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The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of the two specific uses of DNA testing besides testing for genetic defects
Gene traits:
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Introduction
The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of the two specific uses of DNA testing besides testing for genetic defects in children. The paper further looks into the location and structure of DNA in the human body. This is followed by a concluding paragraph that summarizes the analysis.
Two specific uses of DNA testing besides testing for genetic defects in children
DNA testing is essential for the determination of several medical procedures. The case study indicates one of the uses of DNA testing which in this case is used to determine the genetic defects of an offspring. DNA testing was introduced to the world of medicine to make the medical procedures more efficient, reliable and effective. One of the uses of DNA testing besides the search for genetic defects is the determination of a parent. Children are created through the formation of chromosomes from both a male and a female. The offspring thus has traits of both the father and the mother. These traits are reflective of a portion of their character traits of both parents. Some children are born to parents who may not be present in their life for one reason or another. These children are faced with the possibility of not finding their birth parents due to lack of scientific evidence. One of the significant roles of DNA testing is to determine the parent of a child. The results of the tests are 100% effective making it one of the most reliable and trusted procedures (Hart, 2002).
Another reason for the use of DNA testing is to determine the match in body fluids such as blood and semen in the human body. Each individual is unique in that they have a genetic composition that identifies with their body fluids. This procedure is ideal when testing the blood content of a human being. It is thus essential in criminal law where individuals have to prove their innocence by taking a DNA test. People whose fluids match the one of the suspect face the possibility of facing charges by the states. Most of the cases that DNA testing is used are cases like rape or murder. The DND testing is thus an ideal part of a human beings life. It is difficult to determine the whether traces of an individual’s DNA is in another person’s body. DNA testing is thus responsible for solving some of the most complex crimes in the country. It is thus determining factor in an identity of an individual.
Describe the structure and location of DNA
The DNA is described as a molecule in present in the body of a human being. It is responsible for the formation of chromosomes in human beings. The structure is made up of hydrogen atoms that form the part of the body. The molecule is spiral in nature thus making it have a distinct shape. The strands are composed of sugar phosphates that cover the entire molecule. The molecule has in place a nucleus like any organ in the body. This is the central part of the molecule which connects to the entire structure. The DNA is located in the structure known as chromatin. The chromatin is reflective of the structure of the chromosomes in the body
(Watson & Berry, 2004).
DND is formed from the process of cell division otherwise known as mitosis or meiosis. These two processes display the activity of the split of cells into more districts structures in the body. During the activity of the splitting of cells, the body experiences the presence of chromosomes in the area of the cell division. This is credited to the role of the chromosomes in the formation of a new cell. Each cell is equipped with a genetic structure that houses the DND of an individual’s body. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins. These two functions form the basis of the genes that account for the character of human beings.
The DNA structure is presented in form of a code which contains different traits. These structures cannot be seen by the naked eye due to the microscopic nature. The nucleotides of the DNA content combine together to form one structure. This is complimented by the activity of the phosphates and sugars present in the body. The overall composition of the structure forms the content that determines the actions, characters and behavior of a human being (Pfeifer & Ovid Technologies, 2006).
Conclusion
The DNA sample technique is one of the significant processes in medicine. Most of the procedures conducted in present day are in need of the DNA content of an individual. People intend to find out their composition are assisted by sampling of their blood. This is ideal for the determination of a birth defect, the determination of a relative and the treatment of some conditions. The conduction of this process should thus be encouraged so as to educate the public of DNA testing. This will further improve the medical situation in the entire country.
References
Hart, A. (2002). How to interpret your DNA test results for family history & ancestry: Scientists speak out on genealogy joining genetics. New York: Writers Club Press.
Pfeifer, J. D., & Ovid Technologies, Inc. (2006). Molecular genetic testing in surgical pathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Watson, J. D., & Berry, A. (2004). DNA: The secret of life. London: Arrow
Hamlets Dilemma To be or not to be
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Hamlet’s Dilemma: To be or not to be
The manifested acts are as a result of what has been going on in someone’s mind. They at times demonstrate the kind of conflicting issues and dilemma that stem from the unconscious part of the mind as a result of the past traumatic experiences.The behavior elicited by an individual is in many times shaped by life issues that one has experienced. Some of the issues are unbearable if repressed and therefore for one to lead a normal life, they need to deal with them. On the other hand, it is very important that one takes many other issues into consideration when making decisions on how to react to various concerns. Some of such include the consequences likely to be elicited by the decisions they take. It is after considering the cons and pros that individuals should move ahead to make up their mind. Much of the Hamlet play is dominated by the literature style of soliloquy. This is the technique that is used by someone in the play when they speak to themselves to reveal their thoughts and experiences to the audience. The person might appear to be conversing with someone else while in the real sense, they are talking to themselves. The main reason for this is for the actor to pass the message of what is going on in their minds to the listeners and what they intend to do. Without soliloquy in plays, it is would be almost impossible to intrude into character’s minds and know their intentions.Hamlet is one sad character in the play after the loss of his dad who used to be the king. Much of his anger and bitterness has been suppressed in his heart and it is becoming too much for him. He is being haunted by the ghost of his father who seems to instruct him from time to time. However, the ghost in this case is all about what Hamlet has been thinking all along as the possible cause of his father’s death.The main theme in this particular part of ‘to be or not to be’ is dilemma. It is the point at which one is torn between two conflicting options and does not know which one to choose and which to leave. In the play, Hamlet has been appeared to by his dead father in the form of a ghost who tells him that the reason why he is dead is because he was poisoned. To make the matters even worse, Hamlet learns that it is his own uncle who was responsible for the death of his father. He is requested to avenge for him as a way to demonstrate his love to him.It is the above experience that seems to leave Hamlet in a dilemma and having many conflicting issues. First of all he is not sure whether he is dreaming or the whole thing is a reality.
‘To be or not to be– that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,” (Act 3 Scene II). This particular portion of the play demonstrates the dilemma in Hamlet’s mind. However this is not a dream he is going through but a reality of what is in his mind. He knows he has to fulfill the task ahead of him as requested by his dad. He can not choose between life and death. He knows that the only way to overcome the sea of troubles that seem to haunt him in his mind is to confront the sources of those conflicting issues. Any decision that he seems to be thinking of taking however has implications in his life and he is afraid to do so. He contemplates committing suicide as the only way to overcome the troubles that have been haunting him, but on the other hand, he is bound by the conscious issues that such an act is not the best in solving what he is going through.To be or not to be could also demonstrate the instance of not taking any action at all. “– and by a sleep to say we end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks…’ (Act 3, scene 2). This particular line offers another alternative to defeating the problem of the dilemma that is manifested here. By sleeping, Hamlet says, this will help to end the conflicting issues that are going on in his mind. The problem ‘goes’ away without causing any much trouble to anyone else and worsening the situation further. However, he is so sure that there is no solution in this since once he awakens from the sleep; he will have to contend with the similar troubles.
Conclusively, this kind of soliloquy of ‘to do or not to do’ has been used in this context to bring out the conflicting experiences in Prince Hamlet’s mind that has made him to be in this kind of dilemma. He doubts whether it was wise to suffer mental torture and was considering giving up the whole issue of avenging for his dad. However, he knew that that was not the solution since his father’s ghost would continue haunting him and that is the reason he chose ‘to be’ and completed the task.
Problem Statement-Child Abuse and Neglect
Problem Statement-Child Abuse and Neglect
Maria Moya
John Jay College For Criminal Justice
March 14, 2021
AFR 325
Professor Down Daniels
Also known as maltreatment, child abuse is the physical or sexual molestation of a child. Because of how rampant the practice is becoming,Incidents of child abuse are high, and it is becoming increasingly important for parents to understand and lessen the risks of abuse for their children. Parents can do this by familiarizing themselves with the most reported signs of child abuse and neglect. Every year, there are approximately 4 million reports of child abuse involving about 7 million children (Gonzalez, Mirabal, & McCall, 2021). There is a substantial overlap in abused children with a combination of many others suffering sexual abuse, physical abuse, and/or neglect.
Child abuse and neglect is a problem affecting the children population. As regards theThe most impacted population, 25% of victims of child abuse are those that are below the age of three. Noteworthy, babies that are less than one-year old account for the highest cases of child abuse and neglect. The children themselves that are suffering at the hands of their abusers and society by extension would benefit from having the problem of child abuse resolved. Child abusive abuse robs society of its future by causing emotional and physical trauma to children. Children that come from abusive backgrounds are at an increased risk of suffering silently since child abuse takes place in a family setting. Some of the risk factors linked with the condition include parental depression and other mental issues, a parental history of childhood neglect or abuse, and parental domestic violence and substance abuse.
In contemporary America, child abuse and neglect is a social problem that has been caused by various factors. Undoubtedly, child abuse is an attitude as well as a resources problem. This is because looking at the factors that are likely to lead to child abuse is a combination of life problems caused by a lack of adversities resources such as money. Some of the reasons why parents tend to turn against their children and molest them physically and emotionally is that they are projecting their problems to them. There might also be a history of abuse in the family. Overcoming this problem requires attitude change and massive parental education. Children should not have to worry about being abused in their life. They should be protected at all costs hence the need to put an end to this epidemic of child abuse and neglect once and for all.
Recent research points to various causes of child abuse and neglect, including poor parenting skills, domestic violence, alcohol and drug abuse, untreated mental illness, stress, and absence of support. In my viewpoint, the most significant cause that contributes to this problem has to beOne of the contributing factors that can possibly be connected to child abuse are untreated mental conditions. With all the things going on in the world right now, ranging from inflation, disease, and war, parents are likely to suffer from problems that affect their parenting skills. Depression and anxiety can take a toll on a person if they do not have a support system. Parental coaching and the provision of free psychosocial services should be made a priority as it has the potential to help address the problem of child abuse in society. This is the surest way to change parental attitudes and offer help to the children that need it most.
As regards the goals for the long term, tThe goal is to eliminate all cases of child abuse and neglect in society by focusing on intervention strategies that will promote awareness about the issue and foster social change. Offering mental health services to the victims is another long-term goal. Seeing that abused children suffer emotional damage, they need support to help manage the stress and learn new skills to make them resilient and successful (Zeanah & Humphreys, 2018). The best strategy to address child abuse and neglect is to set up support groups for the parents through existing community organizations. This first step to doing away with the isolation and frustration parents has to contend with within their homes. Parents that went through abuse as children also need proper support as dealing with past emotional parental trauma takes courage. Child abuse and neglect are reoccurring, growing, and challenging problems in the United States. Neglect and abuse are the same; however, there is one significant difference between both. While the damage is not intended in the cases of neglect, it is intended in instances of abuse. The bigger picture of child abuse and neglect is the underreporting of these cases. Without determining the number of children being abused and neglected, there is no way to prevent the dreadful consequences of child abuse and neglect for every child.
References
Gonzalez, D., Mirabal, A. B., & McCall, J. D. (2021). Child abuse and neglect. StatPearls [Internet].
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637-644.