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Two Different Art Periods, Pop Art And Harlem Renaissance, And Their Differences
Two Different Art Periods, Pop Art And Harlem Renaissance, And Their Differences
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc379618436 h 1Pop art period PAGEREF _Toc379618437 h 1Harlem renaissance art period PAGEREF _Toc379618438 h 2Comparison between Harlem Renaissance art and pop art PAGEREF _Toc379618439 h 4Historical significance of Harlem Renaissance PAGEREF _Toc379618440 h 4Chris, B.(20016).Harlem Renaissance. Issues & controversies in American History. Retrieved July 3, 2013 from http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/harlem_renaissance.pdf PAGEREF _Toc379618441 h 5Seneca, P.R. (2010). The Harlem Renaissance’s Effect on Modern Culture. Retrieved July 3, 2013 from http://teenink.com/nonfiction/travel_culture/article/27043/The-Harlem-Renaissances-Effect-on-Modern-Culture/ PAGEREF _Toc379618442 h 5
IntroductionSince the human race began, human beings have made attempts to demonstrate how they feel about life, religion and other topics through artwork creations. This has been achieved through paintings, architecture, and sculpture or cave drawings. this artwork has acted like a time capsule and has made it possible for people to see the views artists had on the world during their time.as technology and time progressed there was also progression in the world of art. The art of Europe comprises visual art history in Europe. Art history has been classified into time period on the basis of the techniques used and the common trends. European art has been organized into different stylistic periods which overlap each other historically as the different styles emerged in the different areas. These periods can be broadly named as classical, Middle ages, Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post impressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Geometric abstraction, pop art ,Surrealism , and Harlem renaissance
The paper will focus on two different art periods; Pop Art and Harlem Renaissance.it will look at the relationship between these two art periods .the discussion will be mainly on how one period continued or revived the style and characteristics of the other period or how one period originated in reaction to the other period.
Pop art periodPop art was a movement that started in the mid 1950 in Britain while in the United States it began in the late 1950s.pop art had some major characteristics which distinguished it from the other periods. This art is first of all realistic and figurative something that had not been seen since realism began. Artists who created pop art in America claimed that pop art looks out into the outside world. Pop art was created in London and New York and the world which it looks out on is thus a very special world of mid 20th century metropolis which was a great period. Pop art has its roots in the urban environments. Pop art also looks at special aspects that are found in the environments these aspects due to their association and level from a cultural perspective initially had seemed impossible art subjects. These include comics, advertisements, picture magazines and other packaging of all kinds such as world of entertainment which was popular which includes pop music, Hollywood movies, amusement arcades, automobiles, tabloid newspapers and so on. Po art was therefore basically imagery that could be recognized which was drawn from popular products and media. It comprised of colors which were very bright. Another characteristic of pop art is the fact that pop artists normally deal with the subject matter in a very special way. On one hand they emphasize on the fact that the comic strip is just a mere motif that they use as an excuse for their painting. While on the other hand in pop art motif is not traditional, it is of a kind that had not been used initially as an art basis and thus led to a strong engagement of the attention of spectators.
Pop art emerged as a sense of optimism during the post war period.it was influenced by the globalization of youth culture as well as pop music. It came up as a way of celebrating post world war tow consumerism as well as expressing rejection to abstract expression. Pop actually means popular culture which was the subject matter in these works. Pop art was basically young and fun and considered to be hostile to artistic establishment.
Harlem renaissance art period
The Harlem renaissance is a cultural movement that began in the 1920s.it was initially known as new Negro movement .even though it was mainly centered in Harlem neighborhood within New York City, French speaking black writers from Caribbean and African colonies based in Paris also got influenced by Harlem renaissance. There were several characteristics of Harlem renaissance and they include racial pride.in all theatre, political writings, music, art and literature which was produced during this period comprised of pride for African Americans as well as the new Negro. Those involved in the art movement ensured that they produced pieces which were though provoking which they created as a challenge and way of uplifting the African American race (Chris, 2006).
During this period there was also an outpouring of creativity by the artists in all fields like literature, visual arts, music, poetry and dance which was a representation of African Americans and even gave them a voice. There was also intellectualism in this art period. Harlem renaissance was seen as a spiritual emancipation for African Americans as well as an opportunity of reshaping African American heritage as being intellectually equal to whites. This intellectual thought was aimed at acting as a challenge to stereotypes of African Americans and at the same time develops greater appreciation for folk culture and roots as well as the past spiritualism.
Several factors had led to the emergence of Harlem Renaissance including the 13th amendment which saw slavery being abolished, ,14th amendment that comprised of citizens rights and 15th amendment whereby one could not be denied their right to vote on the basis of their race. Another factor was the great migration since even after amendments in the constitution were made African Americans were still facing some racial hardships and brutality, due to these the African American families moved from the south to cities in the northern region. First World War was also another factor which led to this art period since the U.S army was initially reluctant to enlisting African Americans (Chris, 2006).
Comparison between Harlem Renaissance art and pop artHarlem renaissance was termed as Avant garden during this period of time. Most artists depicted night life as well as the everyday life in Harlem. There were also attempts to separate Harlem renaissance from what white Americans accepted as art up until that period. Most of the artists made statements about racism, slavery and great migration. They were making attempts to bring forth their emotions as they wanted whoever viewed their painting to feel what the artists felt. This movement was marked by extreme attempts by artists to publicize their work despite of the existence of racism. Just like the Harlem Renaissance art, pop art movement was a platform used to express the African American culture and social thought. Pop artists expressed their optimism after going through much hardships in a visual language which was youthful which is through the magazines, news paper photographs, and fictional characters in comic books while Harlem Renaissance was an expression of ideas the blacks (Chris, 2006).
When it comes to dance Harlem renaissance can be described as displaying physically Harlem culture. There was the creation of new dance moves by blacks which was to go together with Harlem Renaissance .the music expressed sadness, anger, frustrations, joy and many other things. Pop art gave rise to the pop culture and music. The pop music became popular and there were dance moves such as break dancing that came up.
Historical significance of Harlem RenaissanceSince the mergence of Harlem renaissance anybody could become an artist. This period had a great influence on artists since they saw that they could easily express their thoughts through artwork. Pop artists therefore got their inspiration from this movement as they used art to recognize the pervasive presence of material culture as a natural fact. This is because Harlem renaissance had made abstract expression gain a lot of popularity .Therefore pop art reintroduced imagery which could be identified just as those in Harlem Renaissance which was a major shift towards modernism (Seneca, 2010).
References
Chris, B.(20016).Harlem Renaissance. Issues & controversies in American History. Retrieved July 3, 2013 from http://www.ndhs.org/s/1012/images/editor_documents/library/harlem_renaissance.pdfSeneca, P.R. (2010). The Harlem Renaissance’s Effect on Modern Culture. Retrieved July 3, 2013 from http://teenink.com/nonfiction/travel_culture/article/27043/The-Harlem-Renaissances-Effect-on-Modern-Culture/
Two Cultural Practices among the Yanomamo
Two Cultural Practices among the Yanomamo
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Introduction
Yanomamo also known as the Yanomami are the jungle Indians living in the Amazon basin situated in Brazil and Venezuela. Their territory is approximately 192,000km2 covering the border of Brazil and Venezuela. It is believed that the Yanomami are the most primitive, culturally intact people in the world (Clearly, 1990). The Yanomami is composed of a four cultural linguistic subgroups who speak languages of same family Yanomae, Yanomami, Sanima and Ninam and all of them make a total of 26,000 people. The Yanomamo stay in small groups or tribes in shabonos-round communal huts consisting of independent residences. They steel rely on the ancient way of living for they live in the forests, they are hunters and gatherers who tend small garden plots and making crafts. Also unlike other Indians they cremate their dead, crush and drink their bones in a ceremony which they believe unites them with their loved ones forever. According to MacMillan (1995) men among the Yanomamo community are valued most and they have the responsibility of protecting the community and they marry as many wives as they wish. The group always haves warfare amongst itself and other tribes.
Marriage practices among the Yanomamo
Yonamamu community just like any other tribe across the globe practices marriage. Marriages are arranged according to recent performance of one’s relatives in the battle fields. Older men, brothers, uncles or even the father of the girls arrange for marriages (MacMillan, 1995).
Cross-cousin marriages
In this community cousins intermarry with each other and the males of the family and all marriages are performed by the religious leaders of the community. The community members believe that cross cousin marriages amongst themselves will help increase the population of the community and thus remain in existence. In marriages baby boys are preferred over baby girls since boys participate in kinship and also it is believed that many men in the community would provide strong and enough security to the community (Lizot, 1985).
Polygamy under Yanomamu tribe
They believe that they increase in population thus increased competition over the resources with the neighboring groups. In marriages women are encouraged to give birth to more boys than girls and by so doing create a competition for marrying more women (Chagnon, 1992). One who is able marry many wives has high chances to make powerful alliances with other powerful families.
Population of the tribe is also increased through inter clan warfare where women from the attached community are eloped, adopted and forced marry in the neighboring village. Men therefore, are forced to marry more than one woman to produce enough population that would latter create enough security against the adjacent rival village.
Benefits of rearing males to be Aggressive
Protection
According to Ferguson (1995) Yanomami tribe is composed of very fierce people especially men who are very violent. Men in Yanomamu become responsible immediately after marriage. Adult brothers normally clear the land next to their father including the father’s in readiness for planting and the size of the land is determined by the family’s size and kinship responsibilities (Chagnon 1983, 67).
In the Yanomamu community there is aggressive behavior which distinguished by a hierarchy of increased levels of intensity and gravity from interpersonal to inter-village violence (Chagnon, 1983). War may start due sexual matters like infidelity, jealousy; elope of women by the opponent groups. Men usually attach and raid the enemy village in revenge for death in home village and gain social prestige. Men also raid to abduct the women who were gang raped in the forest and then forcefully taken to the raider’s and even forced for marriage.
Since the Yanomami live in communal housings without inner walls, aggressiveness in men help them to stay alert to protect their families in case of any attach from the enemy group.
Food
Food is the basic requirement to Yanomami Indians just like any other tribe. The Yanomami tribe depends on hunting and gathering, fishing and farming as a mode of getting food for survival. The men go hunting for world animals using bows and arrows and also they gather roots in the forests and fish while women fetch water, collect firewood and carry out other household chores like preparing for meals. Arrows are made from cane and fletched with feathers and arrowheads are carved with wood sharpened twigs or bones of animals, birds, or fish.
Why aggression is encouraged and makes sense to the Yonamamu.
Inner village warfare
Inner village warfare in Yonamamu is common due to scarcity of women, revenge for suspected sorcery (Chagnon, 1983), protein shortages, and competition over hunting lands (Marvin Harris). Therefore, according to Chagnon (1983) inner village warfare helps the members of the Yanomamu community to compete for and acquire fertile land, productive hunting regions and scarce resources.
By males being aggressive they will help protect their women and children. It is believed that aggressive men provide enough security to their families and that they can cross to the neighboring group and elope with more women for marriage thus increased population. Chagnon (1983) also noted that, Yanomami central villages are densely populated compared to the peripheral villages because the central ones are greatly involved in warfare.
Conclusion
In summary the Yanomamu Indian tribe is an ethnic group well known community in the world that is steel stuck their traditional practices unlike other Indian sub-tribes that greatly developed and are leading a modern life.
References
Chagnon, N. A. (1983) Yanomamo: The Fierce People. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Chagnon, N. A. (1992). Yanomamo. Fourth Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Clearly, D. (1990) Anatomy of the Amazon Gold Rush. University of Iowa Press.
Ferguson, B. (1995) Yanomami Warfare: Apolitical History. Santa Fe: School for American Research Press
Lizot, J. (1985). Tales of the Yanomami: Daily Life in the Venezuela Forest. Cambridge University Press.
MacMillan, G. (1995. Gold, People, and Land in the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Colombian University Press.
Twin Behavior and Intervening
Twin Behavior: Intervening
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Domestic violence is a critical social problem that has an impact on every segment within the society. So many children just like Amee and Aaron, are at risk of witnessing domestic violence in their homes. The children who are exposed to the trauma associated with domestic violence have difficulties with both externalized and internalized behavior issues, academic functioning and social skills deficits. Children exposed to domestic violence react differently; some may act out while others end up withdrawing from their family and friends (Feerick, 2006). In this case we can see that Amee and Aaron have developed fear for their father and make sure they are careful not to annoy him. They have also become so aggressive at the playground which is becoming a serious issue. It is important to note that not every child exposed to domestic violence experience negative impacts. The risk levels of children and how they react to domestic violence differs as some exhibit a lot of resilience while others show some maladaptive adjustments. Therefore, children require support in their lives in order to be able to effectively cope and develop resiliency.
There are various supportive and psychoeducational approaches that can be used for intervention. Early intervention is an effective way of easing the impact that is associated with exposure associated with development of a child. This can be achieved by social service agencies, who work with abused parent and children exposed to the violence. Together, they can create a safety plan and get connected to resources that can be of help to them such as support groups and counselling. It helps a child exposed to domestic violence gain stability. It also assists in weakening of the impact of the exposure on the child. Early interventions include safety planning with the child and non-abusive parent, identification of other adults in the child’s life that can offer support and providing counselling for both the child and abused parent.
Another intervention is creation of domestic violence programs at community centers and schools. These programs have staff that is trained to assist children who have been exposed to domestic violence. The programs offer counselling and support groups that enable the children understand what they are going through and also be able to plan for their future (Jaffe, 2004). The programs also have child advocates who make abused parents see understand the negative impact of the abuse to children. It assists abused parents include the needs of the abused child into the safety plan of the family.
Another useful intervention is a trauma-informed approach. These are programs and services that can be established at community centers, schools, and applied by social service agencies. They are designed in such a way that they help to address and respond to the effects of traumatic stress on a child exposed to domestic violence. It also helps children build resiliency and hence lead to the prevention of further trauma. The approach means that service providers such as community centers, schools and social service agencies share goals and values and work towards identification and elimination of abuse that led to the trauma (Feerick, 2006).
There can also be the use of structured interventions. These are aimed at amelioration of development consequences of domestic violence exposure in a home that can be beneficial to a child (Jaffe, 2004). These interventions include techniques that can be applied in school such as problem solving role plays. They also include identifying feelings and safety measures through stories, videos, games and art projects. There can be structured group interventions where group members work together and discuss common problems they face and come up with emotional, social and behavioral skills that help in building resilience (Trice-Black& E, 2009).
Another approach would be the integration of differential approach into the intervention of domestic violence. Experts suggest that children exposed to domestic violence can benefit from engaging in domestic violence in the community. Differential approach allows for the use of more than one method of response when it comes to children exposed to domestic violence. Differential response practices put emphasis on assessing the situation in the family and determining whether one is bale to help the family while children are still at the home.
The aim of these interventions is to help children cope and become resilient after being exposed to domestic violence. Therefore, factors such as gender, diversity and ethics should be incorporated in the interventions used. Boys normally exhibit a lot of externalized behavior such as acting out and aggression while girls show internalized behavior such as depression and withdrawal. When designing these interventions, it is important to put these different responses by boys and girls in order to help them cope and develop resilience. Everyone is different in their own way and hence there exists a lot of diversity. When designing the interventions, it is important to put diversity into consideration so that it becomes easy to help everyone. Some people fear sharing their problems because they are afraid of how others might use this information. It is ethical to ensure that the interventions encourage confidentiality for the victims. There is need to ensure that information shared by a victim remains confidential and it is not shared with anyone without their consent.
References
Feerick, M. (2006). Children exposed to violence. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Pub.
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Jaffe, P. (2004). Protecting children from domestic violence: Strategies for community intervention. New York: Guilford Press.
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Trice-Black, S., & E., T. (2009). School-Based Group Interventions for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 233-233.