most circumstances, people escape awry political conditions, economic destitution, and social insecurity. In some cases, emigrants are merely adventurous individuals who want to experience new settings. People who move away from their native countries take to emigration as a solution of these problems. They attach considerable hope in new countries. While emigration might offer variable solutions to some of these difficulties, it entails considerable problems. It is essential to highlight that emigration entails problems to both the immigrants and the host countries.

Difficult cultural integration is one of the common problems that emigrants face in their new countries. Culture is an essential factor in every person’s life. For instance, emigrants usually face the obstacle of learning a new language. This new language is indispensable in work places and daily interactions. A new culture also involves adjusting to new social mannerisms and unfamiliar political and economic environments. Compelling children to neglect their friends and schools creates a difficult adaptation period, as such children cannot dissociate their former world from reality. Facing new cultures influences emigrants to lose their cultural identity.

Discrimination is a major challenge facing immigrants in host countries. Discrimination is a difficult problem because it emanates from the attitudes of people. Individuals in the host countries may develop condescending attitudes towards immigrants. This scenario occurs because the individuals in the host countries view the immigrants as outsiders. Discrimination is dangerous because it occurs from the subtle sense to the extreme cases of physical abuse. Emigrants may face considerable problems tackling discrimination because they may not be aware of the legal procedures involved.

Countries that host emigrants also experience several challenges. The first problem regards the financial burden entailed in hosting new entrants. Most countries are facing critical financial difficulties in the presence of recession and global meltdown. Emigrants need large amounts of financial support from host nations. This support occurs in terms of healthcare benefits, social welfare, educational benefits and settlement. The government exists in a tricky position of sharing its limited resources with both native citizens and the emigrants.

Security is a key problem facing emigrants. This is because some emigrants may harbor ill intentions towards the host country. Economic problems among emigrants usually trigger this situation as they turn to crime and the black market activities for their survival. Immigration officials usually face the major task of screening emigrants before they gain entrance in a new country. While this is a common procedure on emigrants, it does not guarantee absolute security on the citizens. For instance, the terrorist attacks in the US manifest the danger of immigrants in host countries.

It is discernible that emigration entails problems both to the emigrant and to a host country. Difficult cultural integration majorly affects emigrants as they face entirely new cultures. Facing new cultures involve learning new languages and other forms of lifestyle. Such new cultures may lead towards the loss of cultural identities of emigrants. Discrimination significantly affects emigrants as individuals in host countries look down upon them. This is a problematic scenario as emigrants are mostly unaware of the legal procedures involved in tackling discrimination. Host countries of the emigrants also face key problems. Host countries usually face huge financial burden of taking care of emigrants. Host countries also face the problem of insecurity that may arise out of the presence of emigrants in new countries. It is critical to note that emigration is a major economic and political issue in the world.

References

LeMay, M. C. (2007). Illegal immigration: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Scheffer, P., & Waters, L. (2011). Immigrant nations. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Problems of associated with fast foods

Problems associated with fast foods

Introduction

Following a subsequent shift from suburb homes to a sophisticated urban lifestyle, there has been a change in dieting patterns. Consumers are opting for pursuing of time effective strategies; for instance, self-contained apartments, laundry, and fast foods. In particular, fast food consumption has gained popularity even to suburb dwellers. For the city dwellers, fast food consumption has gained popularity making it look a lucrative lifestyle than homemade dishes. The government on the other hand is supporting this kind of food consumption and little has been done by reliable bodies; for example, Foods and Drugs Administration to mitigate divergent consumption trends. Fast food industry has been invaded by all manner of product development strategies. The synthetic approach seems lucrative to a variety of developers since the overall profit objective is satisfactory met. As a result, fast foods are primarily responsible for the development of number one killer disease cardiovascular attacks. This research will attempt to prove that the chemical orientation in fast food recipes is principally liable for the heightened health risks.

Background of Fast foods

Fast foods began gaining clout in early 1950S, and by 1980s, the baby boomers were utilizing the fast food as their main source of day foods. Timing is the key thing in fast foods. The ability to develop foods at much faster rate is what makes fast food such a popular food. In most cities, outlet kioski provide semi developed, or no shelter at all for seating allowances. A good number of these kiosks processes standardized foodstuffs and ship them to central locations. Fast foods popularity gained influence after the conclusion of World War II. It should be recalled that at this time, time for preparing decent meals was normally absent. Soon after the World War, American and Western Europe adopted fast food patterns as vital prerequisites to respond to demanding economies. However, it should be recalled that although this foods seems appears a lucrative feeding strategies, the foods have medically been associated with development of rapid diseases and cancers. As this report will find out, there are plethora of divergent factors that can be associated with the consumption of fast foods.

The chemical nature of fast foods

It should be noted that the fast food are prepared to ensure that cost is mitigated while appellants are exemplified. For this reason, artificial flavors in fast food have remained to the core business orientation as compared to natural factors. The synthetic compounds are not subtle, however, given the nature of fast food business industry, integrating synthetic compounds is still by large the only main strategy of profit maximization. Secondly, the food sources are contributive the nature of the foods. In most cities, sources of foods have been a contentious debate point. Some of these sources include; beef, bark, chicken, fruits, herbs, roots, and yeasts. However, it should be noted that the mode of product is not appropriate since synthetic add-endives are applied almost at every stage of production to make the product look appealing at a much faster rate. Nonetheless, Prescott (2004, pp. 144) argues that natural flavors and artificial flavors contains almost the same chemicals but the method of production is what differs and make each different.

Chemically, natural flavors are necessarily purer and healthier as compared to the artificial one. However, while production of artificial flavors, a series of chemical flavors are oriented. Krishnakumar and Mathammal (2008, pp. 1890) argues that when almond flavor (benzaldehyde) is derived from natural sources in an irregular time patterns, it contains traces of hydrogen cyanide, a deadly poison. In particular, benzaldehyde is developed from mixing banana flavor, oil of cloves and cloned by amylacetate, which does not contain any cyanide. However, this collection is legally considered in most cities and sells at a much lower price.

Other identified induced chemicals include; bleached wheat flour, which means nutrients are removed. Secondly, the foods contains tertiary butylhdroquinone commonly known as TBHQ. The foods are recorded to have dextrose (commonly known as sugars) (Jaworowska et al, 2013, pp. 311). Fourthly, the foods contain significant amounts of prepared vegetable oil commonly known as Canola oil, hydrogenated Soybean Oil and Soybean oil. With this kind of chemical consideration, it is good to note that fast foods to a greater extent are synthetically generated and as a result, the foods are primarily responsible for disease such as obesity or cancer.

Fast food consumption rates

The graph below shows fast food consumption rates in America. From the graph one will notice that fast nearly 95 percent of Americans, at one point in a week or a month do consume fast foods. Fast food consumption in United States has become a real symbol of modernity. In America, the most popular fast food is the hamburger. A hamburger restaurant presents a direct replica of fast food in America. The population is followed by pizza, family, submarine, oriental, chicken and Mexican. As stated, fast food have replaced a lot of home meals and people naturally consume them for their easiness. In fact, fast foods have gained popularity in cultural ceremonies; for instance, birthdays and anniversaries. So from the graph, it is notable that the consumption of fast food has gained significant clout in recent years.

Adopted from Stastista.com

From this analysis, one will notice that American economy heavily relays on fast food consumption. American have been increasing the calorie intake by a nearly three percent every year (Eslami et al, 2012, pp. 213). Out-of-home eating habits have increased and diversified with various orientations being pursued. Popular Italian, Turkish or Chinese traditional foods have been modified to add taste to American fast food orientation. CITE further argues that the density of fast food restaurant have almost doubled with various merchants entering the fast food industry annually. The sad thing is that archaic black and other natives neighborhood which pursued traditional meals have now adopted the fast food consumption trend doubling the average intake of fast foods.

The risk factors in fast foods

The most common diseases associated with overconsumption of fast food include; diabetes, cancer and obesity. Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition that affect nearly to 8 percent of Americans and a quarter of adult population. Fast food induces the uncontrolled increase of sugar levels in the body. This disease is the top five of the seven killer diseases in America. Risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus include, obesity, lack of physical activity and old age. The diseases graduates to Type of Diabetes Mellitus, which include is primarily responsible for the development of obesity, cancer and can lead to kidney disease, heart failure and other infections.

The following graphic, which shows the percentage of obesity rates have been rising from 1961-2009 in the United States. After 1980, the obesity rates rise very quickly and in 2009, the percentage of obese people is 30%. This graphic shows the idea of fast food can cause obesity directly. I can use this graph as a source for my fast food research paper.

Fast foods can be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, which is leading cause of death in the United States and the general world. The common diseases associated with fast food consumption are the Dyslipidemia and DM, which through to physiological factors; the two are primary cause factors of heart failure. Secondly, HTN primarily causes risk of mortality rates worldwide. Scientifically, fast foods contribute the majority of chemically induced factors which cause HTN. The foods are populated with sodium and other add-endives examine in this research. This links between fast food consumption and high blood pressure has been confirmed in various demographic presentations adult, and children.

Legislation involving fast foods

The Food and Drug Administration, FDA or USFDA is the chief department entitled in for protection and promoting public health through regulation of dietary supplements, food safety, and prescription. In response to the fast food consumption, the agency does not require flavor companies to disclose the ingredients of their additives, as long as the chemicals are considered safe by the Generally Regarded As Safe commonly known as GRAS. This allowance has enabled synthetic food developers to develop complex formulas. Flavor foods compounds contain more ingredients than the foods being given for their taste. In fact, CITE argues that the chemical wizardry and manufacturing skills is highly processed on food taste like a strawberry.

Failure of identifying these inclusions has been primarily responsible for the consistent alteration of FDA laws. Flavors usually arise from a mixture of many different volatile chemicals; a single compound often supplies the dominant aroma. Consequently, for business orientation, synthetic food developers have attempted to influence the smell of these foods to offer a blank palette of the chemicals to provide specific tastes and smells. However, most of these orientations are laboratory engineered and are not noticed by FDA. In fact, the ingredients presented to the FDA or the public are not necessarily the applied system to arrive at a given meal. Additionally, the nature of American politics has deterred the benevolent application of FDA requirements. Fast food developers; for instance, Mc Donald or Papa John have proved to be large organizations which employ a number of Americans. For this reason, questioning their operations comes with a large unemployment price (McDonald, 2013).

Conclusion

Fast food consumption trends nationally and internationally are not expected to mutilate in the near future. As this research has established, the law is relatively weaker in apprehending fast food consumption strategies. The research has further clarified that the synthetic orientation in fast foods is primarily responsible in causing the development of risk factors. Risk factors in this case are multiple diseases and the leading disease being cardiovascular attacks. For this reason, future research should be structured to examine on the possible methodologies of shifting fast food production from artificial orientation to natural orientation.

References

Eslami, S., Barzgari, Z., Saliani, N., Saeedi, N., Barzgari, A. (2012). Annual Fasting; the Early Calories Restriction for Cancer Prevention. BioImpacts 2 (4), 213-215.

McDonald, D. (2011). Challenging Ronald: Mc Donald versus McDonald’s. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 48 (2012) 103-105.

Jaworowska, A., Blackham, T., Davies, I., Stevenson, L. (2013). Nutritional Challenges and Health implication of take-way and fast food. Nutritional Science Policy. 71 (5): 310-318.

Astrup, A., Dyerberg, J., Selleck, M., and Stender, S. (2008). Nutritional Transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases. Obseity reviews. 9 (1), 48-52.

Guyenet, J.S. (2012, March, 9). Seduced by Food: Obesity and the Human Brain.

Retrieved from http://boingboing.net/2012/03/09/seduced-by-food-obesity-and-t.html

The following discussion focuses on the steps followed while constructing a truss for bridge

Presented by

Professor

Subject

Date

Instruction Manual

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc369809257 h 3Prose PAGEREF _Toc369809258 h 3Characteristics of a wooden truss PAGEREF _Toc369809259 h 3Materials PAGEREF _Toc369809260 h 4The step-by-step construction process PAGEREF _Toc369809261 h 4Truss specifications PAGEREF _Toc369809262 h 7Loading conditions PAGEREF _Toc369809263 h 8Risk assessment PAGEREF _Toc369809264 h 8Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc369809265 h 9Work Cited PAGEREF _Toc369809266 h 10Appendices PAGEREF _Toc369809267 h 11Appendix I: Roof dead loads PAGEREF _Toc369809268 h 11Appendix II: Shapes and sizes of common trusses used in construction industries PAGEREF _Toc369809269 h 12Appendix III: Modification factor for duration loads on timber PAGEREF _Toc369809270 h 12Appendix IV: Truss deflection specifications PAGEREF _Toc369809271 h 13

List of figures

Figure 1: Basic wooden truss members ……………………………………………………….….5

Figure 2: A representation of a truss under the compression and tension forces………………….6

IntroductionThe following discussion focuses on the steps followed while constructing a truss for bridge. Trusses perform important tasks in supporting the roofing of any building and as such require specific instructions while constructing them. A truss could be described a framework of materials acting primarily in compression and tension. Being light in weight, a truss is a very stiff form of construction and that is the reason why it is used in construction. Wooden trusses the most common types used in building and construction industry today because they are cheap and requires less labor and experience to construct (MiTek 3). Roofing materials are designed to support various building loads as shown on appendix I. In addition, trusses come in various shapes and sizes as shown on appendix II.

Prose

Characteristics of a wooden trussThe use of wooden trusses is increasing globally because they near the following advantages:

Strength: A wooden truss provides a strong and efficient framework

Economy: Efficient use of wood and the provision of a system that can be easily installed during construction it the most economical roofing framework

Versatile: wooden trusses easily accommodate various designs used in the construction industry. Its versatility makes it a perfect roofing material in hybrid construction where they are used with steel, concrete or brick walls.

Environment: Wood is the only renewable building material and this makes it posses various environmental advantages. It optimizes wood use for specific applications.

MaterialsIn selecting any material, it is necessary to put into consideration a number of factors including cost, performance, safety and regulation. The following materials are needed during the construction of a wooden roofing truss.

Wood

Truss plates

Nails

Hammer (claw hammer)

Tape measure

Marking pen

Saw (cross saw and tenon saw)

The step-by-step construction processStep I: A research should be conducted to ensure that the designed truss suits the project or building. In addition, the truss should not violate local and international codes. Moreover, it should be designed to meet wind load, snow load and any other load associated with building structures. Figure 1 shows basic truss members

Figure 1: Basic wooden truss members

Step 2: Truss design

The selected truss design should suit the building.

Measure and cut materials for a truss using the recommended measurements taking into accounts allowances.fit the pieces together using nails and using correct dimensions. All connections should be tightly fitted

Select the best quality for top cord and the bottom cord. These areas bear the highest stress. Figure 2 shows various forces acting on a bridge that an engineer should consider while making a design.

Figure 2: A representation of a truss under the compression and tension forces.

Nail all truss connections on a solid, level ground. Nails must penetrate all gussets and plates

The amount of load that a timber can sustain for a given period is determined using the modification factor table shown on appendix III.

Step 3: select appropriate lumber for the truss

Softwoods are most preferred for making lumbers. The following factors are considered while selecting the lumber for a truss;

Size of the lumber

Quality of the lumber

Straightness

It should be kiln dried because green lumber shrinks or warps after the truss is assembled

Step 5: The bottom chord board is placed with the crown up. Scribe lines where cuts will go through.

The size/shape of a wood truss is requires that some field assembly be done. The installer should ensure proper field assembly is done. In addition, the building component safety lists all details that guide a field installer on how to place a truss on the wall.

Step 6: Fixing on the building

Trusses to be located on the edge at every 10 feet along the floor

They should be securely fastened to vertical webs. Blocking behind the vertical web is recommended to enable nailing

Special engineering is required for girder floor trusses

Ensure slope for drainage is provided

Cantilever span is controlled by the size of the lumber, the grade and deflection limitations.

Truss specificationsTrusses should follow the following specifications.

Trusses stored horizontally require support to prevent excessive lateral bending and ensure less moisture gain

Brace trusses are stored vertically to prevent tipping

While on uneven ground, trusses should be unloaded to prevent damage

Trusses to be constructed in accordance to Engineering codes and requirements

Always ensure the latest fashion is used

Truss deflection is determined through the specifications shown on appendix IV.

Loading conditionsTimber structures sustain a much greater load for a shorter period compared to their metal counterparts. The loading condition for timber trusses are as follows:

Long term: These are made up of loads on the top chord and dead in addition to permanently imposed loads.

Medium-term: consists of long-term loads plus the imposed top chord loading.

Short-term: Consists of medium loads and an addition 900N man load modified depending on the regional standards (MiTek 5-11).

Risk assessmentThe design process of in the construction industry has inherent risks. Therefore, cost estimation occurs through formulation of assumptions, which have room for future alteration. Possible risks, which may affect the project, include changes in weather during the construction process and conditions of the ground on which the project construction takes place. Another risk source would be the promoter of the project who may alter the designs to align them with the technological advancements. As such, risk identification in civil engineering process is a crucial step to forecast the success of the project. However, the identified risks need effective management to ensure that they do not lead to creating inefficiency in the project life cycle. Civil engineering structures construction occurs through signing of contracts. These contracts present another form of project risk in terms of disputes and claims inherent within these contracts ((Woodward 97-103).

Conclusion

Trusses are the most commonly used roof supporting materials in most house construction works today. Engineers should ensure all the designs follow the above procedures and standards in order to ensure production of high quality truss. The above manual would be most appropriate in all construction works requiring wooden trusses for roofing.

Work CitedMiTek. “Roof & Floor trusses: Design Information, Technical Data, Approvals, specifications and Details”. A Manual for Architect and Engineers, 2012. Web:

http://www.mii.com/artefact/download.asp?aid=48639Woodward, J. Construction Project Management: Getting It Right First Time.

Business & Economics. Thomas Telford. 1997.

AppendicesAppendix I: Roof dead loads

Appendix II: Shapes and sizes of common trusses used in construction industries

Appendix III: Modification factor for duration loads on timber

Appendix IV: Truss deflection specificationsMaximum depth Span/24 Inches

Maximum deflection Span/240 (live load)

Recommended camber Dead load deflection